DESIGN REALISATION

DESIGN AND DETAIL

ARCT 1054

chris kelly, unit 15

 CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 4.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE 8.0 GYM

1.1 project outline 4.1 basement & ground floor 8.1 energy cells
1.2 client 4.2 steel frame & circulation 8.2 pods key
1.3 urban context - high street 2012 4.3 pods & cinema 8.3 kalwall precedent
1.4 high street 2012 initiatives 4.4 facade 8.4 kalwall performance
1.5 64-68 whitechapel high street 4.5 steel frame 8.5 pod construction
1.6 proposed site 8.6 connection to superstructure
1.7 project timeline 5.0 FACADE 8.7 lighting strategy - night
1.8 urban context - failing high street 8.8 plugin cells
1.9 urban context - encroaching development 5.1 facade render 8.9 heating & cooling
1.10 urban strategy - historical grain 5.2 elgin marbles precedent
1.11 urban strategy - high street 5.3 historical photos 9.0 CINEMA
1.12 programme 5.4 breaking down facade
5.5 recreating the facade 9.1 hanging above the market
2.0 KEY SPACES 5.6 recreating the facade cont. 9.2 structure - shell
5.7 moment connections 9.3 suspended within frame
2.1 high street 5.8 key views - aldgate east 9.4 structure - suspension
2.2 market area 5.9 key views - osborn street 9.5 suspension steel connections
2.3 exhibition space 5.10 key views - whitechapel high street 9.6 exploded axonometric
2.4 cinema suspended 9.7 wall construction
2.5 energy cells 6.0 GROUND FLOOR 9.8 floor construction
2.6 gym - visual connection 9.9 roof construction
2.7 greenhouse - energy cultivation 6.1 link to high street 9.10 external cladding
2.8 circulation 6.2 market 9.11 cinema contrast
2.9 scheme diagram 6.3 exhibition space 9.12 acoustics
6.4 transformation 9.13 heating schematic
3.0 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS 9.14 hall ventilation - heating
7.0 CIRCULATION 9.15 hall ventilation - cooling
3.1 basement plan 9.16 part m
3.2 ground floor plan 7.1 external space
3.3 first floor plan 7.2 movement 10.0 ENERGY SYSTEMS
3.4 second floor plan 7.3 foyer
3.5 third floor plan 7.4 structure 10.1 the body
3.6 section a 7.5 pressure pads 10.2 environmental overview
3.7 section b 7.6 exposed services 10.3 pavegen precedent
3.8 perspective section c 7.7 lighting strategy - day 10.4 pavegen - market
3.9 perspective section d 7.8 lighting strategy - night 10.5 walkway pressure pads
10.6 green gym - precedent
10.7 energy calculations
10.8 joint braces
10.9 masks
10.10 urine electrolysis
10.11 cooling system
10.12 fire performance
 PART 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT OUTLINE

the project is a experimental building which looks into

how energy systems can be utilised within a building to
create energy from the interaction of the human body
within the spaces.

the project is for edf energy as part of the high street

2012 scheme for the london 2012 olympic games. edf
are the official energy suppliers to the games and are
looking to undertake projects to demonstrate the
development of technologies and create interactive
environments for the users. the project will be
launched during the 2012 olympics as a landmark
project in the east end of london showing how human
powered buildings can be possible.

we are proud to be an official partner and the official

electricity supplier of the london 2012 olympic and
paralympic games.

we are using the power of the olympic games to

encourage people to change the way they think about
and use energy.

we will deliver our low-carbon vision for london

through the development of several innovative
projects that will leave a positive legacy beyond the
london 2012 games.

we are helping to create a community and environmental

legacy for the games, working with young people in
london through the legacy champions programme
edf energy
http://www.edfenergy.com/about-us/sponsorship/london-2012
1.2 CLIENT

the main client for the project will be edf

energy but it will also be part funded by the
high street 2012 scheme.

the high street 2012 scheme is a collaborative

project between a group of key partners who
implement the project strategies and provide
funding. the key partners are:

london borough of tower hamlets

transport for london
design for london
london development agency
english heritage
london thames gateway development agency
heritage lottery fund

the architect will be directly employed by

edf but will be responsible for consulting
with the key partners of the high street
2012 scheme.
 olympic park

1.3 URBAN CONTEXT - HIGH STREET 2012

the high street 2012 project was initially ‘high street 2012 is an ambitious programme
conceived to enhance the proposed marathon to enhance and celebrate the ribbon of
route for the london 2012 games. the marathon london life that connects the city at aldgate
was to pass along the a11 [whitechapel high to the olympic park at stratford. the project
street] to the olympic park in stratford. combines a series of area-based initiatives
that respond to specific places along the
the marathon route has since been changed and route with street actions that cover the
will no long end in the olympic park and will whole stretch to create a coherent thread
not enter east london at all. however the high that unites the intersecting high streets.
street 2012 project is still going ahead to
enhance what will be one of the main routes to the various projects that form part of high
the olympic stadium for spectators and officials street 2012 will create a thriving high street
visiting the games but staying in central london. of which london can be proud and which the
world will admire, where there is a balance
between pedestrians and other road users,
where people and places are connected,
where locals and visitors want to be, and
where there is a sense of history, diversity,
central london community, fun and well being.’
high street 2012

high street 2012 is an initiative set out to

prepare the route along the a11 from the
centre of london to the olympic park in
stratford for the visitors to the olympic
games in the summer of 2012. originally the
olympic marathon was going to pass along
the a11 to the olympic park but the route was
changed by the olympic organisers, locog,
who said it was ‘looking to create the best
experience for spectators and athletics and
to profile london’, a reason that has been
criticised by many within the city.

‘the olympic games were won on the basis

that they were going to be regenerating east
london, bringing a fresh face to a rather
run-down area, part of our capital. it does
seem rather ridiculous that the olympics
should turn its back on it for one of the
aldgate main events.’
john biggs, london assembly
n original london 2012 marathon route

1.4 HIGH STREET 2012 INITIATIVES
the high street 2012 route was split geographical sections and the
partners identified area based initiatives for each of those areas. the
proposed site falls within the aldgate section of the high street where
the following projects have been undertaken.
a. braham street park
‘braham street park was completed in february 2010, funded by private
sector s106 contributions and the lda. the new park sits on what was
previously part of a busy road system and now provides a more tranquil
space for local residents, visitors and people who work in the area.’
high street 2012
braham street park sits on a narrow strip of land, flanked on both
sides by tall office buildings. the park has a very corporate feel, the
hard landscaping and sharp angled lines within the design of the park
mimic those found within the city of london to the west. it is sold as a
park for residents but it is sparsely populated with smokers from the
adjoining office buildings and the occasional person eating their lunch.
it is overshadowed for most of the day by the surrounding buildings and
has no link the whitechapel high street itself. it is not obvious to anyone
passing along the high street that there is even a park there.
St. Botolph St.
commercial St.
whitechapel high st.
mansell st.
A
b. 64-68 whitechapel high street
‘improvement works to the six buildings were concentrated on the front
elevations and parts of the buildings that faced the high street. the
buildings have benefitted from extensive conservation repair’
high street 2012
the project involved the complete rebuilding of the two facades that face
onto whitechapel high street, the original brickwork had been render over
and the stonework damaged and removed. the render and original brick
work was completely stripped off the elevation and new brick slips put in
place. the project was more of a rebuild than a restoration with new stone
work and mouldings being created using historic photographs to mimic the
original building. there were no alterations to the interiors, or the rear
elevations of the building, the project was merely a facelift.
C
B
leman St.
n
c. altab ali park
‘a series of improvements are planned at altab ali park including new
tree planting, a better setting for the shaheed minar monument and new
seating areas that will trace the foundations of the church that used to
stand on the site, bringing the history of the area to the surface.’
high street 2012
the park was completed in november 2011 by muf architects. the project
aimed to recapture the history of the site and involve local residents.
a community archeological dig was held and the artefacts found in the
dig were used by muf in installations in the park. the design of the park
created a layering effect of history; it is a new design yet it respects
what was their before. the past is represented in a way that can be used
and appreciated by the local community but it is not a pastiche of what
has been.
1.5 64-68 WHITECHAPEL HIGH STREET

‘improvement works to the six buildings were

concentrated on the front elevations and parts
of the buildings that faced the high street.
the buildings have benefitted from extensive
conservation repair.’
high street 2012 original building

the works to 64- 68 whitechapel high street were

concentrated on the parts of the building that
will be seen during the 2012 olympics, on the
route from the city to the olympic park.

they are creating a false facade which they have

created based on photos and documents from the
past. they claim they are restoring the building
to its former glory but they are only creating an
impression of an idealised past. by recladding the
facades of the building the buildings only mimic
what they once were; they are no longer used
in the same way and their context has changed.
the past is always looked on as a ‘better time’ building prior to works
but realistically times were just as hard, if not
harder back when the buildings were constructed;
the area was full of some of the worst slums in
london.

