2011/12/7

Content
Brief history of wireless power transfer

Wireless Power Transfer

Historical Developments & Modern Applications

Mid-range / Short-range

Modern Applications
Chargers & environmental implications New Wireless Charging Platform Qi Worlds 1st Wireless Charging Standard

Ron Hui

Earths Magnetic Field

1820: Andr-Marie Ampre developed Amperes law showing that electric current produces a magnetic field.
Andr-Marie Ampre French Scientist

i
N N

i
S

Alternating electromotive force (voltage) driving a current in a coil 4

i
N
Michael Faraday British Scientist

1831: Michael Faraday develops Faradays law of induction describing the electromagnetic force induced in a conductor by a timevarying magnetic flux. i1 v2

v1

v1 is applied, but v2 is induced.

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Nikola Tesla
Inventions for the 20th Century AC Power Generation, Transmission & Networks First Niagara Falls Power Station early pioneer in renewable energy Induction machines (fans, pumps, air-conditioning systems, electric vehicles, electric railway systems) Gas fluorescent lamps demonstrated with wireless power Cathode ray tube & X-ray machine Automobile speedometer Tuned resonance circuits Radio and radio-broadcasting (e.g. we can tune our radio to different channels) Remote-controlled boat by radio Wireless power transfer (non-radiative and radiative)

Tesla obtained about 300 patents

Tesla, in Colorado Spring's laboratory (1899), seated in front of a high-voltage transformer.

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Photographs of wireless power transfer experiments by Tesla

Tesla holding a lamp powered wirelessly

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Book: The Man who invented the 20th Century, by Robert Lomas 1999

Wireless Power Transfer It is all about Resonance

Tuned resonance The gift of mental power comes from God, the Divine Being, and if we concentrate our minds on that truth, we become in tune with this great power. My mother has taught me to seek all truth in the bible. Nikola Tesla 1856-1943
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The Physical Resonance

Mechanical resonance Electromagnetic resonance Teslas patented claims Resonant frequency for high efficiency operation He used loop resonators coil in series with capacitor (Leyden jar)
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Teslas patent in 1894

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Demonstration
Magnetically-coupled Wireless Power transfer
C r d

Demonstration
Magnetically-coupled Wireless Power transfer
C r d

AC power source

Perpendicular axis of coil planes

AC power source

Perpendicular axis of coil planes

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Limitations for mid-range power transfer

1 dX

100%
Energy efficiency

Exponential decay curve

Short Mid range range

Transmission distance d

Low energy efficiency !

Tesla 1894

The MIT Team 2007 (Physics Dept)

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The MIT team repeated Teslas experiment in 2007 Coil radius 30cm, d = 2 meters , Efficiency 40%
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Historical changes
Transformers

New concept combined with coreless transformer and waveguide

(1998)
|Zin| / , Phase (Vs lead Vp) /Degree

Input Impedance, Voltage Gain and Phase Shift Versus Frequency

360 315 270 225 180 135 90 45 0 -45 -90 -135 -180 0.0E+0 2.0E+6 4.0E+6 6.0E+6 8.0E+6 1.0E+7 1.2E+7 Frequency / Hz 1.4E+7 1.6E+7 1.8E+7 0 2.0E+7 1 2 3 6 Zin(measured) Zin(Calculated) Phase(Measured) Phase(Calculated) Gain(Measured) Gain(Calculated)

Max. Impedance

(1999) Energy Transfer (90W)

Transformer Efficiency

100% 90% 80%

R L= 30 O h m

50Hz 750W (0.26W/cm3) 150W 0.25W/cm3)

100kHz 300W (5.6W/cm3)

60W (9.6W/cm3)
Primary Secondary

70% 60% 50% 1.0E+6

R L= 50 O h m R L= 100 O h m R L= 200 O h m

2.0E+6 3.0E+6 Sw itching Frequency (Hz)

4.0E+6

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Philips Research (2001) Contactless Power transfer of 100W

The Domino Resonators (2011)

C d1 d2 dn

AC power source

r
axis of coil planes

Prof. Richard Syms (2006), Imperial College London

Waveguide Dimensions of the Printed Coils and Coil Separation are determined by the wavelength of the wave propagation Impedance matching (< 50%)
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100%
Energy efficiency

Exponential decay curve

Short range

Mid range

Transmission distance d
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d1

d2

dn

AC power source

r
axis of coil planes

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Voltage Gain (V/V)

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(a) Straight chain (c) one chain splitting into two

(b) Curved chain

(d) two chains emerging into one

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Anything new since Teslas work?

