The A To Z of Bones of The Skull

The A to Z of Bones of The Skull
Dr A. L. Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS medicalamanda@gmail.com
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The A to Z of Bones of The Skull
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Introduction
After the A to Z of Skeletal Muscles was released to my students (and later my colleagues with the help of Aspen), I received some very valuable feedback from both. From this feedback it became apparent that this format was helpful to all in the health professional field. It was also apparent that there was a need for another pocket reference book of this type on bones and nerves. So as with the other book, I have started with a prototype examining the bones of one of the most complex group in the body, the SKULL. It is hoped that this proves to be as useful as my first A to Z book, and goes on to become a more comprehensive but quick and simple reference for all bones.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Aspen Pharmacare Australia and particularly Mr Greg Lam CEO and Mr Robert Koster Head of Marketing and Sales for stepping in and giving me their support in this project when it seemed I was not going to be able to complete it, due to lack of resources and time. Students, as always, but particularly today have to sacrifice many things in their pursuit of knowledge. It is hoped that this book will help to make that pathway easier and more enjoyable. As with my other ventures in this A to Z series we want to give knowledge to any who wish to use it.
Dedication
To MICKEY 390335, and to stopping pettiness, spite and misinformation wherever it lies.
1 A. L. Neill
How to use this book

After examining the SKULL as a WHOLE from many view points, identifying individual bones, cavities, impressions and surfaces and including common radiological views, with explanatory diagrams, this book lists all the bones of the skull in ALPHABETICAL order as far as possible. Images of the Skull in situ are also included. Features are named using in the most familiar terms and those agreed upon by anatomical nomenclature convention avoiding eponymous terms wherever possible but as with all anatomical studies sometimes several terms are used to name the same feature. Wherever this is common and to save confusion reference is made to each term. Similarly between disciplines such as radiology and osteology as well as anatomy the same view may be described several different ways, so when this is also common and to provide clarity these terms are mentioned. The pages facing each image contain the key/legends to the labels on that diagram. This is to help in the learning of the features and to prevent confusion in the examination of the bones. Numbering commences anew with each diagram. However, with some bones one view is not enough (e.g. Temporal and Sphenoid) to conceptualize all the surfaces and articulations, so these bones are then shown with the same numbering sequentially in an alphabetical way, on each related diagram. Occasionally they are also shown in situ, in other words as they lay in the skull. This is particularly the case with the Palatine bones. These bones are hard to see as they are surrounded by other structures and deeply embedded in the head, so several views and rotations of the bone are shown and labelled to see their connections, as well as a view showing how they are placed relative to other bones.
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Capitalization is used to demonstrate the bones involved in several structures including joints of all kinds (e.g. sutures). In other words the parietomastoid suture is listed as ParietoMastoid suture to further remind the reader of the involved bones or bony features involved in the composition of the structure. This helps to further orientate the reader to the structural components of the feature. It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those examining individual bones as in the study of ANATOMY and its many uses such as: archeology, anthropology, chiropractic dentistry, forensics, geology, medicine, orthopaedics, osteology, paleontology, paleobiology, physiotherapy and surgery. It is to be a forerunner of a more complete listing of all bones from A to Z and a more extensive development of other aspects of the skull such as measurement markers, development milestones, individual and ethnic variations the A to Z of the Skull part II. Hence any suggestions on format or inclusions will be gratefully received. Thank you Amanda Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
ISBN 1 74138 166 5
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Table of contents
Introduction Acknowledgement Dedication How to Use this book Table of Articulations of the Skull Common Terms used in Osteology Classification and summary of skull bones 1 1 1 2 4 7 12
The Skull 13-36

External Skull Anterior (norma frontalis) radiology - occipitofrontal (complete) radiology - occipitofrontal (upper aspect) radiology - occipitomental (lower aspect) External Skull Inferior (Base of Skull) (norma basilaris) radiology - submentovertical view (view from below) External Skull Lateral (norma lateralis) radiology - lateral External Skull Posterior (norma occipitalis) External Skull Superior (norma verticularis) Internal Skull Inferior - Skull Cap Internal Skull Superior - Internal Base - cranial fossae
Bones of the Skull 37-70

Auditory Ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes enclosed within the Temporal bone Ethmoid bones Anterior & Lateral, Superior, Medial Frontal bone Hyoid bone Lacrimal bones Mandible radiology - Orthopantomogram = OPG (Anterior) radiology - Lateral (with soft tissue) radiology mandibular joint (jaw) open and closed see also TMJ (temporomandibular joint) Maxilla / Maxillae bones Maxillae bones Inferior
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Nasal bones Occipital External, Internal Palatine bones Parietal External, Internal Sphenoid Anterior, Posterior Sutural / Extrasutural bones - Incus Temporal External, Inferior, Interior Vomer Zygoma
Cavities of the Skull 71-90

Anterior Cranial Fossa Base of the Skull internal Cranial Fossae Anterior, Middle, Posterior Maxillary Sinus Middle Cranial Fossa Nasal cavity Dissected, Lateral, Septum Orbital cavity (Orbital fossa) Anterior radiology obital cavity anterior radiology orbital cavity lateral Posterior Cranial Fossa
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Common terms in Osteology