replicating history is entirely different to retaining

history. mimicking history cannot replicate the
layers of history that build up on a building over
its lifetime. rebuilding a facade completely removes
these historical layers. conservation allows
historical layers to build up whilst maintaining
the original fabric. the proposed works are not
conservation but a pastiche, creating a disneyfied
version of the past.
building after works
 os
bo
rn
1.6 PROPOSED SITE

str
the chosen site is 64-68 whitechapel high

eet
street, which was one of the projects in
E the high street 2012 scheme. it is at the
very start of the high street 2012 route in
aldgate, adjacent to the city of london and
D new development on whitechapel high street.
C this project envisages a slightly different
et
re sequence of events during the high street
st
gh B 2012 project however [detailed overleaf]
l hi
a pe
ch the existing buildings are the only surviving
te
whi historical buildings on the south side of
A the high street between altab ali park and
the city so are an important set of buildings
for the character and history of the area.
the buildings have however fallen into
significant disrepair.

a proposed site of 21 storey office block

b london metropolitan uni. building
n
c entrance to aldgate east underground
site 0 100 200m 0 50 100m d whitechapel art gallery
conservation area e altab ali park
 may 2010
jan 2010 announcement june 2010
planning permission that london 2012 site start date for nov 2010
granted for works marathon route works to 64-68 works to 64-68
july 2008 to 64-68 whitechapel no longer passing whitechapel high whitechapel high
london wins olympic games high street through east london street street completed
may 2011
site start date for revised
scheme under management
february 2009
nov 2010 procurement contract
high street 2012 project initiated
application submitted allowing detail design to be
to local authority for undertaken in parallel with
revised scheme. on site construction
actual timeline
redefined timeline for this project may 2010 aug 2010 feb 2011 27th july 2012
funding for edf energy, as official planning approval london 2012 opening
restoration works to energy supplier to the received for revised ceremony
64-68 whitechapel london 2012 games, scheme building must be
high street cut. come forward as new completed and open
all proposed works investor. to public
cancelled new brief formed for
a building powered by
movement.

1.7 PROJECT TIMELINE

the project is set two years in the past, in 2010, when the it was announced that the
london 2012 marathon route was no longer passing along the a11 through east london
and was going to take place in central london instead. the project envisages that after
this announcement the funding for the high street 2012 project aimed at improving the
high streets along the original marathon route is dramatically reduced. therefore the
projects that were originally proposed on the route are suspended until new investors
come forward to take on the projects.
already involved in the london 2012 olympics as the official energy supplier edf energy
are looking to undertake projects along the olympic route and decide to take on the
project at 64-68 whitechapel high street. the tight timescale between project inception to
the start of the olympic games when it must be completed and ready for use has a number
of effects on the professional context of the project which are described further on in
the report.
 1.8 URBAN CONTEXT - FAILING HIGH STREET

these diagrams represent the decline of the high

street from 1841. whitechapel high street was once
high street 1841 thriving, but like many high streets in the country
its status as a shopping hub is diminishing. this is to
do with many factors; the rise in online shopping,
an increase in out of town shopping centres,
the development of the supermarket. however
whitechapel high street has another factor which
is contributing to its demise.

the city of london is encroaching on the high street,

the city itself is expanding and needs somewhere
high street 1934 to go, spitalfields and banglatown sits on the
city fringe and tower hamlets have identified the
area as an opportunity area for new development.
the new development consists of large scale
office buildings serving the city. the role of the
high street has shifted from providing services
to the local community to providing land for the
expansion of the city.

high street 2012 the diagrams represent the services provided

along the high street, in 1841 it was the only
place you would need to go for all your shopping
requirements, now the high street is sparsely
pubs/restaurants populated with shops. the tightly packed terraces
groceries/dairy/butchers have been demolished to make way for new
fabrics development.
chemist
clothing only one building has remained unchanged in its
printing use since 1841; the white hart public house on the
n the only unchanged use 1841 -2012
financial northern side of the high street.
other
1.9 URBAN CONTEXT ENCROACHING DEVELOPMENT

PLANNING APPLICATION PA/08/02690

this site has planning permission for a 22 storey building

CENTRAL HOUSE LONDON METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY
central house marks the point on the high street that the large
scale, high rise office buildings of the city meet the smaller
scale buildings of the high street. at 6 storeys it acts as an
intermediate between the two.
which will provide 84,305sq.m of offices and 2,805sq.m
retail use. once built it will drastically change the
character of the high street. the site has been vacant
for 5 years and closed off with hoardings having a
detrimental effect on the high street.
prior to their demolition the plot was the site of the
summit sports centre serving the local community.
LLOyDS BANK BUILDING

the lloyds bank building will be demolished as part

of the application pa/06/00510. this building, built
PROPOSED SITE in the 80s, only 30 years ago has had a very short
lifespan. it seems like an incredible waste of energy,
the proposed site is the first resources and money to demolish a building that is
set of surviving historical functioning as it was intended. for this to happen
buildings on the south side there has been a mistake made in the development of
of the road as you travel the high street by developers and planners.
east along whitechapel high
street.
1.10 URBAN STRATEGY - HISTORICAL GRAIN

the site marks a key point on the high street

where the large scale new developments meet the
fine urban grain of the historical high street. the
existing buildings on the site are no longer fit
for purpose and in some places their structure
is failing.

the proposed scheme aims to retain the historical

grain and scale of the site without becoming a
pastiche. the existing building swill be demolished
and a new facade created to celebrate the history
of the site. sections of the historical facade will
be created in precast concrete panels but the
facade itself will be broken up to allow the high
street to penetrate the building. the historical
sections of the facade will only line up from
certain views to create glimpses of the overall
history of the site whereas the individual cast
sections of the facade will be read as sculptural
elements suspended above the high street. by
casting the panels in concrete they are emphasised
as new elements celebrating what was once on the
site rather than becoming a pastiche that tries to
create a falsely realistic version of the past.
1.11 URBAN STRATEGY - HIGH STREET

the new development encroaching on the

high street from the city of high rise office
blocks lack an interaction with the high
street, their functions are private and their
facades distinct boundaries between the high
street and their interiors.

this project aims to break down that barrier

and as a community building it needs to
be accessible and open to the public. the
breaking down of the facade blurs the
boundary between the high street and the
building allowing the two to flow into one
another. the ground floor will be entirely
given over to an open market area which will
replace the vacant retail units that were
previously on the site. despite the decline
of the high street the markets are still
thriving. they are less of a commitment than
a full retail unit for traders and a more
affordable option during the recession.
by creating a market space the site will be
reinvigorated as a thriving part of the high
street.
1.12 PROGRAMME

as a test ground for energy production the

building will include 4 main types of space
which are deliberately very different in the
way they are used, allowing edf to test
various technologies in different areas of
the building.

one of the main areas will be a market

place on the ground floor which acts as
an extension of the high street. replacing
the empty retail units that used to fill the
ground floor of the site with smaller market
stalls can be a more attractive option to
independent retailers in an uncertain period
of recession.

the second area will be a gym, where the

majority of the energy will be harvested
from the body and used to power the entre
building.

the third area will be a local cinema

space which will have links to the london
metropolitan university film making society
and the east end film festival. this is the
main area that will exemplify the energy
production, showing films when sufficient
energy has been produced in the rest of the
building.

the final areas will be involved in the

creation of fuel for the body, they will be
heated greenhouses used to test methods
of creating food quickly in a tight urban
environment and bars which will sell the
food produced to the gym and cinema users.
 PART II

KEY SPACES
2.1 HIGH STREET

the ground floor will be an extension of

the high street public realm, the breaking up
of the facade will allow people to flow in
and out of the building, breaking down the
barrier of the facade against the high street.
the building will have openings on all three
sides of the building that front pedestrian
footpaths.

site boundary
public realm - market/exhibition area
2.2 MARKET AREA

the open ground floor will serve as a market

area during the day. the transient nature
of markets means that traders can come
and go and if one trader leaves there are
usually other traders waiting to take their
plots. unlike the vacant retail units that
were previously on the site the market will
never be empty. local traders will share
their goods and services and the market will
reinvigorate the high street which has been
in decline.
2.3 EXHIBITION/FOYER

at night the market will be cleared away and

the ground floor will become an exhibition
space for local artists, speakers or groups.
the double height space below the rake
of the cinema seating will allow for large
installations and the steel frame provides a
structure to hang things from.

the underside of the cinema could also be

used to project images or videos onto over
the exhibition space.

the ticket office will be constructed in

translucent panels and will glow in the
centre of the ground floor attracting
people into the building.
2.4 CINEMA SUSPENDED

the cinema space will be suspended over the

open ground floor market/exhibition space. it
will be an enclosed black box hanging above
the market as an object within the structure.

the shape of the underside of the cinema

creates different spaces below which can be
utilised as an exhibition space.
2.5 ENERGY CELLS

the gym pods, bar and greenhouses will be

constructed as cells which combine in the
steel frame to create a battery of energy
producing components.
2.6 GYM VISUAL CONNECTION

the cells will be constructed from

translucent panels which will a light
internal environment but will also allow a
visual connection between their interiors
and the high street. the translucent panels
will only allow the shadows of movement to
be visible, giving an implied idea of motion
within the building but not make it feel like a
gold fish bowl for the users.

