EM1 Comp

Environment Management System
Environment Management Concepts
Session1
Learning Objectives:
1. Sustainable Development
2. What is Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI)?
3. Ecological Footprint ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----
1. Sustainable Development
The earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed Mahatma Gandhi Our lives are inextricably linked to our environment. With the world around us changing, the environmental challenges facing us are gaining complex dimensions. While the earths life forms draw their sustenance from a vast reservoir of natural resources, the burgeoning global population has been putting our fragile ecosystem under stress, and threatening to cause irreversible damage to its balance. The world has witnessed rapid, unprecedented technological advances that have had a profound bearing on all aspects of the production of goods and services. The increased scale and reach of human activity have led to mounting pressure on not just the global commons (water, air, soil, etc), but also on local and global sinks (the ability of the biosphere to absorb waste and regulate climate). It is feared that greenhouse gas emissions cannot be reined in unless a concerted effort is made to increase energy efficiency, reduce our current dependence on fossil fuels, and develop viable clean-energy options. Added to this, we have seen that poverty has been a concomitant of economic development. To put things in perspective, one needs to consider that nearly 3 billion people almost half the worlds population continue to live on less than $2 a day. In the next 50 years, the global population is expected to increase by 50 per cent, with a majority of them in poor countries. The challenge of meeting present and future needs is immense.
States the Living Planet Report, 2000: If every human alive today consumed natural resources and emitted carbon dioxide at the same rate as an the average American, German or Frenchman we would need at least another two earths The core development challenge is about ensuring a better quality of life for everyone. Business, as the most potent force of wealth creation, has an essential role to play in promoting the move towards sustainable development. Businesses need an enabling environment to operate effectively. In todays tripartite world of government, enterprise and civil society, a key business asset will be the ability to work in creative partnerships to find solutions that, in the long term, will be seen as legitimate and fair. The concept of sustainable development The most widely accepted definition of this term is the one adopted by the International Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) Report, 1987. It defines sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Essentially, sustainable development is built on three pillars: economic growth, ecological balance and social progress. A healthy economy is as essential in satisfying our material and non-material needs as preserving the natural foundations of life. Societys ability to enhance human wellbeing is, in the long run, intertwined with the choices made by individuals, companies, communities and governments on how to optimise the usage and transformation of their assets. In this context, development in the 21st century is a multidimensional concept that encompasses five perspectives: Financial capital: Sound macroeconomic planning and prudent fiscal management. Physical capital: Infrastructure assets such as buildings, machines, roads, power plants and ports. Human capital: Good health and education to maintain labour markets. Social capital: People skills and abilities, as well as the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a societys social interactions. Natural capital: Natural resources, both commercial and non-commercial, and ecological services which provide the requirements for life, including food, water, energy, fibres, waste assimilation, climate stabilisation and other life-support services.
Given the finite resources of our planet, current practices of development cannot be sustained. The focus, hence, should be on equitable consumption of resources as much as on regeneration and recycling. In reality, this does not happen. Although the concept of sustainable development evolved a quarter century ago, not a single country is known to have developed a comprehensive strategy to build an eco-economy; to restore carbon balances, stabilise the population and water tables, conserve forests and soil, and preserve the diversity of plant and animal life.
International initiatives It was way back in 1972 at the Stockholm Conference that the view of the developing countries with respect to the environment was brought to the fore. Developing countries may not be major contributors to environmental evils, but the environmental tribulations faced by them are severe. These countries account for 77.5 per cent of the world population and 32 per cent of global emissions, whereas the United States, with less than 5 per cent of the world population, alone accounts for 23 per cent of global emissions. The Earth Summit held in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro clearly endorsed the principle that global environmental problems should be solved by consensus and through multilateral environmental cooperation. It provided an all-encompassing view of the nexus between development and environment. The Millennium Development Goals provided a framework for poverty reduction and sustainable development efforts under the aegis of the World Bank. These goals, agreed to by over 150 heads of state and government at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000, provide the measurable targets needed to collectively measure global progress in improving living standards. At the recently concluded World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, the overriding theme was access to clean water, sanitation, energy and agriculture, to improve health conditions and better protect the worlds biodiversity and its ecosystems. In addition, for the first time, countries undertook commitments to increase the use of renewable energy. The clean-air initiative has been building consensus among government, civil society and the private sector to introduce measures for to improve air quality. The World Bank is involved in other partnerships and special initiatives, such as its alliance with the World Wildlife Fund to protect 125 million acres of highly threatened forest area around the world by 2005. Business perspective of sustainable development Growing environmental concerns, coupled with public pressure and increasingly stringent regulations are changing the way people do business across the world. Protecting the organisations capital base is a well-accepted business principle. Yet, companies do not generally recognise the possibility of extending this notion to the worlds natural an human resources. If sustainable development is to achieve its potential, it must be integrated with the planning and measurement systems of business enterprises. According to the International Institute of Sustainable Development (1992), companies should be adopting business strategies and activities that meet the needs of the enterprise and its stakeholders today, while protecting, sustaining and enhancing human and natural resources that will be needed in the future. This highlights businesss dependence on human and natural resources, in addition to physical and financial capital. Although its activities are circumscribed by consumer preferences and governmental regulations, business is the agent for many measures which can help mitigate environmental change.