(the study of bones) (with particular reference to the skull)
Ala Alveolus Aperture Areola Articulation Auditory Axial Basilar Basiocranium Boss Bregma of A wing, hence a wing-like process as in the Ethmoid bone pl.- alae. Air filled bone - tooth socket An opening or space between bones or within a bone. Small, open spaces as in the areolar part of the Maxilla. Joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones. Pertaining to hearing, hence, pertaining to the ear. Refers to the head and trunk (vertebrae, ribs and sternum) of the body. Relating to the base or bottom of structures Bones of the base of the skull A smooth round broad eminence - mainly in the Frontal bone female > male Refers to a junction of more than 2 bones in a joint as in the Bregma the skull, junction between the coronal and sagittal sutures which in the infant is not closed and can be felt pulsating - site of the anterior fontanelle. The calotte consists of the calvaria from which the base has been removed. The calvaria refers to the cranium without the facial bones attached. Tunnel / extended foramen as in the carotid canal at the base of the skull adj,- canular (canicular - small canal) The head or of a head, adj.- capitate = having a head (c.f.decapitate) To put to sleep; compression of the common or internal carotid artery causes coma. This refers to bony points related to the Carotid vessels An open area or sinus within a bone or formed by two or more bones (adj. cavernous), may be used interchangeably with fossa. Cavity tends to be more enclosed fossa a shallower bowl like space (Orbital fossa-Orbital cavity). A cave. Pertaining to the head Like a bed-post, part of a four poster bed so that clinoid process looks like a bed post (generally with other posts) as in the Sphenoid bone. A slope hence in the anterior cranial fossa referring to a slope on the base of the cavity. A snail hence snail-like shape relating to the Organ of Corti in the ear. A shell shaped bone as in the ear or nose (pl. conchae adj. chonchoid) old term for this turbinate. A rounded enlargement or process possessing an articulating surface.
Calotte Calvaria Canal Caput / Kaput Carotid Cavity
Cavum Cephalic Clinoid Clivus Cochlea Concha Condyle
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull Cornu Corona A horn (as in the Hyoid) A crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal; hence a coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crown which passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture). The cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of the skull except for the mandible. Prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by the attachment of muscles particularly powerful ones eg Temporalis/Sagittal crest
Cranium Crest
Cribiform / EthmoidA sieve or bone with small sieve-like holes. Cuneate / Cuneus A wedge / wedge-shaped Dens Depression Diaphysis Diplo Eminence Endocranium A tooth hence dentine and dental relating to teeth, denticulate having tooth-like projections adj dentate See odontoid A concavity on a surface The body of a long bone. In the young this is the region between the growth plates. The cancellous bone between the inner and outer tables of the skull, adj.- diploic. A smooth projection on a bone. Refers to the interior of the braincase adj.- endocranial divided into the 3 major fossae anterior (for the Frontal lobes) middle (containing Temporal lobes) and posterior (for the containment of the Cerebellum). The end of a long bone beyond the growth plate or epiphyseal plate. There are 2 epiphyses to each long bone. The ectocranial point of the greatest breadth i.e. the widest point across the skull. A face, a small bony surface (occlusal facet on the chewing surfaces of the teeth) seen in planar joints. A narrow slit or gap from cleft. A fountain, associated with the palpable pulsation of the brain as in the anterior fontanelle of an infant. These soft spots on the skull are cartilagenous connective tissue coverings joints which allow for skull cranial expansion and then become the mould for the bone development and shape joining long the sutural lines, later becoming the Bregma. A natural hole in a bone usually for the transmission of blood vessels and/or nerves.(pl. foramina). An arch A pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or formed from several bones as in temporomandibular fossa. Shallower and more like a bowl than a cavity A small pit (usually smaller than a fossa)- as in the fovea of the occlusal surface of the molar tooth. A cock, hence, crista galli, the cock's comb (i e possessive form of gallus). 8
Epiphysis Euryon Facet Fissure Fontanelle
Foramen Fornix Fossa
Fovea Gallus / Galli