when the pods are in use at night the internal

lights will make them glow identifying which
pods are being used to create energy. the
pods will shut down when not in use.
 noon

rth
no
summer sunpath

on
no

rth 2.7 GREENHOUSE ENERGY CULTIVATION

no
autumn/spring sunpath
the greenhouse pods on the roof of the
building will be heated and insulated to
allow experiments into rooftop growing
on technologies in urban areas. the greenhouses
no feed into the energy system of the building
through the growth of high energy foods
which can then be consumed by the gym users
n to provide them with energy when they work
out in the gym.
market area
gym pods
rth they are positioned on the roof to gain
no cinema
greenhouse pods maximum solar gain on the site.
winter sunpath
2.8 CIRCULATION

the circulation that serves the building will

allow visual connections between different
areas of the building, meaning that wherever
you are you always have a visual connection
with the movement of people through the
spaces that is powering the building.

the circulation will be constructed from a

grp mesh allowing visuals between floors
and the walls of the pods that face onto the
circulation will be glazed with clear glass.

the circulation space is external unheated

space reducing the heating load on the
building, reducing its energy consumption.

the service runs for the building will be

exposed and pass along the underside of
the walkways. the movement of the services
will match the movement of people who by
powering the building become part of the
services.
roof

2.9 SCHEME DIAGRAM

area schedule [m2]

322 market/exhibition space
12 tickets/reception
140 circulation/foyer
25 bar
second floor 140 gym pods
100 greenhouse pods
140 external rooftop growing area
90 cinema
basement:
first floor
80 changing/wcs
15 office
68 storage
67 plant

market/exhibition area
ground floor circulation/foyer
vertical circulation
tickets/reception
gym pods
cinema
greenhouse pods
bar
basement basement plant and service areas
n
 PART III

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT DRAWINGS

 D F D

A B G
C

E
D D D

O N M L

3.1 BASEMENT PLAN 1:100

J A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
H D rooflight above
E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
H male changing/showers
I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K K female wcs
L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
o ventilation plant
I p market/exhibition space
q tickets/reception
r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
y heated greenhouses
R R

Q
C

R R

3.2 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:100

A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
D rooflight above
P E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
H male changing/showers
I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K female wcs
L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
o ventilation plant
p market/exhibition space
q tickets/reception
r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
y heated greenhouses
 U

V U U U C U

3.3 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:100

A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
D rooflight above
E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
H male changing/showers
T I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K female wcs
L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
o ventilation plant
p market/exhibition space
q tickets/reception
r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
y heated greenhouses
 U

V U U U C U

3.4 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:100

A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
D rooflight above
E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
H male changing/showers
T I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K female wcs
L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
o ventilation plant
p market/exhibition space
q tickets/reception
r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
y heated greenhouses
 X

3.5 THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:100

Y A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
D rooflight above
E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
H male changing/showers
Y Y Y I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K female wcs
L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
o ventilation plant
p market/exhibition space
Y q tickets/reception
r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
y heated greenhouses
X Y

U S

T
3.6 SECTION A 1:100
A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
U S D rooflight above
E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
H male changing/showers
I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K female wcs
L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
Q R P o ventilation plant
p market/exhibition space
q tickets/reception
r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
B E M
y heated greenhouses
 Y Y Y Y Y

3.7 SECTION B 1:100

A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
D rooflight above
E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
T H male changing/showers
I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K female wcs
L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
o ventilation plant
p market/exhibition space
q tickets/reception
P r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
y heated greenhouses

O N M L J H
 Y Y Y Y

3.8 PERSPECTIVE SECTION C

A exhibition store
B market store
C lift
D rooflight above
E unheated corridor
F office
G food store
H male changing/showers
I male wcs
J female changing/showers
K female wcs
T L urine electrolysis
M hydrogen combustion
n energy store
o ventilation plant
p market/exhibition space
q tickets/reception
r rooflight to basement
s mesh walkway
t cinema
u gym pods
v bar
x external growing space
P y heated greenhouses

O N M L J H
 X Y

S U

T S U

3.9 PERSPECTIVE SECTION D

A exhibition store M hydrogen combustion
B market store n energy store
C lift o ventilation plant
D rooflight above p market/exhibition space
E unheated corridor q tickets/reception
I H E F F office r rooflight to basement
G food store s mesh walkway
H male changing/showers t cinema
I male wcs u gym pods
J female changing/showers v bar
K female wcs x external growing space
L urine electrolysis y heated greenhouses
 PART 1V

SUPER STRUCTURE
4.1 BASEMENT & GROUND FLOOR
basement
the basement will be constructed from in situ reinforced concrete. although a
basement already existing on the site this will be dug out and completely rebuilt
to create a stable base for the new building that can support all the new loads.
the basement will be constructed as two large concrete spaces separated by
a concrete corridor. the basement partitions will be constructed from timber
studs allowing for flexibility in the space in the future
ground floor
the ground floor will be constructed from a one way reinforced in situ
slab with integral supporting beams. it will span between the external
walls and the central corridor walls on the basement. five columns
will be positioned in the basement where extra support is required.
4.2 STEEL FRAME & CIRCULATION

steel frame circulation walkways

a braced steel frame will provide the super-structure for the the circulation walkways will sit on the steel super-structure, they will
building above ground. the steel frame will sit along the lines of the be constructed of galvanized steel to differentiate them from the painted
concrete basement walls and on the lines of the floor slab beams to steel frame. they will be one of the first parts of the structure to go in
create a continuity of the structural load forces. allowing the construction team platforms to work from.
4.3 PODS AND CINEMA
cinema
the cinema will be suspended in a void in the steel super-structure.
it will hanging from the third floor section of the steel frame and
be braced back to the frame at a lower level. its shell will be a
lightweight steel construction, braced to create a rigid box.
pods
the gym, bar and greenhouse pods will be constructed from lightweight,
insulated kalwall panels within a lightweight steel frame. the walls,
floors and roofs will all be constructed from the same system allowing
quick, simple construction. they will be supported within the steel
superstructure with bolted bracket connections.
4.4 FACADE

facade

the historic facade panels will be precast concrete and will be

craned into place on site and bolted with movement joints to the
steel frame.
4.5 STEEL FRAME

the steel frame will create a grid structure

that allows the pods to be supported. it
means that in the future if the buildings
use changes the pods can be removed and
reconfigured for different requirements.
 PART V

FACADE
5.1 FACADE RENDER
5.2 ELGIN MARBLES PRECEDENT
niall mclaughlin architects have undertaken
a project at the london 2012 olympic park
where they have clad the building with casts
concrete friezes of the elgin marbles from the
parthenon. the elgin marbles which are housed
at the british museum, were digitally scanned
then grp lined rubber moulds were produced
for the concrete casting process. the casts
were made using a white cement to give them a
brighter appearance.
The Parthenon stones were made in a particular
place at a particular time. Their deracination
and constant re-idealisation has made them into
something else – something iconic that people
recognise, like a picture of Elvis
niall mclaughlin, concrete quarterly
autumn 2011
the casts elude to a history without becoming
a pastiche of the parthenon. this projects
has the same aim to recreate and celebrate a
historical facade on whitechapel high street
that sits within a conservation area. the facade
will be recreated in concrete casts and broken
up to elude to the history of the site by turning
the facade into more of a sculpture than a
pastiche.
5.3 HISTORICAL PHOTOS

the historical facade of 64-68 whitechapel

high street has disappeared, only the
structure of the facade remains. the
historical stonework and window frames have
been removed or damaged over time. to create
casts of the facade as it was constructed
a virtual 3d model will be produced which
can then be used to create moulds for the
casting of the concrete panels
5.4 BREAKING DOWN FACADE

once the virtual model of the historical

facade has been created it will be broken
down into sections that can be cast into
panels that will form the projecting elements
of the facade.

the facade will be divided into sections that

respect the original rhythm and proportions
of the historical building allowing the
original form the be deciphered amongst the
broken up facade.
5.5 RECREATING FACADE

expanded polystyrene moulds will be cnc cut using the virtual 3d model. the mould will be cast from a white cement to emphasise the play of light the precast panels will be fixed to the steel superstructure of the
due to the variety of different casts required it would not be worth across the historical details. the fixing brackets will be cast into the building.
creating rubber or grp moulds as each mould will only be used a maximum precast panels
of three times. once the moulds have been used they will be recycled
where they can be broken down and used in the packaging industry or as
an additive in lightweight concrete.

steel fixing brackets will be added to the mould before the concrete is
poured.
5.6 RECREATING FACADE
the facade panels will be fixed to a steel ‘i’ section ring beam that will
terminate the cantilevered sections of the projecting steel frame.
5.6 TITLE
the facade panels will be fixed using two types of connection. the bottom single glazed timber window frame will be fitted to the precast panels.
connection will be load bearing and the top connections will be for the windows will be a play on the idea of the broken facade as they won’t
restraint. the bottom connection is made up of a steel plate, strengthened actually be doing any work in sealing the building but will add to the
with flanges which bolts directly to the steel frame. the steel plate is rhythm of the facade.
drilled with elongated bolt holes to allow for alignment of the panel
and steel structure. the top connections do not take any load but just
tie the panels back to the frame. they allow movement in three directions
via the elongated bolt holes and nylon or teflon washers. the aim of the
top connections is to decouple the different movement of the steel from
that of the concrete.
5.7 MOMENT CONNECTIONS

to support the projecting sections of facade

the steel structure will need to be tied back.
to do this the steel beams that cantilever
out of the facade will be connected to
the columns using moment connections to
effectively create a single rigid beam that is
tied back all the way through the building
allowing it to cantilever the small amounts
required to create the facade.

