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K Notes - RGCET
UNIT- IV (soft copy available at http://easyonlinejob4u.50webs.com) Synchronization: Receiver synchronization- Coherent systems - Symbol and frame synchronization - Network synchronization - Open and closed loop transmitter synchronization - Tracking and acquisition in spread spectrum system Synchronization is in essence the art of making clocks tick together. The clocks in a digital communication system are at the transmitter and receiver, and allowance must be made for the transmission time delay between them. Besides symbol synchronization, most systems also require frame synchronization to identify the start of a message or various subdivisions within the message sequence. Additionally, carrier synchronization is essential for digital transmission with coherent carrier modulation
Why synchronization is required ? The signals from various sources are transmitted on the single channel by multiplexing. This requires synchronization between transmitter and receiver. Special synchronization bits are added in the transmitted signal for the purpose. Synchronization is also required for detectors to recover the digital data properly from the modulated signal. What are the three broad types of synchronization ? 1. Carrier synchronization 2. Symbol & Bit synchronization 3. Frame synchronization.