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull Glabella Most anterior midline point of the Frontal bone - that point between the eyebrows which should be hairless. This is the Latin derivation of this word. Midline point which is the most inferior point of the Mandible. long pit or furrow A circle, hence a coil of brain cortex. A hook hence the term used for bones which hook around other bones or where other structures are able to attach by hooking hamulus = a small hook. U-shaped A notch. between within An orifice or point of entry to a cavity or space. A bridge between 2 halves of a bone pl.( juga) as in Sphenoid . Something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramen lacerum small sharp hole at the base of the skull often ripping tissue in trauma. Related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima) From the Greek letter a capital 'L' and written as an inverted V. (adj.- lambdoid) and used to name the point of connection between the 3 skull bones Occipital and Temporals. A plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of bone connecting the vertical and transverse spines (pl. laminae) A line as in the Nuchal lines of the Occitipum A place (c.f. location, locate, dislocate). Large pl magna Hammer (as in the ear ossicle) From the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw; adj.- mandibular. A breast or teat shape - mastoid process of the Temporal bone. The jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.- maxillary. A short passage; adj.- meatal as in external acoustic meatus connecting the outer ear with the middle ear. Relating to the chin (mentum = chin not mens = mind). The slightly expanded end of the shaft of a bone. Midline point where the Nasal and Frontal bones meet . The neurocranium refers only to the braincase of the skull. An indentation in the margin of a structure.
Gnathion Groove Gyrus Hamus
Hyoid Incisura Inter Intra Introitus Jugum Lacerum Lacrimal Lambda
Lamina Linea Locus Magnum Malleus Mandible Mastoid Maxilla Meatus Mental Metaphysis Nasion Neurocranium Notch
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull Nucha Occiput Occulus Odontoid Opisthion Orbit Orifice Os Ossicle Ostium Otic Ovale Palate Parietal Parotid Pars Pecten Petrous Process Prominens Prosthion Pterion The nape or back of the neck adj.- nuchal. The prominent convexity of the back of the head Occipitum = Occipital bone adj.- occipital An eye relating to teeth, toothlike see Dens Midline point at the posterior margin of the Foramen Magnum A circle; the name given to the bony socket in which the eyeball rotates; adj - orbital. An opening. A bone adj osseus A small bone as in the ear ossicles: stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil) and malleus (hammer). A door, an opening, an orifice. Pertaining to the ear Oval shaped A roof adj.- palatal or platatine. Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wall. Pertaining to a region beside or near the ear A part of A comb. Pertaining to a rock / rocky / stoney adj.- petrosal A general term describing any marked projection or prominence as in the mandibular process. A projection Midline point of the maxilla alveolar bone which is most anterior A wing; the region where the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid meets or is close to the parietal, separating the frontal from the squamous region of the temporal bone. (TERY- on) Alternatively the region where these 4 bones meet. Wing shaped A secluded area or pocket; a small cavity set apart from a main cavity. straight - erect Midline point of the free end of the Nasal bones where they join with the Nasal cartilages elevated bony growth often roughened. Round An arrow, the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, making it look like an arrow by the lambdoid sutures. 10
BON SKU
Pterygoid Recess Rectus Rhinion Ridge Rotundum Sagittal
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Sella Sesamoid Sigmoid Sinus
A saddle; adj.- sellar, sella turcica = Turkish saddle. grainlike S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek. A space usually within a bone lined with mucous membrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses in the head, (also, a modified BV usually vein with an enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no or little muscle in its wall). Sinuses may contain air, venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid depending upon location and health of the subject adj.- sinusoid. The skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the head. A wedge i.e. the Sphenoid is the bone which wedges in the base of the skull between the unpaired frontal and occipital bones adj.- sphenoid . A thorn adj.- spinous descriptive of a sharp, slender process/protrusion.
Skull Spheno
Spine
Splanchocranium The splanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull. Sulcus Suture Stylos Symphysis Tectum Tegmen Temporal Tentorium Trabecula Tubercle Tuberculum Tuberosity Turbinate Tympanum Uncus Vagina long wide groove often due to a BV indentation The saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves as joint between bones of the skull. An instrument for writing hence adj.- styloid a pencil-like structure. A joint or a growth A roof. A covering. Refers to time and the fact that grey hair (marking the passage of time) often appears first at the site of the temporal bone. A tent. A little beam i.e. supporting structure or strut pl. trabeculae A small process or bump, an eminence.. A very small prominence, process or bump. A large rounded process or eminence, a swelling or large rough prominence often associated with a tendon or ligament attachment. A childs spinning top, hence shaped like a top. An old term for the nasal conchae. A drum pl. tympani A hook adj.- uncinate. A sheath; hence, invagination is the acquisition of a sheath by pushing inwards into a structure, and evagination is similar but produced by pushing outwards adj.- vaginal. A yoke , hence, the bone joining the maxillary, frontal, temporal & sphenoid bones adj.- zygomatic.
Zygoma
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Classification and Summary of Skull bones

