VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY BELGAUM, KARNATAKA

A Seminar Report on

MEDICAL IMAGES
By

PALLAVA SHETTY H (4VM08IS026)

In the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science & Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2012.

Under the Guidance Of

Mrs.Sheela Joseph M B.E , M.Tech Lecturer, Dept of ISE, VVIET

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGG VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ALANAHALLY, MYSORE-28

VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY ALANAHALLY, MYSORE-28 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION SCIENCE & ENGG

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled Medical Images is a bonafied work carried out by PALLAVA SHETTY H(4VM08IS026) in the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Information Science & Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the year 2012. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements with respect to the seminar work prescribed for Bachelor of Engineering degree.

--------------------------Signature of Guide Mrs.Sheela Joseph M B.E , M.Tech Lecturer, Dept. of IS&E, VVIET.

-------------------------Signature of HOD Mr.Khalid Nazim S.A B.E , M.Tech Head of the department, Dept. of IS&E, VVIET.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without mention of the people who made it possible and support had been a constant source of encouragement which crowned my efforts with success. I wish to thank my parents and express my gratitude to God almighty for his abundant blessings without which this seminar would not have been successful I would like to express my sincere thanks to our beloved Principal Dr.B.Chandrashekar , for providing me an opportunity to do this seminar. My special gratitude to Mr. Khalid Nazim S.A, Head of the Department, Information Science & Engineering, VVIET, Mysore his guidance, constant encouragement and wholehearted support. I would also like to thank my guide Mrs.Sheela Joseph M for her moral supporting guidance to complete my seminar on time. I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the staff members of Information Science & Engineering, VVIET, for their valuable guidance & support. Finally I would like to express my gratitude to all my friends and seniors for their support and help in this seminar.

Pallava Shetty H

CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1: Introduction 1.1 Overview 2: Early works and Standards 2.1 History 2.2 Standards 3: Methods and Approaches 3.1 Image Capturing Technologies 3.1.1 Radiography 3.1.2 Nuclear Source Imaging 3.1.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3.1.3.1 MRI data acquisition and K space data 3.1.3.2 Image reconstruction types 3.1.4 Ultrasonography 3.1.5 Tomography 3.2 Interactive Segmentation 3.3 Live-wire Segmentation 3.4 Volume Visualisation 4: Applications 4.1 Dental 4.2 Computer Aided Diagonasis 4.3 Simulated Surgery 4.4 Measurement of Aura

PAGE NO
1 1 3 3 4 5 5 5 7 9 11 12 15 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 24 26

Conclusion

28

Bibliography

29

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO
Fig 3.1 An X-ray machine Fig 3.2 X-ray Image of hand Fig 3.3 Angiogram showing blockage in Vein Fig 3.4 A Flouroscope Fig 3.5 A PET scanning system Fig 3.6 MRI Scanner cutaway Fig 3.7 K-space data Fig 3.8 2D IFFT as cascades of 2 by ID-IFFT Fig 3.9 Flow diagram of IFFT method of reconstruction Fig 3.10 Image of a featus using Ultrasonograph Fig 3.11 A basic CT scan procedure Fig 3.12 Interactive Segmentation in CT using live wire method Fig 4.1 CEREC procedure

PAGE NO
6 6 6 6 8 9 12 14 15 17 19 21 23

ABSTRACT
Since the advent of the x-ray more than one hundred years ago, medical imaging has progressed from accidental discovery to a mainstay of modern medicine. This progress has led to easier, earlier, and less invasive diagnosis as well as a better understanding of the human body. The technology that makes medical imaging possible is continuing to develop at a rapid place, making it faster, cheaper and more user-friendly. This technology includes more

advanced hardware, image capturing techniques, and visualization of captured images. Some of the most commonly used medical imaging techniques are CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), radiography, ultrasound, and nuclear imaging. Approaches to image rendering include realtime volume rendering, finite-element modeling, deformable models, and tensor-mass models. In recent years a greater number of applications for

medical imaging have arisen, including computer-aided diagnosis, surgery simulation, and drug development. As medical imaging continues to advance, so will the quality of health care for people around the world.