the perpendicular steel beams are not shown

in the adjacent image to make it clear which
beams are cantilevered.
ALDGATE
EAST
5.8 KEY MASSING VIEW
ALDGATE EAST

the aesthetic of the broken up facade is

clear from this view that looks straight
onto the facade. the old glazed shop fronts
allow clear views through into the market
area and parts of the facade extend over
and retreat from the pavement blurring the
boundary between the building and the high
street.

the sections of facade recreated in concrete

will sit like sculptures suspended in the air
above the high street.
OSBORN
STREET
5.9 KEY MASSING VIEW
OSBORN STREET

this oblique view of the facade allows views

into the translucent gym pods which extend
over the high street. the movement of people
within the gym will be visible as shows moving
over the facade. at night the pods will glow
when in use softly lighting the immediate
facade around them.
WHITECHAPEL HIGH
STREET [WEST]

5.10 KEY MASSING VIEW

WHITECHAPEL HIGH STREET

on the main route to the olympic stadium the

west elevation will appear flat but as you
approach closer and the perspective changes
it will become more obvious that the building
has been morphed into something new.
 PART VI

GROUND FLOOR
6.1 LINK TO HIGH STREET

the broken up facade allows people to

flow in and out of the ground floor. with
sections of the facade projecting over the
high street and other parts retreating into
the building there is no boundary to the high
street. the market and exhibition space will
be an extension of the high street allowing
locals to stumble upon events that may be
happening within the building without having
to have prior knowledge of them.
 B
C
6.2 MARKET A visual connection to walkways above
B diffused light coming through gym pods above
C white painted steel frame allows colours of
market to define the space
D steel frame allows traders to hang objects
A
D
F
H
e cinema black box hangs above market in contrast to white steel frame
f back of site opened up to footpath at rear
g plots will be rented to independent local traders
h small plots allow affordable solutions for traders that can’t afford
plots at the more expensive spitalfields or whitechapel high street markets
 B

C F
A

6.3 EXHIBITION SPACE
A cinema ticket office glows and acts as a beacon
B the gym pods glow when in use identifying that
there is energy being created within them.
C the high street lighting leaks into the building
blurring the building’s boundary.
d double height space under seating rake for exhibitions
e underside of cinema can be used as a projection screen
f walk on roof light to basement
g high street floor finish extends into ground floor
creating a seamless space.
 6.4 TRANSFORMATION

storage areas in the basement allow the

market to be cleared away completely in the
evening allowing for the transformation of
the ground floor between night and day.
lockers will be provided in the basement
storage areas for traders to store their
goods if required meaning they do not have
ground floor
to keep transporting things to the site which
has poor vehicle access.
market area
lift
storage areas
n

basement
 PART VII

CIRCULATION
7.1 EXTERNAL SPACE

the circulation space will be external space

that cuts through the centre of the building.
this happens for two reasons; to reduce the
heating load on the building and its energy
consumption by making the circulation space
unheated and open to the elements and also
to continue the theme of breaking down the
boundaries between the building and the high
street. whilst moving through the building
you will feel the wind and elements reminding
you that the building is conceived as an open
structure for the local community that is
one with the high street.

market area
circulation walkways
external space
n
7.2 MOVEMENT

movement is integral to the theme of creating

energy from humans as movement is the output
of the body that has the most potential for
energy production. therefore the them of
movement is important in the building.

like the translucent pods the circulation

has been designed to allow views between
different parts of the building. the walkways
will be made from a grp mesh allowing partial
views through between floors. like the pods
the movement through the floors will be
partially obscured by the mesh allowing
movement to be seen as moving shapes.

the doors into the gym pods will be glazed

onto the walkways allowing views of the
activity inside the pods and allowing light to
pass through to the circulation space.

the cinema in contrast to the rest of the

building is an area where people are still.
thus it is contrasted with the rest of the
building which is open and light by cladding
it in dark grey fibre cement cladding.
7.3 FOYER

at the west end of the circulation walkways

on the first floor and second floor the
walkways open up to a larger space and the
end pods that are adjacent to this space
are bars serving food and drinks. the food
grown in the rooftop greenhouses will
be sold here. the food and drinks will be
healthy, high energy food that the body
convert into energy to power movement which
in turn can power the building.

these spaces can act as the foyers for the

cinema users. the first floor area looks
directly onto the double height exhibition
space underneath the cinema.
 k
j
7.4 STRUCTURE

i the circulation walkways will be constructed

from galvanised steel which will be oversized
to allow it perform in a fire without any
protective coatings. the walkways are the
interstitial space between the cinema and
the pods. the pods are translucent light
structures and the cinema is a sealed black
box. the walkways are differentiated from
these spaces and the white painted steel
frame by the galvanized steel used for
their construction. the mesh part of the
walkway will be a grp mesh as it gives better
performance in terms of fire and corrosion
than a standard steel mesh.

the walkways sit on the steel super-

h g structure, supported on pressure pads that
create energy as people walk across them.

A steel super-structure
c B energy producing pressure pads
C steel support channels
f e d D service zone under walkway
b E grp mesh and clamping sections
F galvanised steel ‘c’ & ‘i’ section beams
spanning between superstructure
G galvanized balustrade fixing bracket
H galvanized balustrade vertical elements
I grp mesh infill panels
J galvanised hand rail support
K galvanised steel handrail
A
7.5 PRESSURE PADS

the walkways will generate electricity as

people pass across them. each section
of walkway will be support on at least 6
pressure pads which will each generate
electricity as someone walks across the
walkway. the pressure pads will utilise piezo
electric materials which create a current
as a mechanical force is applied to them.
more information on the technology of the
pressure pads is included in the energy
systems section of this report.
7.6 EXPOSED SERVICES

the service runs of the building will follow

the circulation routes. it plays on the idea
that the people passing through the building
become part of the services of the building
so the circulation becomes a service area.

the exposed services will also allow for

the energy systems to be easily upgraded or
retro fitted with new technologies as edf
develop and test them.
 E

A
A

B
A

G
C

A
C

7.7 LIGHTING STRATEGY - DAY

a diffuse daylight from the north

B
b daylight enters pods through
translucent kalwall panels C A
c kalwall panels diffuse the light into
the interior of the pods
d light from inside pod is diffused into
circulation zone
C
e direct sunlight from south
f greenhouse pods heated by solar gain
from direct sunlight from south
g mesh walkway between greenhouses on
roof acts as solar shade to shade gym
pods below
7.8 LIGHTING STRATEGY - NIGHT

the circulation spaces will be lit by LED

light tubes to create a low energy lighting
solution. the lights will be linked to the
pressure pads which will activate the
lighting . this means the lights will track
the movement of people through the building
at night creating a visual of their movement.
the lights will be fitted with shades above so
they only light the area of circulation below
them that the movement is taking place in. the
shade will also provide protecting to the
light from the elements as the circulation
is external space. the lights will need to be
external grade.

the lights will be on a timer which turns them

off after a short period of time and they will
also be fitted with light sensors so they are
not activated by people walking across the
walkways during the day.
PART VIII

GYM
 solar energy

electrical energy to rest of building electrical energy

8.1 ENERGY CELLS

the pods are the main areas of

energy production, there are 3
types of pod in the building; the
greenhouses which are used to

solar energy > fruit and vegetables

grown produce > high energy juices
test out growing technologies in

kinetic energy > electrical energy

chemical energy > kinetic energy
the tight urban environment of the
site, the juice bars that convert

GREENHOUSE PODS
the grown produce into high energy
drinks and food to be consumer by
the users of the gym pods where
the energy they expel is converted
into electrical energy and heat to
GYM PODS

JUICE BAR
power the building.

chemical energy [food] grown produce

8.2 PODS KEY

gym pods juice bar pods greenhouse pods

the diagrams above show the relative

locations of the 3 types of pods

kalwall is the most highly insulating, diffuse
light-transmitting, structural composite
technology in the world. the company has
perfected a unique composite sandwich
panel that combines controlled, usable,
natural daylight with the ultimate in energy
efficiency. lightweight, shatterproof, and
rapidly installed, kalwall has unrivalled
structural integrity... kalwall can be an
entire freestanding structure.
http://www.kalwall.com/about.htm
8.3 KALWALL - PRECEDENT
kalwall panels are composite panels
that weatherproof, insulate, light,
and are self supporting. they diffuse
light, during the day allowing glare
free daylighting in the interior
and at night diffusing light to the
exterior creating a glowing effect.
shadows from inside the building
are projected onto the facades of
the panels. the material will be used
for the pods creating the visual
connection between the movement in
the pods and the high street that is
required.