Flat bones Thin flattened and usually curved bones. Most Skull bones.
Irregular bones Various shapes not easily classified Sphenoid Long bone Longer than wide 2 ends epiphysis and a central diaphysis. Growth mainly lengthwise. Most limb bones.
Pneumatic bone/Alveolar bone Bones filled with air to lighten their weight Maxilla, Frontal, Mandible and bones with sinuses Sesamoid bone Bones completely surrounded by soft tissue w/o joints Hyoid Short bone Roughly cubic in shape. Most wrist and ankle bones; many of the bones at the base of the skull. Wormian bone small bones which occur within the skull sutures sometimes called extra-sutural if the main part of the bone is outside of the suture. Generally they are unnamed although the Incus is the name given to the large extra-sutural bone when present. 22 paired skull bones including the ear ossicles / not including the teeth. 5 single bones mainly on the base of the skull 1 mandible 1 hyoid variable sutural and extra-sutural bones (generally between 3-5)
Sutural bone
There are:
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External Skull Anterior

THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Frontal bone Fronto-Nasal suture Inter-Nasal suture Nasal bone, Lacrimal bone Supra-Orbital foramen Spheno-Parietal suture Spheno-Frontal suture Spheno-Squamosal suture Zygoma Zygomatico-Maxillary suture Infra-orbital foramen Middle Nasal concha - turbinate (from Ethmoid bone) Inferior nasal concha - turbinate (from Ethmoid bone) Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Inter-Maxillary suture Maxilla Ethmoid bone (Orbital plate) Inferior Orbital fissure Temporo-Zygomatic suture Superior Orbital suture Fronto-Zygomatic suture Greater wing of the Sphenoid Coronal suture - Fronto-Parietal suture Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Optic foramen Metopic suture (rare) Fronto-Fronto suture Glabella
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radiology occipitofrontal
THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Sagittal suture Lamboid suture (view to the posterior) meeting at the Bregma Frontal sinus Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Supraorbital fissure Greater wing of the Sphenoid Fronto-Zygomatic suture Petrous ridge Anterior clinoid process Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses Lateral pterygoid plate Base of the skull - floor of posterior cranial cavity Foramen rotundum Mastoid process Upper central incisor tooth Mandible
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upper and lower views in detail
THE SKULL
radiology occipitofrontal (upper) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus Foramen rotundum Supraorbital fissure Anterior clinoid process Posterior clinoid process Petrous ridge Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses Crista galli Frontal process of zygoma Middle concha - turbinate Inferior concha - turbinate Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid Greater wing of sphenoid Lesser wing of sphenoid Hard palate Infraorbital foramen Zygomaticofacial foramen Coronoid process of the mandible Soft tissue of lower lid Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
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upper and lower views in detail
THE SKULL
radiology occipitomental (lower) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus Foramen rotundum Supraorbital fissure Anterior clinoid process Posterior clinoid process Petrous ridge Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses Crista galli Frontal process of zygoma Middle concha - turbinate Inferior concha - turbinate Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid Greater wing of sphenoid Lesser wing of sphenoid Hard palate Infraorbital foramen Zygomaticofacial foramen Coronoid process of the mandible Soft tissue of lower lid Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
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External Skull Inferior

Base of Skull
THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Incisive fossa - Alveolare Medial Pterygoid plate and Hamulus (ethmoid) Posterior Nasal aperture Pterygoid plate (ethmoid) Lateral Pterygoid plate (ethmoid) Zygomatic arch Mandibular fossa External Auditory meatus Styloid process Mastoid process Parieto - Mastoid suture Occipito - Mastoid suture Foramen magnum External Occipital proturberance Sagittal suture - Parieto - Parieto suture Lambda Lambda suture Superior nuchal line (Occipital) Inferior nuchal line (Occipital) Occipital condyle Jugular foramen (fossa) Stylo-Mastoid foramen Carotid foramen - Carotid canal Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum-Basilar suture Greater Palatine foramen Horizontal plate of Palatine Palatine process of the Maxilla Foramen ovale Alveolon
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External Skull Inferior

radiology submentovertical view
THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Nasal septum (vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid) Posterior border of vomer Maxillary sinus Ethmoid sinus Greater palatine foramen Lesser palatine foramen Sphenoid sinus Posterior orbital margin - greater wing of the sphenoid Posterior boundary of the maxillary sinus Zygomatic arch Lesser wing of the sphenoid Head of mandible condyloid process Foramen ovalae Foramen spinosum Spine of the sphenoid Foramen lacerum Clivus - base of the occipital and sphenoid bones Eustachian tube - (pharyngotympanic tube) Carotid canal Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Anterior arch of the atlas (C1) Odontoid process of axis (C2) Occipital condyles Foramen magnum Canaliculus for tympanic nerve Inner and outer tables of the skull - Diploe
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External Skull Lateral

THE SKULL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Frontal bone - Temporal ridges for attachment of Temporalis Bregma - Coronal suture Parietal bone Parieto-Temporal suture Lambda - Occipito-Parietal suture Occipital bone - Occipitum Occipito-Mastoid suture Porion - upper margin of external auditory meatus Mastoid process Temporal bone Styloid process Zygomatic arch Ramus of the Mandible Body of the Mandible Gnathion Maxilla Zygoma Prosthion Rhinion Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Nasion Glabella Frontal bone Greater wing of the Sphenoid
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External Skull Lateral / oblique

radiology
THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Coronal suture Impression for Middle meningeal artery Lambdoid suture Wormian bone - Extrasutural bone Styloid process Posterior wall of Nasopharynx Clivus - (base of Sphenoid and Occiptal bones) Hypophyseal fossa Sphenoid sinus Greater wing of the Sphenoid Posterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus Anterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus Frontal sinus Zygoma - frontal process Maxilla - malar process Zygoma - Arch Posterior border of the Maxillary sinus Hard palate - Palatine bone Alveolar bone in Maxilla Pterygoid plates Soft tissue of Soft Palate and Uvula Mandibular canal Head of Mandible Coronoid process of Mandible
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External Skull Posterior

THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Sagittal sinus Parietal foramen Lambda Pareito - Occipital suture Occipital bone Lambdoid suture Superior nuchal line Highest nuchal line Superior nuchal line Mastoid process External Occitipal protruberance Inferior nuchal groove Superior nuchal groove Sutural bones - Inca Euyron Parietal bone
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External Skull Superior

THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Occipital bone Lambdoid suture - Occipito-Parieto suture Parietal eminence - Euryon Frontal bone Bregma Coronal suture Parietal bone Sagittal suture Lambda
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Internal Skull Inferior

Skull cap
THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Lambda Lambdoid suture Parietal foramen Diploe Bregma Coronal suture Frontal crest and Diploe - inner and outer tables of the skull bone Frontal bone Depressions for arachnoid granulations Grooves for middle meningeal vessels Parietal bone Sagittal suture Groove for superior sagittal sinus Occipital bone
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Internal Skull Inferior