Mutual coupling of non-adjacent resonator shifts the optimal frequency away from resonance frequency
14 12 P12 80 75 70
14 12 10 P12 P23 60 50 40 30 P13 0.98 0.99 1 1.01 1.02 20 1.03 70 80

Power Flow [W]

Efficiency [%]

8 6 4 2 0 0.97

P23

60 55 50 45 40 35

8 6 4 2 0 -2 0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

30 1.03

f / fres

f / fres

Without cross-coupling
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With cross-coupling
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New Structure of Superconductive Power Cable

Cover (insulating material) Superconducting materials

Content
Brief history of wireless power transfer
Mid-range / Short-range

Existing -rigid structure

Matrix

Cooling agent

Modern Applications
Chargers & environmental implications New Wireless Charging Platform Qi Worlds 1st Wireless Charging Standard

Patent-pending -flexible structure

Efficiency [%]
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Power Flow [W]

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Modern Applications of Wireless Power Transfer High power applications (Uni. of Auckland)

Mobile robot in clean room manufacturing facilities

Wireless Monorail system

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E-Quickie drawing wireless power from Wireless Charging embedded on the road (Germany Sept. 2010)
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Wireless Power for Portable Devices

The Environmental Issue - e-waste

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2004
Mobile Phone PC Laptop Digital Camera Camcorder 33

Units in Millions

2005

2006
Portable SSA Portable HDD Portable MD Portable DVD

2007

2008
Portable CD PDA

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e-waste dumping ground

Nigeria India

China

Drastic reduction of electronic waste !

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Splashpower from Cambridge Parallel Flux Approach (2001)

Lines of flux

Thick bottom magnetic plate is needed to guide the flux. Energy-receiving element Use vertical surface for receiving magnetic flux Thick and wide Not suitable for slim design
Magnetic core

Secondary module NOT included.

Charging platform by Beart et al

Can only be charged in one orientation.

Thick Ferrite EM shield underneath

Inventions
Vertical Flux or the Fountain Approach (2001)
Lines of flux

Planar charging platform Milestones:

Planar coreless printed-circuit-board transformers (1997-patented) Planar EMI shield (1999-patented) Planar charging platform 1 (2002-patented) Secondary Module (2003 patented) Planar charging platform 2 (2005 patented)

Charging platform By Hui Electromagnetic shield

Thin EM shield has been patented Energy-receiving element can be very thin. Good for slim product design Can be charged in any orientation

Wireless power transfer Vertical flux

From coreless planar transformer technology to wireless charging since 1996
10mm

Worlds 1st 2-Dimensional transformer for circuit integration

3.6cm in diameter - 90W

1999
CityU 1996
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This invention opened a door to integrate transformer in Integrated Circuit

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Magnetomotive Force (MMF) Distribution

Philips Research Center, Aachen 2001

B. Choi Kyungpook National University 2004

Hexagonal Spiral Windinig

Symbol

MMF = No. of Turns x Current

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Uniform MMF distribution

X (4a) Y
Sum of mmf = 1 per unit

mmf 1 0.5 (4b) 0 X

mmf

P V

1.0 0.5

distance

0 P P P Distance

Maximum MMF - Peak (P) Minimum MMF - Valley (V)

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P V

P
P

P P

P P

Each Peak (P) is surrounded by 6 Valleys (V) Each Valley (V) is surrounded by 3 Peaks (P)

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P
P

P
P P P P P P P P P

P
P P P P P P P P P

P
P P P P P P P P P

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Excitation of 1-layer of PCB Winding Array

Excitation of 2 layers of PCB Winding Arrays

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Excitation of 3 layers of PCB Winding Arrays

2002

Patented

Free-positioning prototype sent to Philips Research Center, Aachen

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New modified battery pack for compatibility with new charging platform
Energy-receiving element (0.7mm) embedded in new battery pack structure

It is more than just a charger

Independent of brand names as long as consumers use a compatible battery pack.

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New Technologies developed

Free-positioning Localized charging Load identification and monitoring Double-layer electromagnetic shield (0.5mm thickness) Bi-directional communication Near-zero standby power Both energy & information transfer

2005 Press conference in Hong Kong

Oct 2010 The worlds 1st Qi certified wireless charging system

free-positioning and localized charging

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Qi Wireless charging stardard V.1.0 (5W) Free-positioning (B)

Qi wireless charging methods V.1.0 (5W)

Launched on 31 August 2010 by the Wireless Power Consortium

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Conclusion
The interactions of the electromagnetic fields discovered by Ampere and Faraday have laid down the scientific principles for wireless power. Teslas resonance concept has made wireless power possible. Worlds 1st Qi-certified wireless charger is demonstrated (for shortrange applications) New Domino-resonators for mid-range wireless power transfer are demonstrated.

To all students here, research is all about resonance minds and creation

Teslas two resonance concepts

Resonances
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making the simple complicated is a commonplace; making the complicated simple, awesomely simple, thats creativity. Charles Mingus

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