C
B or steel frame. the panels have a high
A
acrylic face sheets impregnated a
with pigment
translucent fibreglass insulation b
thermally broken aluminium ‘i’s grid c
core
the specification for the gym pods will be
a panel with a high insulation value, low
solar heat gain coefficient and medium light
transmission value [the solar heat gain
coefficient increases with light transmission
so a medium light transmission value with give
a low heat gain coefficient but still provide
the translucent qualities required]
this specification would be a 100mm thick
panel with the white coating to the exterior
face and crystal coating to the interior
face with fibreglass insulation which would
provide a u-value of 0.20 w/m2k, a light
transmission value of 18% and heat gain
coefficient of 0.24.
8.4 KALWALL PERFORMANCE
structural integrity
each panel is constructed from a grid core
of thermally broken aluminium ‘i’ sections
providing the panels with a rigid core. the
panels are supported in a modular aluminium
resistance to impact.
insulation
the panels can be specified with either
fibreglass or aerogel insulation at varying
densities and thicknesses providing u-values
in the range of 0.47 - 0.10 w/m2k.
part l maximum u-values:
walls 0.35 w/m2k
roof 0.25 w/m2k.
floor 0.25 w/m2k.
light transmittance
depending on the type of insulation specified
the diffuse light transmission of the panels
varies between 3 - 63%. the solar heat gain
coefficients range from 0.1 to 0.65.
fire
kalwall is a thermoset material which is
unaffected by heat meaning it will not drip
shatter or melt in a fire. they are 1 hour fire
rated.
8.5 POD STRUCTURE

the use of kalwall for the walls, roof and

floors on the pods mean they are extremely
quick to constructed and are self finishing
requiring only one component for their
construction. they are lightweight so easily
supported within the steel super-structure.

the frame for the kalwall panels will be a

thermally broken 2 piece steel frame where
the external section of the frame provides
the structure that holds the panels together
and the internal part, thermally broken,
from the external frame locks the panels in
place internally.

windows can be incorporated into the panels.

these will be included in the greenhouses
to allow natural cross ventilation and in
the juice bars to provide a service opening
but in the gym pods the ventilation will be
controlled to capture the body heat of the
users so no windows will be included.
 A

A restraint bracket

8.6 CONNECTION TO SUPERSTRUCTURE

B bearing bracket frame of the pods will be bolted to the steel

super-structure via steel brackets. on the
underside of the pods the a square hollow
section on the pod frame will slot into a u
shaped bracket which is bolted to the steel
frame. the bracket will have elongated bolt
holes allowing adjustment parallel to the pod
frame for alignment of the two parts.

on the topside of the pods a right angle channel

in the pods frame will connect to a right angle
bracket. this connection will allow movement
B in 3 directions, parallel and perpendicular
to the pod frame and up and down. this will
allow for the differential movement of the two
superstructure and pod structure.
8.7 LIGHTING STRATEGY - NIGHT

the light transmittance of the kalwall panels means

that no artificial lighting will be required during
daylight hours but at night the pods will need to
be artificially lit. this provides an opportunity to
create a glowing effect with the translucent pods.
lighting the interior at night will make the pods
glow and shadows of movement within the pods will
be projected onto the facade of the building. the
glowing effect will identify which pods are in use
and creating electricity and also create a visual
link to the movement that is creating the energy.

the pods will be lit with led tubes which will hang
directly from the internal steel frame of the pod.
they will be exposed light tubes with no shades
so the light is dispersed evenly around through
pod allowing it to glow from the floor, roof and
walls. the lights will be fitted with motion sensors
so the pods only light up when in use. if people are
in the pods but not moving to create energy the
lights will go off until they start moving again.
A
B
C
8.8 PLUGIN CELLS

the pods will need to be hooked up to the

services within the building. to do this
sections of the cladding panels will be
modified to create plug-in panels. the panels
will be fitted with standard attachments on
both the internal and external face which
can be attached to different services if
required.

the services will include electricity input

and output, water input and waste output
and ventilation inlet and extracts. these
components allow for a flexibility of the
D arrangement of the pods and services within
the building. it also allows for the services
to be changed or upgraded easily by just
disconnecting the existing services for the
plug-in panel and attached new services.
this will aid edf in the development of new
energy creation technologies developed in
the building.
 E 8.9 HEATING & COOLING

the gym pods will be mechanically ventilated through the use of a heat exchanger. to allow
to allow greater control than with a natural a maximum harvest of the heat from the body
ventilation system. the pods will be unheated the pods have been designed as small entities
spaces heated only by the body heat of the that do not need a large number of people
users and the heated produced by the exercise to heat them. this means that if only a small
D machines. number of people are using the gym they can
use the same pod and will efficiently heat the
B cool external air, or air from the evaporative space instead of having one person working
cooling system when the outside air out in a huge room that they wouldn’t possible
temperature is high, will be enter the pods at be able to warm with body heat.
low level and will be warmed by the users of
A the gym [the average person gives out 100w the constant supply of cool air from either
of heat whilst exercising] and then the warm outside the building or the evaporative cooling
C air will be extracted through an extract duct system and the removal of the warm air will
at high level. the extracted air will then be keep the users of the gym at a cool temperature
utilised to heat other parts of the building and remove odours from the pods.

a mechanical ventilation inlet at low level

b heat produced form bodies and exercise equipment
c air warmed by bodies and equipment
d warm air extracted at high level
e insulated kalwall panels stop heat escaping
 PART X

CINEMA
9.1 HANGING ABOVE THE MARKET

the cinema is designed to contrast with the

rest of the building. the rest of the building
is all about movement and experiencing and
visualising movement through the building
and the energy creation systems which are
linked to it.

the cinema is a place to be still. it is the

area of the building that will use the most
energy without creating any of its own. it
is effectively the part of the building which
leaches off the rest of the building. where
the rest of the building is light, transparent
and open the cinema is a dark enclosed space.

the cinema is designed as a black clad object

that hangs within a void over the market. it is
clad in black to create a contrast between
it and the light in the rest of the building.

a 600mm castellated steel beam
b 200mm uc rolled steel ‘i’ section
c steel ‘c’ section cross bracing to all bays, except;
d steel ‘c’ section symmetrical portal bracing to bays with door openings
A
B C
9.2 STRUCTURE - SHELL the suspended cinema structure will be
constructed from a steel shell. steel is very
strong in tension which is important when
designing a hanging structure.
the shell will be made up of a series of steel
rings constructed from rolled steel sections.
the roof and floor beams which have a maximum
span of 8m will be constructed from 600mm
deep castellated beams. by cutting a standard
beam to create a castellated beam its depth is
almost doubled whilst its self weight remains
the same. in the hanging structure the weight of
the structure is very important so a castellated
beam is an appropriate solution to reduce the
overall weight.
the series of steel rings will be braced together
using ‘c’ section steel cross bracing. every bay
in the walls, floor and roof of the structure
will be braced to create a rigid structure that
will not deform when suspended from the steel
superstructure. where openings are needed in
the frame for the two entrances to the cinema
cross bracing will be replaced with symmetrical
portal bracing to allow room for the openings
beneath.
9.3 SUSPENDED WITHIN FRAME
C
to suspend the cinema the steel super-
structure of the building will need to be
braced. by cross bracing the bays above the
cinema the third floor structure that spans
across the void that the cinema hangs in
will effectively become a 1 storey deep beam
creating a rigid structure to suspend the
A
cinema from. a hanging structure will always
have a tendency to swing or displace under
force so the cinema structure, as well as
being hung from the structure above, will
be braced to the structure below to prevent
any movement.

suspended cinema shell A

bracing of cinema to structure below B
cross bracing to superstructure above suspended cinema C
 9.4 STRUCTURE - SUSPENSION
B

the drawing shows one of the rings that

will create the cinema shell and how it
C is suspended within the void in the steel
superstructure. the rings of the cinema
D structure will be constructed individually
and hung with the super-structure before
being braced together to create the shell of
the cinema.

each ring will be suspended from three

points from the structure above. the points
of suspension will be on nodes where the
bracing of the frame above meets vertical
elements of the steel frame. these will be
the strongest points of the frame where the
A
loads can be transferred most efficiently.
to match the wedge shaped cinema space the
structure above has been splayed from the
regular grid so that the suspension points
follow the shape of the cinema below.

each ring will be braced to the superstructure

at a lower level to prevent it displacing
E under loads.

A steel ring section of cinema structure

B cross bracing of steel frame super-
structure
C bracing node of super-structure
D cinema structure connected to super-
structure at nodes
E cinema structure braced to super-
structure at low level
 9.5 SUSPENSION STEEL CONNECTIONS

the connections that suspend the cinema

structure from the superstructure above
will be bolted steel connections allowing
D for ease of disassembly of the structure
should the use of the building or needs of
the users change in the future.
B
the connection elements have been kept as
short ‘i’ sections to reduce the possibility
C of the structure swaying under forces. the
longer these connections were the more the
A structure would displace under loads.

a steel plate will be welded to the both ends

C of the ‘i’ beam connection which will then be
bolted to the steel super-structure above
B and the castellated beam of the cinema roof
below. web stiffener plates will be welded
to both beams to strengthen them at the
suspension points.