Internal base Cranial fossa
THE SKULL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A B C
Cribiform plate Frontal sinus Crista Galli Orbital plate of Frontal bone Jugum of Sphenoid Optic canal Lesser wing of the Sphenoid bone Anterior Clinoid process Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Dorsum sellae Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Foramen magnum POSTERIOR FOSSA MIDDLE FOSSA ANTERIOR FOSSA
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Ethmoid bones
Anterior / Lateral / Medial / Superior Description - Light spongy bone the size and shape of an ice cube, located between the 2 orbital cavities. 1 Ethmoidal labyrinth containing air cells (part of the Ethmoid sinus) continuous with the Sphenoid sinus Crista Galli Orbital plate of Ethmoid bone (part of the Orbital cavity) Middle Nasal concha Jugum of Sphenoid - Jugum Sphenoidale (Bridge connecting the 2 wings of the Sphenoid bone) Perpendicular plate of the Palatine bone Uncinate process Ala (of Crista Galli) Anterior groove (on the Ethmoid) Posterior groove (on the Ethmoid) Cribiform plate (entrance for the Olfactory nerve) Vomer
2 3
BONES OF THE 4 SKULL
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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Anterior
Lateral
BON SKU
Medial
Superior
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Frontal bones Anterior / Lateral / Inferior

Description - Unpaired largest and very robust anterior bone forming the forehead - horizontal section forming the roof of the orbit. 1 2 3 4 5 6 BONES OF THE SKULL 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Frontal tuberosity - Frontal bossing Superciliary arch Supraorbital margin and notch Nasal spine - medial to articulation with Lacrimal bones Superior and inferior temporal lines Superior Orbital plate - pars orbitalis Frontal and Ethmoid air cells - Frontal sinus Posterior Ethmoidal foramen Anterior Ethmoidal foramen Zygomatic process Supra - Orbital notch or foramen Lacrimal fossa Metopic suture - frontal suture, Glabella Frontal squama Ethmoidal notch
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BON SKU
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Hyoid bone
Description - Small U-shaped bone. Attached to the styloid processes via ligaments, this bone has no articulations and is not normally broken in normal trauma. It may be broken in hanging and strangulation. 1 2 3 Body of hyoid Greater horn (cornu) Lesser horn (cornu)
BONES OF THE SKULL
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BON SKU
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Mandible Lateral / Posterior

Description - The lower jaw bone joins the skull via a single paired joint the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) via the condyles and a cartilaginous plate in the Temporal fossa. Primary function - mastication. 1 2 3 4 5 BONES OF THE SKULL 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Mandibular notch Pterygoid fovea Head of Mandible - Condyle - Condylar process Neck of Mandible Posterior border of ramus of mandible Ramus - Vertical ramus Angle of mandible Oblique line Inferior border Body - Horizontal ramus Base Mental foramen Mental tubercle - Gnathion Mental protuberance Alveolar bone surrounding teeth Anterior border of ramus Coronoid process - Endocoronial ridge Mandibular foramen Lingula Superior and inferior mental spines Digastric fossa Mylohyoid line Mylohyoid groove Extramolar sulcus Infradentale
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Mandible Anterior
radiology orthopantomogram = OPG Used to show mandibular fractures and an overview of sinuses and complete dentition 1 2 3 4 5 6 BONES OF THE SKULL 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine First premolar Second premolar First molar Second molar Pulp chamber Coronoid process Head of mandible Zygoma Maxillary sinus Anterior nasal spine of maxilla Vomer (nasal septum) Sites for the third molar Hard palate
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Mandible Lateral
radiology Showing relationship to surrounding soft tissue 1 Head of mandible Condylar process 2 Neck of the Mandible 3 Hard Palate 4 Soft Palate 5 Anterior notch of the Atlas (C1) 6 Odontoid process of the Axis (C2) Dens 7 Posterior aspect of the tongue 8 Retropharyngeal sac BONES OF THE 9 Epiglottis SKULL 10 Vallecula - fold anterior to epiglottis 11 Hyoid bone
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Mandibular joint Temporo-Mandibular joint (TMJ) Lateral

radiology Open - upper Shut - lower 1 Head of mandible Condylar process 2 Neck of the Mandible 3 Coronoid process 4 Zygomatic arch 5 External auditory meatus + Handle of the malleus 6 Articular cubicle BONES OF THE 7 Tympanic plate SKULL 8 Mastoid process 9 Groove for posterior belly of Digastric muscle 10 Mandibular fossa 11 Greater wing of the sphenoid (basal surface) 12 Lesser wing of the sphenoid
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BON SKU
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Maxilla / Maxillae Bones

Anterior / Lateral / Medial Description - Paired bones which form the dominant portion of the face and hold the upper teeth. The overgrowth of the maxilla is often the reason for orthodontic treatment. 1 Frontal process 2 Medial Orbital surface 3 Infra-Orbital margin 4 Zygomatic process 5 Infra-Orbital foramen BONES OF THE 6 Nasal notch SKULL 7 Nasal crest 8 Anterior nasal spine 9 Alveolar bone around teeth 10 Tuberosity 11 Infra-Temporal surface 12 Orbital surface 13 Palatine process 14 Ethmoid crest 15 Middle meatus 16 Conchal crest 17 Anterior Nasal spine 18 premaxillary suture is here - fuses with completed jaw growth Incisive canal supported by the canine jugun 19 Greater Palatine canal - groove 20 Articulating surface - with Palatine bones 21 Maxillary hiatus continues with the sinus 22 Nasal Lacrimal process 23 Alveolus -bone containing tooth root 24 Canine jugun 25 Inferior meatus
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Maxilla / Maxillae Bones Inferior

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BONES OF THE 12 SKULL 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
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Incisive fossa Median Palatine suture (Inter-Maxillary suture) Groove for greater Palatine vessels Palatine process of the Maxilla Greater Palatine foramen Palato-Maxillary suture Inter-Palatine suture Inferior Orbital fissure Lesser Palatine foramen Posterior Nasal spine Foramen spinosum Foramen ovale Carotid canal Foramen lacerum Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Palato-vaginal canal Pharyngeal tubercle Ala of Vomer Medial Pterygoid plate Lateral Pterygoid plate Infratemporal crest of Sphenoid Zygomatic arch Pyramidal process of the Palatine bone Maxillary tuberosity Left Third Molar tooth LM3 Left Second molar tooth - LM2 Left First molar tooth LM1 Left Second premolar tooth - LP2 Left First premolar tooth - LP1 Left Canine tooth LC1 Left Second incisor tooth - LI2 Left First incisor tooth LI1
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Nasal Bones
External (rotated 180 degrees to show) Internal (below) also see the Nasal Cavity to see the Nasal bones in situ Description - Small thin rectangular paired bones below the Glabella, the inferior edges form the top margin of the nasal aperture. Inferior nasal conchae - small snail shaped fragile bones extending along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on top of the palatines.
BONES OF THE 1 Articulation SKULL
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
surface with Frontal bone and Lacrimal bone Articuation surface with the Maxilla External surface Notch for external nasal nerve Foramen for Veins / Venous foramen Articulation with other nasal bone (here - Right nasal bone) Internal surface Groove for anterior Ethmoidal nerve
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Occipital bone External / internal

Description - Large bowl like bone with a hole at the inferoposterior portion of the skull. Articulates with vertebral column C1 and C2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BONES OF THE SKULL 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
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Superior angle Highest nuchal line Superior nuchal line Inferior nuchal line Mastoid margin Jugular process Condylar fossa Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Hypoglossal canal Condylar canal Lateral surface Lateral angle External / Internal Occipital crest Squamous surface External / Internal Occipital protuberance Lamboid margin Groove for superior sagittal sinus Cerebral fossa Groove for transverse sinus Attachment for Tentorium Cerebelli Groove for superior sigmoid sinus Jugluar notch Jugular tubercle Attachments for Falx Cerebri Opisthion Basion Occipital sulcus - Sagittal sinus
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Palatine bones (Left)

Anterior / Lateral / Medial / Posterior / Sagittal Description - Delicate paired small bones L-shaped bones forming the palate and the floor of the nasal cavity. 1 2 3 4 5 6 BONES OF THE 7 SKULL 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Perpendicular plate - vertical plate Palato-Maxillary suture Maxilla Orbital process Spheno-Papalatine notch Spenoidal process - Pterygo-Palatine canal Horizontal plane Pyramidal process - Posterior nasal spine Palatine bone Sphenoidal process Maxillary process Ethmoidal crest Greater Palatine groove Conchal crest
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Parietal bone (Left) External / Internal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Superior Temporal line Parietal eminence Articulation with the Occipital bone (Lambdoid suture) Articulation with the Temporal bone (Mastoid) Parieto-Mastoid suture Articulation with the Temporal (Squamous) Temporo-Parietal suture Articulation with the Sphenoid (Greater wing) Spheno-Parietal suture Articulation with the Frontal bone Coronal suture Inferior Temporal line Groove for superior sagittal sinus Frontal angle Sphenoidal angle Groove for frontal branch of Middle Meningeal vessels Groove for parietal branch of Middle Meningeal vessels Mastoid angle Groove for sigmoid sinus Occipital angle Articulation between Parietal bones Sagittal suture Arachnoid granulations - Granular fovea Groove for transverse sinus
BONES OF THE SKULL 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
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Sphenoid Anterior / Posterior

Description: A single wedge-shaped bone consisting of four parts: the central body; the lateral greater wings, the medial lesser wings and the lower Pterygoid plates. The bone looks like a bat in flight and is the centre piece of the skull. 1 2 3 4 5 BONES OF THE SKULL 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Articulation with Left Temporal bone Orbital surface Infratemporal crest Body of the Sphenoid Openings for sphenoidal sinuses Lesser Wing Squamosal suture - Articulation with Right Temporal bone Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Pterygoid canal Rostrum Vaginal process Medial Pterygoid plate Pterygoid hamulus Pterygoid notch Lateral Pterygoid plate Pterygoid process Sphenoid spine Cerebral surface of the Greater Wing Anterior Clinoid process Posterior Clinoid process Dorsum Sellae Scaphoid fossa Occipital surface
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Temporal bone (Left) External / Inferior / Internal