A steel ‘i’ section

B steel plates welded to each end of ‘i’
section
C steel plates bolted to castellated beam
D
of cinema and ‘i’ beam of super-structure
D web stiffener plates welded to castellated
beam and ‘i’ beam of super-structure
9.6 EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

the hall will be made up of 3 layers of

construction, the structural shell, the
internal acoustically separated box and the
external cladding. the internal structure
will be of a timber structure which is
decoupled from the steel shell using
acoustic suspension mounts. this will create
a layer of acoustic separation between the
two building elements reducing the transfer
of noise through the structural elements.
a layer of insulation between and over the
internal timber frame will reduce air bourne
noise. to further reduce the sound transfer
the external cladding will be hung on
resilient channels.

the wall, floor and roof of the hall will be

clad in fibre cement cladding to create the
appearance of a solid continuous dark form
to contrast the cinema with the rest of the
building. it will be weatherproofed on ll 6
facades as it will be hanging as an object
exposed to the elements.
A
B
C
D

F
E
G
H
I
J
K
L

9.7 WALL CONSTRUCTION

a eternit natura opal 7020 fibre cement cladding

b aluminium ‘z’ resilient fixing channels
c waterproof membrane & 18mm wbp plywood
d 50mm aluminium channel fixing
e steel ‘c’ section cross bracing
f castellated steel beam to floor and roof
g 152mm uc steel column
h 50mm softwood timber studs
iacoustic suspension mounts
j 100mm insulation board behind studs
k 50mm insulation board between studs W/integrated
vapour barrier
L 50mm perforated timber insulated acoustic panels
on 18mm plywood sheathing
 N

9.8 FLOOR CONSTRUCTION

a eternit natura fibre cement cladding

b aluminium ‘z’ resilient fixing channels
c waterproof membrane & 18mm wbp
plywood
d 50mm aluminium channel fixing
e steel ‘c’ section cross bracing
f 480mm castellated steel beam [made
from 300mm ub]
g 150mm foil backed insulation board
between joists
h 150mm softwood timber joists
i resilient floor channels
j 18mm gypsum plank
k 22mm tongue and groove plywood
floor
L steel support structure for seating
m 22mm plywood flooring
n cinema seating
 A

9.9 ROOF CONSTRUCTION

a eternit natura fibre cement cladding

b aluminium ‘z’ resilient fixing channels
c waterproof membrane & 18mm wbp plywood
d 50mm aluminium channel fixing
e 480mm castellated steel beam [made from 300mm ub]
f steel ‘c’ section cross bracing
g 100mm insulation board behind studs
h 50mm insulation board between studs w/integrated vapour barrier
i acoustic suspension mounts
j 50mm softwood timber frame
k 18mm plywood
L 50mm perforated timber insulated accoustic panels
9.10 EXTERNAL CLADDING

the cinema will be clad in eternit natura

fibre cement panels. these can be fixed with
hidden fixings which will give the cinema a
continuous monumental skin. they are also
class 0 fire rating, have an anti-graffiti
coating which will be important with the open
nature of the building and in the popular
graffiti area of the east end. the panels
require no maintenance and are resistant to
insect and mould growth with a lifetime of
50 years.

the panels will contrast the cinema with the

light pod structures and the white painted
steel frame. the pods are transparent to
depict the movement happening within them
but the cinema is a place where the users are
still and this contrast is carried through
into the aesthetics of the cinema as a solid
motionless box.
9.11 CINEMA CONTRAST
a eternit natura fibre cement cladding
b aluminium ‘z’ resilient fixing channels
c 50mm aluminium channel fixing
d waterproof membrane & 18mm wbp plywood
e 152mm uc steel column
f 5Omm softwood timber studs in acoustic suspension mounts
g 100mm insulation board behind studs
h 50mm insulation board between studs w/integrated vapour barrier
i 18mm plywood sheathing to brace internal timber structure
j 50mm perforated timber insulated acoustic panels
k 480mm castellated steel beam [made from 300mm ub]
L resilient channel floor hangers
m timber joists with integrated high density foam underside
n 150mm insulation board between joists
o gypsum board
p 22mm tongue and groove plywood flooring 9.12 ACOUSTICS
q hardwood timber floor

the interior shell of the cinema will be constructed as box within

A a box. the internal structure will be a timber stud frame which is
hung from the steel shell of the cinema with acoustic hangers.
B
these will create a layer of acoustic separation between the
C two structures meaning that sounds will not be transferred
through the structure elements, decoupling the internal space
D
from the noisy market area and high street below.

a continuous layer of insulation will surround the internal

E
timber structure acting as barrier to airbourne sounds and
providing the thermal insulation required.
F
the floor will be a timber joist construction with integrated
G
high density foam base to acoustically separate them from the
H steel below. the floor will be hung on resilient floor channels
I above a layer of gypsum board to provide an extra barrier to
J airbourne sounds.

A B D C K L M N O P Q
 H

9.13 HEATING SCHEMATIC

G A the cinema space will be heated by the body heat

of the users of the gym pods. the air from the gym
pods will be mechanical extracted form the pods
and will be passed through a heat exchanger
F where it will warm cool fresh air which will then
be mechanically ventilated into the cinema at low
level. stale air will be extracted at high level
from the cinema.
B
E
a warm air extracted for gym pods
b warm air from gym pods ducted to heat
exchange unit in basement
c high level extract duct for exhaust air
from gym pods after it passes through heat
exchanger
d high level inlet for fresh air
e cool external air passes through heat
exchanger where it is warmed by the warm air
extracted from the gym pods
f warmed air enters cinema at low level
providing the space heating
g stale air extracted from the cinema at high
level
h exhaust air outlet for stale cinema air.

warm air routes

external air inlet
exhaust air outlet
9.14 HALL VENTILATION - HEATING

the castellated steel beams that make up

the floor and roof of the cinemas shell
structure will allow services to pass
through them. due to the small size of the
holes in the beams which are will be roughly
350mm a series of smaller ducts will need
to be used, rather than one large duct, to
provide the required ventilated area for the
cinema.

warm air from the heat exchanger will enter

the hall at low level through the floor
construction. grilles will be installed under
the seats to allow air to enter the cinema.
the air floor will need to slow enough so
that the cinema users don’t feel a breeze
on their legs but quick enough so that the
ventilation rate is sufficient to remove stale
air and odours.
9.15 HALL VENTILATION - COOLING
cooling with external air
realistically the hall should only need to be heated for short
periods of time, once it is filled with over 100 people their combined
body heat should keep the space at a warm temperature. the cooling
system will be used to stop the cinema overheating when it is filled
with people.
when the external air temperature is lower than the required
comfort temperature inside the building [17o - 20o] then fresh
outside air can be ventilated into the cinema space to reduce the
internal temperature. this will be ventilated at different speeds
depending on the relative temperatures of the external air and the
internal environment - if the external air temperature is very low
and the hall is not at full capacity the air change in the hall will
be lower than if the external air temperature is higher and the hall
is at capacity.
evaporative cooling
when the external air temperature is higher or very similar to the internal
temperature of the cinema then cooling using untreated external air will
not be possible. the building will use an evaporative cooling system that
adds a mist of water vapour to the external air before it enters the cinema,
the water vapour takes some of the heat out of the air, cooling it and
then cool air enters the cinema to cool the space. the system works much
like the human body uses sweat to cool down, as the sweat evaporates
from the body it removes heat from the surface of the skin. this concept
fits with the overall concept of the building which takes ideas of energy
production from the movement and interaction of the human body within
it [more information on evaporative cooling is contained in the energy
systems section of this report]. the high level extracts remove the air
as it is warmed in the space and ensures a sufficient air flow to keep the
moisture in the air building up in the space.
9.16 PART M
access to the cinema space will be at two
points, one at first floor level into the
bottom of the seating rake at the front of
the cinema and the other at the back of the
cinema into the top row of seating. each
floor is accessible by the lift in the building
and two ambulant disabled staircases.

part m of the building regulations sets out

the requirement for wheelchair spaces in
auditorium spaces. in auditorium that seat
up to 600 people the requirement is that
1% [rounded up to a whole number] of the
seating is given over to wheelchair spaces.
the cinema seats 125 people so 2 wheelchair
spaces will be required. part m also states
that where this number is less than 6 there
must be a sufficient number of removable
seats so that the number of wheelchair
spaces can be increased to 6 if required.

wheelchair spaces are 900 x 1400mm.