Description - Paired bones which are involved in both the wall and the base of the skull. They contain the auditory ossicles and form the only joint with the mandible. 1 Suprameatal triangle 2 Groove for middle Temporal artery 3 Parietal notch 4 Squamo-Mastoid suture 5 Mastoid area 6 Mastoid process 7 Sheath of Styloid process 8 Styloid process 9 Tympanic part l 0 External Acoustic meatus / anterior border (bony ear hole) BONES OF THE 11 Tympanosquamosal (squamotympanic) fissure SKULL 12 Mandibular fossa 13 Zygomatic process 14 Articular tubercle 15 Postglenoid tubercle 16 Squamous part - Squama 17 Stylomastoid foramen 18 Mastoid notch - Digastric groove 19 Occipital groove 20 Jugular surface 21 Jugular fossa 22 Canaliculus (opening) for Tympanic nerve 23 Petrous part 24 Carotid canal 25 Edge of Tegmen Tympani 26 Groove for the Middle Meningeal vessels 27 Groove for the superior Petrosal sinus 28 Articulation with the greater wing of the Sphenoid Spheno-Temporal suture 29 Zygomatic process 30 Groove for the Middle Meningeal vessels 31 Internal Acoustic meatus 32 Articulates with the Occipital bone 33 Aqueduct of the Vestibule 34 Mastoid foramen 35 Groove for sigmoid sinus - Sigmoid sulcus 36 Arcuate eminence 37 Articulates with the parietal bone - Temporoparietal Neill 65 A. L. suture
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Vomer Lateral / Posterior / in situ

Description - A single small narrow frail plough-shaped midline bone. Deviation of this bone may obstruct the nasal airways. 1 2 3 4 5 6 BONES OF THE SKULL 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Ala (Alae) Articulation with Maxillae and Palatine Maxillovomer suture / palatinovomer suture Groove for the nasopalantine nerves and vessels Articulation with nasal cartilages Articulation with Sphenoid bone Articulation with the Ethmoid plate Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid Body of Vomer Maxillae areolar bone Medial pterygoid plate Frontal bone Sphenoid sinus Anterior of nasal bones Frontal sinus
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Zygoma Antero-Lateral / Postero-Medial

Description - Paired cheek bones which form the prominent corners of the face under the orbital rim. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 BONES OF THE SKULL 9 10 Frontal process Zygomatico-Facial formina Articulation with the Frontal bone Articulation with the Sphenoid Zygomatico-Orbital foramina Articulation with Maxilla Zyomatico-Temporal foramina Temporal process Maxillary process Orbital surface
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Anterior Cranial Fossa

Superior view from the top 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Frontal sinus Frontal crest Foramen Caecum Cranionasal exit of the anterior ethmoidal nerve Slit for the process of the dura mater Anterior Ethmoidal groove Concealed entry for the anterior Ethmoidal nerve Posterior Ethmoidal groove Concealed entry for the posterior Ethmoidal nerve Jugam Sphenoidale Optic canals Anterior Clinoid process Fronto-Sphenoid suture Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Vascular foramen Diploe Orbital plate of the Frontal bone Crista Galli
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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Maxillary Sinus (Left) Sagittal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Frontal sinus Anterior Ethmoidal foramen Orbital plate of Ethmoid Posterior Ethmoidal foramen Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Pterygo-Maxillary fissure Perpendicular plate of the Palatine Alveolar processes of the Maxilla Maxillary Sinus - opened Inferior concha, Maxillary process Anterior Nnasal spine Uncinate process of the Ethmoid Nasal bone Lacrimo-Maxillary suture Supra-Orbital foramen Frontal bone
Description: Maxilla - sinuses within this bone -particularly around the teeth may cause toothache, complicate endodontic (root canal) treatment; or act as a conduit for tooth/nasal/other infection to enter the blood stream.
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Middle Cranial Fossa (Left)

Superior view from the top 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Greater wing of the Sphenoid Superior Orbital fissure Middle Clinoid process Optic canal Anterior Clinoid process Hypophysial fossa Posterior Clinoid process Dorsum Sellae Foramen lacerum Trigeminal impression Foramen rotundum Groove for superior petrosal sinus Groove for greater petrosal nerve Diploe Arcuate eminence Tegmen typani Temporal bone Groove for the Parietal branch of the middle Meningeal vessels
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Nasal Cavity - dissected to show Right nasal cavity and

inferior nasal conchae Para - Sagittal section of Right Nasal cavity looking in through the Right side of the nose to show sinuses around the area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Semilunar hiatus Ethmoid bulla Air cells of Ethmoid sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Spheno-Palatine foramen Perpendicular plate of the palatine Inferior nasal concha and meatus Opening of the maxillary sinus Uncinate process of Ethmoid bone Right Frontal sinus
Note middle and superior nasal conchae have been dissected and removed.
Description: inferior nasal conchae - small paired frail bones extending along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Involved in olfaction, humidification. Highly vascularized and when the soft tissue surrounding this is swollen, it may cause nasal obstruction and sinuses. Please note when "picking one's nose" the finger never reaches the nasal conchae, stopping just short of this area.
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Nasal Cavity
dissected to show lateral wall of right nasal cavity Sagittal section of Lateral Right nasal cavity looking in to the lateral side of the right side of the nose 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Middle concha Middle concha meatus Superior concha Superior concha meatus Sphenoid sinus Medial Pterygoid plate Spheno-Palatine foramen Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone Palato-Maxillary suture Incisive fossa and canal Inferior concha and meatus Maxilla Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Right Frontal sinus Left Frontal sinus
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Nasal Cavity
dissected to show medial wall of the nasal cavity Sagittal section of Nasal cavity looking in to the medial wall of the nose in front of the right nasal cavity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Right Frontal sinus Crista Galli Left Sphenoidal sinus Right Sphenoidal sinus Vomer Pterygoid hamulus Maxilla Anterior Nasal spine Inferior concha Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid Nasal bone Nasal spine of the Frontal bone Left Frontal sinus
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Orbital Cavity / Fossa (Left) Anterior view from the front