removable seating

permanent wheelchair spaces

 PART XI

ENERGY SYSTEMS

10.1 THE BODY
on a daily basis our average daily intake
of energy is between 7030 - 10250 kj
[1680 - 2450 kcal]. we use this to maintain
passive bodily functions such as breathing
, for physical activity and for growth and
repair of our tissues. energy is never lost
or created, it is just transferred between
different mediums so the energy we take in
must be expelled by the body.
the body converts the chemical energy taken
on as food into sound, heat and kinetic
energy. this building aims to harness some of
the energy expelled by the body and convert
it into useful energy to power and heat the
building.
a body heat
the body gives off two kinds of heat, radiated
heat and sweat. sweat is hard to capture
and would require a lot of energy to do so
making it an inefficient system. radiated heat
however can be used to heat spaces and the
air within them. the air it heats can be moved
around a building via ducts to heat other
spaces.
a human body at rest gives of about 100w
of power, whilst a body working out will give
off three times the amount, 300w.
B
b breathing A
masks have been developed that convert the
wind energy from heavy breathing during
C
exercise into electrical energy. it is the
equivalent of a small scale wind farm.
c motor movements
the kinetic energy involved in the motor
movements of the human body can be used to
create movement in other objects and that
movement can be converted into electrical
energy using dynamos and piezo electrics.
d biomass
the waste products of the body can be
burned or decomposed, giving off heat D
which can be utilised in energy systems of
buildings. however in a tight urban site the
burning or decomposition of solid waste is
not practical due to space requirements and
the associated smells.
it is possible to produce electricity through
the electrolysis of urine and the waste
products of this process are potassium and
nitrogen which can be used as fertilisers.
a body heat - radiated and sweat
b breathing - wind
c motor movements - kinetic
C
d biomass - chemical
10.2 environmental overview
market/exhibition spaces
exposed area open to the high street,
naturally ventilated, unheated.
daylit by open sides and diffuse light
coming through pods above. night time
lighting powered by pavegen pads and
glowing pods above.
circulation
unheated external space open to sky
above, natural ventilated, unheated,
lit by diffuse light coming through
pods, night lighting powered by and
activated by pressure pads in the
walkway structure.
gym pods
sealed insulated units. heated by
body heat of gym users. cooled with
mechanical ventilation and evaporative
cooling system. hot air created in
the pods is passed through a heat
exchanger to heat the cinema. lit by
diffuse light through kalwall panels
during the day and led light tubes
activated by motion sensors at night.
specialist gym equipment and wearable
components generate electricity.
cinema
sealed insulated box, internal
structure acoustically separated
from external shell. black box, lit by
led lighting before and after films.
powered by electricity produced in
the gym. heated by body heat from the
gym. cooled by mechanical ventilation
and evaporative cooling system.
greenhouses
heated by solar gain and top up
heating from the gym pods during
overcast periods. kalwall panels
allow solar gain through and also
insulate to keep the heat in. naturally
lit by sunlight and daylight. used to
test growing technologies.
basement circulation
unheated, stairwells open to ground
floor above providing natural
ventilation. daylight provided by
large walk on roof lights above.
night lighting provided by led lighting
tubes.
plant
some parts of the plant require
insulation such as the urine
electrolysis but most of the plant
will be unheated space naturally
ventilated through vents in the
ground floor. lighting provided by
led lighting tubes. the plant is where
the energy created in the other
parts of the building is stored and
transferred to other areas.
wc/changing areas
insulated, heated by body heat from
the gym pods, lit by led lighting tubes.
the urine collected in the waterless
urinals will be used in the urine
electrolysis process to generate
electricity.
10.3 PAVEGEN - PRECEDENT
pavegen harvests energy from
footsteps. every time someone
walks over the pavegen pad kinetic
energy is converted into electricity
that can be stored and used,
each pad includes a central
luminaire which lights up every time
someone steps on it. this engages
the user with the energy generation
process and also attracts more
footfall to the pad.
the pads can be retro fitted within
existing floor surfaces; they come
in standard slab and tile sizes. the
upper part of the pad is made from
100% recycled tyres and over 80%
of the lower part and mechanical
components are also made from
recycled material. they perform
well in both internal and external
environments.
the pads are ideally suited to
places of high footfall, especially
places where large crowds are
channelled through a narrow
route such as ticket barriers at
train stations or entrances to
buildings. they have been installed
in school corridors to contribute
to the energy requirement for the
school’s lighting needs. the pads in
the school provide the equivalent
energy to power 400 leds for the
entire 8 hour school day. plans
are also in place to use pavegen at
the london 2012 stratford site.
5% of the energy from each pad is
used to power the built in luminaire
and the other 95% is harvested
for other uses. the pads create
4-8w over a period of 1 second for
each footstep. the output voltage
is 12v.
10.4 PAVEGEN - MARKET

pavegen pads will be located in the ground

floor market area at places where footflow
is funnelled through a narrow space and
on heavily used routes such as across the
pavement, adjacent to pedestrian crossings
and between the market stalls. the more
footflow the pads capture the more energy
will be harvested to charge up batteries that
will provide the energy for the building’s
lighting systems.

proposed locations of pavegen pads

 1

10.5 WALKWAY PRESSURE PADS

the walkway pressure pads will utilise piezo

electrics to produce electrical energy when
a mechanical force is applied to them. a piezo
c
electric material will be housed inside the
supports for the circulation walkways. when
someone walks across the walkways they
2 will compress the supports and the piezo
d electric material inside it. when the piezo
electric material is compressed an internal
e current is created within it. the pressure
pads will be linked to batteries stored in
3
the basement plant area. the output for
each footstep in the pavegen pads which
use similar technology is 4-8w per step. the
electrical energy created during the day will
f
g 4 be stored in the batteries and used at night
h 5 to power the buildings lighting systems.

1 force of footfall over walkway
2 force causes pressure pad to compress
3 piezo electric material is compressed creating
a current within the material
4 electricity output to battery store
5 sensor activates lighting at night
a grp mesh walkway
b galvanised steel c section walkway supports
c steel bearing pad bolted to;
d walkway support pressure pad
e piezo electric material
f pressure pad bolted to steel superstructure
g electricity output
h sensor output for lighting
the most common piezo electric material
used is lead zirconate titanate but due to
the increasing concern about the toxic
properties of lead a new material developed
in 2004, sodium potassium niobate, is being
used to replace it. this has similar properties
to the lead compound and will be used in
this project.
10.6 GREEN GYM - PRECEDENT through the use of dynamos it is possible
to capture the energy of a person’s gym
workout. most gym equipment is based around
rotating or oscillating parts which work
well with dynamos. These dynamos can be
attached to a battery which is used to store
the electricity for later use.
‘a dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and
magnetic fields to convert mechanical
rotation into a pulsing direct electric
current through faraday’s law of induction.
a dynamo machine consists of a stationary
structure, called the stator, which provides
a constant magnetic field, and a set of
rotating coils called the armature which
turn within that field. the motion of the wire
within the magnetic field causes the field to
push on the electrons in the metal, creating
an electric current in the wire.’
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo
the green microgym in portland has utilised
this technology to provide some of its energy
requirement and a company called ‘plug-out’
have been developing gym equipment for both
the home and commercial gyms which plugs
into a standard electric socket and feeds
electricity directly back into the buildings
electrical system, effectively reversing
the electricity meter. if you produce more
electricity than you are using it will feed
the electricity back into the grid. this
technology means that the equipment will
work straight out of the box with no retro
fitting of existing electrical systems. in the
proposed building excess energy will be
stored in sets of batteries in the basement
energy store.
a person in decent shape can produce
between 60 to 120 watts of electricity during
strenuous exercise using this gym equipment.
10.7 ENERGY CALCULATIONS
the following calculations are a comparison the quoted energy consumption per square the cinema would only be in use for a few hours a day if the gym is open for 15 hours a day then during
between the energy that can be produced by foot per hour of assembly buildings is; when a film is showing, so this requirement will only be each hour it is open on average 20 people will need
exercise equipment fitted with a dynamo in the over a short period of time. to be using the gym to provide the energy for 2 films
gym pods and the required energy to power the 20.5 btu to be shown per day.
cinema energy production in the gym:
1 btu = 1055 joules this is achievable with the capacity of the gym but
the energy requirement for A standard building of during a hard workout one human is capable of it is possible that the gym could fall short of this
this type can be roughly calculated from available therefore, producing 120 watts. requirement.
statistics of energy use by building type available
from the ‘energy information administration; 20.5 btu = 21627.5 joules this means that the number of hours exercise required the statistics used for the calculations were based
commercial buildings energy consumption survey to create the 5,850 watts of energy required by the on a standard building. this building will be more
1999’ in the usa. to convert this to power [watts] we can use; cinema for one hour is: efficient that a standard building by using heat
recover to reduce energy consumption for heating
the survey provides information on energy power [watts] = energy [joules]/time 49 hours. which makes up for a large proportion of the power
consumption per square foot per hour for multiple [seconds] requirement.
building types. the cinema seats 126 people so at full capacity if each
power = 21627.5/3600 person using the cinema provided energy by using the by reducing the energy consumption of the cinema the
to calculate the amount of energy used by the gym they would each only have to do: required power will be significantly reduced meaning
cinema i will use the statistics for public assembly power = 6w per square foot the required energy output in the gym will be reduced.
buildings. 23 minutes of exercise per hour
converted to square metres this is; other sources of energy harvesting are also being
if the cinema is open for 3 hours [allowing 2 hours for used and tested within the building to add to the
65w per square metre a film and an hour for opening and closing] then to energy output including masks that capture the wind
power it for the entire time each person will need to do: energy from breathing, knee braces that produce
using the ‘energy administration information’ energy from the motion of the knee, urine electrolysis
data the performance venue will require 65w 69 minutes of exercise and pressure pads that produce energy under
of electrical power per square metre of the footfall.
building. so the audience will get to see a 2 hour film in turn for
just over an hours workout. the above calculations we based on purely the energy
the areas of the cinemA is: that could be harvested from using standard gym
if two films are shown in the cinema per day the cinema equipment with an added dynamo. by including all of
90 sqm will be open for 6 hours meaning to obtain its power the other technologies it is possible that the overall
requirement the number of hours exercise in the gym energy harvested in the building could come very
the total power requirement of the cinema will need to be: close the required energy input. the concept of the
would be: building is to test out these theories and developing
294 hours technologies as an experiment.
5,850 watts
 ‘many devices take advantage of human power capacity to
produce electricity, including hand-crank generators
as well as wind-up flashlights, radios, and mobile phone
cyclic motion cyclic motion & continuous cyclic motion & generative chargers. a limitation of these conventional methods is that
generation braking
users must focus their attention on power generation at
limb continually generator resists generator only assists the expense of other activities, typically resulting in short
accelerates [+} & acceleration & assists deceleration bouts of generation. for electrical power generation over
decelerates [-} deceleration
longer durations, it would be desirable to harvest energy
from everyday activities such as walking.’ 10.8 JOINT BRACES
max donelan, professor of kinesiology, simon fraser university
wearable components will be engineered into the
researchers from simon fraser university in british gym equipment such as braces which are worn over
columbia have developed a device which, worn much like a the moving joints whilst exercising. these braces
knee support, generates electricity from the natural motion will produce electricity whilst the exercise is being
of walking. the device harvests energy from the end of a undertaken with only a small impact on the user as
walker’s step, when the muscles are working to slow the they exercise.
movement of the leg, the biomechanical energy harvester
uses sensors and a real-time control system to assist the one such technology that has been developed at simon
hamstring muscles in slowing the knee motion. the system fraser university. the technology will be tested and
only turns on power generation at the end of the walker’s developed by edf in conjunction with them in this test
+ swing phase. building
work rate

work rate

work rate
the aluminium chassis contains a gear train converting low
- velocity and high torque at the knee into the high velocity
and low torque for the generator A one-way roller clutch
allows for selective engagement of the gear train during
knee extension only and no engagement during knee flexion.
max donelan, professor of kinesiology, simon fraser university
electric power
the graphs show a comparison between the metabolic
energy consumed by the body and the electric energy
produced for three situations; without the knee brace,
with the knee brace generating energy in both the
acceleration and deceleration stage of a stride and
just in the deceleration stage of a stride.