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Optic foramen Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal foramina Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Orbital plate of the Ethmoid bone Orbital plate of the Maxilla Infraorbital foramen Infraorbital groove Zygoma Inferior Orbital fissure Foramina for Zygomatic branch of the Facial nerve Orbital surface of the Zygoma Greater wing of the Sphenoid Superior Orbital fissure Orbital plate of the Frontal bone Supra-Orbital margin Supra-Orbital foramen
Eyeball and muscles all sit in this cavity with the Optic nerve entering from the posterior part of the cavity through the Orbital foramen.
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Orbital cavity Inferoanterior

radiology (also Orbital fossa Optic cavity Optic foramen) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frontal sinus Foramen ovale Infraorbital foramen Foramen rotundum Hard palate floor of nasal cavity Maxillary antrum Lateral wall of maxillary antrum Zygomatic arch Sphenoid sinus Soft tissue of nose and lower lid
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Optic Cavity Lateral / oblique

radiology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Optic foramen Supraorbital ridge Sphenoid ridge Frontal bone Sphenoid sinus (note clear no fluid lines as with sinusitis) Anterior clinoid process Posterior clinoid process Frontal process of zygoma Zygomatic arch Lateral border of greater wing of the sphenoid
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Posterior Cranial Fossa

Superior view from the top 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Dorsum sellae Groove for inferior Petrosal sinus Groove for superior Petrosal sinus Internal Acoustic meatus Concealed crevice for Endolymphatic sac Mastoid emissary foramen Occipito-Mastoid suture Diploe Lambdoid suture Groove for transverse sinus Fossa for Right Occipital lobe of the Cerebrum Fossa for Right Cerebellar hemisphere Internal Occipital proturberance Internal Occipital crest Groove for sigmoid sinus Foramen magnum Hypoglossal canal Jugular formamen Clivus: Basi-Occipital Clivus: Basi-Sphenoid Posterior Clinoid process
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Biography and Aim of the A to Z and Dr Amanda Neill

Dr Amanda Neill has a medical degree with specializations and research in the areas of Histology, Pathology, and Anatomy and Forensic medicine, with a separate specialization (MSc in renal glomerular disease). After teaching for many years at university of Sydney and completing her PhD on the immunopathology of cerebral malaria Amanda developed the only accredited RCAGP continuing education course on anatomy. Developing courses on the anatomy of the Back (Back to the Back) and the Head and Neck the PG program for Dental graduates and writing a number of manuals, booklets and programs for medical, dental, nursing and other health students. Qualifying as a GMP (Graduate medical program) facilitator she has seen and been involved in the transition form the classic medical course to the GMP and the integration and amalgamation of the classic preclinical and clinical medical subjects to the total self directed computer content based course. Moving to Macquarie University, she brought and developed her anatomy and histology program from scratch, conceptualizing and developing the virtual anatomy laboratory using her Flagship grant. This massive project is still in development. Despite modern computer developments and because of her diverse teaching, research and medical background Amanda knows the value of learning the fundamental building blocks the A to Z of health and medicine in order to write and know the whole medical book. She is passionate about developing accessible and wide reaching medical and educational programs for all levels: the student, the postgraduate, the health and medical professional. Particularly in anatomy and its branches after all we are all ANATOMY!! Looking for collaboration in her projects Amanda developed links with the NSW Department of Forensic medicine, the University of Sydney, the Coroners court, the Royal colleges of Anaethetists and Biomedical scientists (of which she is currently the secretary) and commercial sponsors such as Aspen. So anatomy@mac has spread and involved students from all the university divisions and the all walks of life. Always looking to improve accessibility and application of knowledge and skills (such as Anatomy in Action and morphing@mac Art Anatomy exhibitions) and schools science projects Amanda and Aspen are collaborating on a series of A to Z pocket references to be used as handy guides and aids for all those interested in health and medicine, particularly the busy medical practitioner. We want these to be a guide and a help for you and want your help and feedback in order to make the manuals and the accompanying websites a benefit for you. You can be a part of this project too. Write to us And Of course if you want to get a HEAD do Amandas A to Z.
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WHAT is WRONG with this ??!!!
write to us for the answer.

E-mail: medicalamanda@gmail.com
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For Bronchitis, Sinusitis and Otitis Media.
For skin and soft tissue infections and ...urinary tract infections
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Dr. A. L. NEILL
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The A To Z of Bones of The Skull

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The A to Z of Bones of The Skull

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The A to Z of Bones of The Skull

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How to use this book

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

ISBN 1 74138 166 5

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The Skull 13-36

Bones of the Skull 37-70

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

Cavities of the Skull 71-90

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

Common terms in Osteology

Calotte Calvaria Canal Caput / Kaput Carotid Cavity

Cavum Cephalic Clinoid Clivus Cochlea Concha Condyle

Epiphysis Euryon Facet Fissure Fontanelle

Foramen Fornix Fossa

Fovea Gallus / Galli

Gnathion Groove Gyrus Hamus

Hyoid Incisura Inter Intra Introitus Jugum Lacerum Lacrimal Lambda

Pterygoid Recess Rectus Rhinion Ridge Rotundum Sagittal

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

Sella Sesamoid Sigmoid Sinus

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

Classification and Summary of Skull bones

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Anterior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Anterior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Anterior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Anterior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Inferior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Inferior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Lateral

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Lateral / oblique

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Posterior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

External Skull Superior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

Internal Skull Inferior

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull

Internal Skull Inferior