electric power

electric power
wearing a device on each leg, an individual can generate
up to 5 watts of electricity with normal physical effort.
walking quickly, however, generates as much as 13 watts. at
that rate, when the energy is stored in a battery, one minute
of walking time could provide enough electricity to sustain
30 minutes of talk-time on a mobile phone.
energy
when the brace is generating energy during both stages
of the stride the increase in metabolic energy used is
significant; the body will be burning a lot of energy
in proportion to the electrical energy being produced.
this is because the wearer has to fight against the force
of the generator when they accelerate their leg at the
beginning of a stride. they will notice a considerable

additional energy

additional energy

people are an excellent source of portable power, an difference; they will have to exert more effort into
average-sized person stores as much energy in fat as a taking each stride.
1,000 kg battery. people recharge their ‘body batteries’
with food and, lucky for us, there is about as much useful when the brace is just producing electricity during the
energy in a 35-gram granola bar as in a 3.5 kg lithium-ion deceleration stage it is actually aiding the deceleration,
battery. the only increase in metabolic energy used is due to
max donelan, professor of kinesiology, simon fraser university the extra weight of the brace on the leg as the wearer
walks. although the generator will only produce
the device comprises an aluminium chassis and generator half the amount of electricity the additional energy
mounted on a customized orthopaedic knee brace. with one consumed by the body is greatly reduced making this
metabolic metabolic electric metabolic electric worn on each leg, its total mass is 1.6 kg but the developers the most efficient configuration. this was the aim of the
are working on using lighter weight materials, such as brace; to produce as much energy as possible without
carbon fibre to bring this down. effecting the mobility of the wearer; a passive system.
10.9 MASKS

a brazilian inventor has developed the

aire mask, a mask worn over the mouth
that contains small wind turbines that are
powered by the wearers breath. the mask is
most effective when worn during exercise
due to the high breathing rate but can also
be used when at rest. the mask is currently
designed to plugin to phones and mp3 players
to charge them up and has a relatively small
power output. the masks could be engineered
into the gym equipment to power the displays
on the equipment or other low powered
applications.

the opportunity to use them at rest as well

means they could be fitted into the cinema
space for use by the audience to create
energy while they watch a film.

issues of hygiene will have to be considered

a system could be implemented that each gym
member is issued with their own mask which
they then attach to each machine as they use
it.
10.10 URINE ELECTROLYSIS & HYDROGEN FUEL
us researchers have developed an efficient
way of producing hydrogen from urine - a
feat that could not only fuel the cars of
the future, but could also help clean up
municipal wastewater.
using hydrogen to power cars has become an
increasingly attractive transportation fuel,
as the only emission produced is water - but a
major stumbling block is the lack of a cheap,
renewable source of the fuel. gerardine
botte of ohio university may now have found
the answer, using an electrolytic approach
to produce hydrogen from urine - the most
abundant waste on earth - at a fraction of
the cost of producing hydrogen from water.
royal society of chemistry, http://www.rsc.org,
july 2009
the process of electrolysis of urine
releases hydrogen atoms which can then be
captured and burnt in a combustion chamber
to produce large amounts of energy. the use
of hydrogen fuel has already bee proven
by its use as a fuel for vehicles. burning
of hydrogen can produce large amounts of
energy which can be converted into electrical
energy to power the building.
hydrogen has to be produced in its elemental
state from its compounds that occur natural.
the most common processes to obtain
hydrogen are the electrolysis of water
which requires relatively large amounts of
energy to be input and the steam reforming
of methane but this process produces both
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide which
are harmful to the environment.
the electrolysis of urine has been developed
in the past few years and is being identified
as a more efficient and environmentally
friendly process for creating hydrogen.
the main component of urine is urea which
contains four hydrogen molecules. the
important factor in urea is that the hydrogen
molecules are bond less strongly than in
water meaning less energy is required to be
input into the electrolysis process than in
the electrolysis of water.
during the electrolysis process inexpensive
nickel based electrodes. during the process
hydrogen is given off at the cathode which
can be collected and burnt to generate
electricity. carbon dioxide is produced during
the reaction but this reacts with potassium
hydroxide in the electrolyte solution to
produce potassium carbonate. other waste
products are nitrogen and oxygen which
both occur naturally in the atmosphere.
urine also contains phosphorous which acts
as a fertiliser, once the electrolysis has
been completed the phosphorous left in the
solution can be used as a fertiliser in the
greenhouses.
currently there is no efficient way to remove
urine from water and other waste when it
is flushed in a standard toilet. until these
systems are developed the urine will only
be harvested from waterless urinals in the
male wcs. this will produce relatively small
quantities of hydrogen but this technology
will be used as more of an experiment to
develop the system within the building. the
hydrogen that is created will be burnt in
a specialist hydrogen boiler that will in
turn be used to power turbines and create
electricity which will be used by the rest of
the building
 10.11 COOLING
f the heating system of using body heat
collected in the gym and a heat exchanger
has already been discussed in previous parts
of this report.
when the outside air temperature is lower
than the inside air temperature cool fresh
air will be mechanically ventilated into the
gym and cinema spaces to provide space
e cooling but when the outside air temperature
is similar or high than the required internal
comfort level than another system will be
b d used.
a energy that is being created in the building.
C the ventilation system will use evaporative
cooling to effectively ‘sweat’ when there is a
high external air temperature. this will mimic
the action of the human body, when it needs
a warm external air drawn in mechanically to cool down we sweat and in the process
b warm air passes through moist filter pads of evaporating it extracts heat from the
c evaporative process removes heat from the air surface of our skin.
d filter pads remove dust and pollen particles
e cooled air enters internal spaces at low level an evaporative cooling system works by
f high level mechanical extract draws moist air out passing the external air through a series of
of the building moist filter pads, as the water in the pads
evaporates it takes heat from the air reducing
its temperature. this air then enters the
building at a lower temperature providing
the required cooling.
the filter pads also have the benefit of filtering
out small particles including dust and pollen
which will be beneficial in the urban environment
of the site giving a better air quality within the
building. the pads last up to 5 years but the
system needs to be cleaned every 6 months.
the energy required to run the system is 90% less
than the energy required for air conditioning
units. they use just 20 watts of electricity - when
you consider that a single person working out in
the gym will be outputting 120 watts of power
this system will use a very small fraction of the
the system will work well in the uk climate as it
works well in temperature climates which have
a low humidity when the outside air temperature
is hot. if the outside air is of a high humidity
such as in tropical climates the system is very
inefficient at cooling the air.
the system will slightly raise the humidity of
the internal environments but the levels will be
unnoticeable to the users of the building and
by providing a sufficient number of air changes
within the internal spaces by mechanically
extracting the air no humidity will build up within
the structure.
 10.12 FIRE PERFORMANCE

the cinema construction, pods and basement corridor will all be 1 hour
fire rated construction. the basement corridor will be a protected
corridor providing escape from the basement. each room in the basement
is accessed directly from the protected corridor, there are no internal
rooms. the partitions between the plant rooms also be will be 1 hour
fire rated to prevent the spread of fire from these high risk areas.
smoke vents activated by the fire alarm system will open to vent the
basement at the external walls if there is a fire.

the ground floor and circulation above is all external space, the
circulation zone in the centre of the building will allow smoke a free
path to rise straight out of the building , not collecting anywhere.
all the circulation including the two stairs located at either end of
the building providing two escape routes is external. the circulation
walkways will be constructed from a grp mesh which is more stable and
retains its structural integrity better than a standard galvanized steel
mesh. to protect the circulation space from fire spread the individual
gym pods and cinema structure will provide 1 hour fire protection,
where possible smoke vents of the cinema and pods will vent to the outer
perimeter of the site to reduce the amount of smoke in the circulation
space. each pod will be 1 hour fire protected and the kalwall panels
are constructed from a thermoset plastic which will not melt, drip or
shatter when exposed to fire.

all the steelwork will be painted with intumescent paint giving it the
required protection from fire.
1 hour fire rated construction
smoke ventilation