The concept of sustainable development needs to be incorporated into the processes of a business. This dimension of business strategy does not mean new management methods need to be invented. Rather, it requires a new orientation and extensive refinements to the prevalent systems and practices a new mindset. Sustainable development is good business in itself. It creates opportunities for suppliers of green consumers, developers of environmentally safer materials and processes, firms that invest in eco-efficiency, and those that engage themselves in improving social wellbeing. Besides earning the goodwill of society, such enterprises will also have a competitive advantage vis--vis its competitors. Though economic growth, ecological balance and social progress have always been on the sustainability agenda, far greater emphasis is being placed on social progress and, specifically, on what business is doing to contribute to this goal and how its delivering that contribution. Dynamic role of business: Developing partnerships Industry analysts recognise a natural progression of businesses through a number of phases since the 1970s: from basic compliance with environmental regulations to broader concerns and, finally, to a proactive setting of goals that embrace environmental, social, and ethical concerns. Market forces have played a big role in the progression from the era of mechanics to the era of physics to the era of biology. Market institutions combine three elements that compel dynamism and a search for ways to use materials more efficiently: source reduction (material conservation), pollution prevention and residuals recycling. There is general acceptance that governments, businesses and civil society have to interact constructively to find solutions to the challenges of sustainable development. The Johannesburg Summit generated concrete partnership initiatives by and between governments, citizen groups and businesses. The aim is to create a pool of resources and expertise that will help tackle global problems on a global scale. According to Bjorn Stigson, president of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the redistribution of roles and responsibilities based on the changing perceptions of the stakeholders within the new tripartite world has created two sustainable agendas for business: The business agenda: This pertains to what companies need to do in their everyday operations to become eco-efficient, reduce environmental impact and create more value with reduced impact. Radical market changes and heightened awareness among various stakeholders have led to a greater focus on the triple bottom line, based on approaches that will move towards the goals of environmental protection, social wellbeing and economic development simultaneously. Environmental sustainability requires that the fundamental services provided by the environment be sustained at or above some minimum levels over time. A major issue for environmental sustainability is how far ecosystems can be depleted, and pollutants allowed to accumulate in the atmosphere, without threatening global life-support systems.
Example : P& Gs Environmental statistical report as per G3 report parameters.
The sustainable company Sustainable development provides decision makers with an additional benchmark against which business strategies and performance can be assessed. Benchmarking policies that promote sustainable development provide a system to explore the commitment to principles of sustainable industrial development. This benchmark information will be a vital starting point for companies, regulators and the public as they explore new ways of working towards a co-regulation partnership. The evaluation criteria for a sustainable company could include:
Environmentally sound products, processes and services. Integration of sustainable development and economic growth. Extent of reduction of risks and hazards to human health and the ecosystem. Community/stakeholder participation in sustainable development commitments.
Smaller companies often lack the knowledge and resources to make significant changes in their organisations or technologies. With incentives lacking and the financial benefits of going green remaining controversial, there is a need for more focus on ensuring that sustainable industrial development is compatible with profitability. The growth of innovative programs and self-regulation are important indicators of change. But the steps taken so far represent just the start of a complex and lengthy transition to more sustainable enterprises.
Balancing growth and the environment Many businesses have incorporated initiatives in their business operations and culture through environmental management systems, voluntary codes of conduct, performance indicators and regular reports to stakeholders. Multinationals such as British Petroleum and Shell have been investing in the development of renewable energy products and services; they are diversifying in anticipation of future markets. Here I want to cite the example of the Tata Group, one of the most respected industrial houses of India. The group has been consistent in integrating social and environmental issues, and it has long recognised that sustainable solutions had to be rooted in the principles of ecology, equity and ethics, in addition to those of economics.
Reduction in environmental impact at Lexmark through AllLife cycle Phases _____________________________________________________________________________
2. Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) is an attempt to map the performance of Indian states in terms of natural resource stocks and flows, pollution levels and controls, environmental management and governance. Based on secondary data collected from official and other credible databases, the ESI ranks the 28 states on a scale of 0 to 100 (the lowest and highest ESI scores are calibrated to 0 and 100 respectively).
The Centre for Development Finance (CDF), a non-profit research organisation, has given Sikkim the second position among all the 28 States in its Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) 2008 report. Manipur takes the top position in this years report as in previous years. CDF was formally established in February 2006 with a mission to identify creative, sustainable models for financing development. The organisation focusses on providing quality research and clear strategies to heighten the effectiveness of new and ongoing public and private initiatives to provide infrastructure, a key ingredient in sustainable, equitable, inclusive growth. In its ESI 2008 report, CDF tracks the environment performance of 28 States of India and projects the ability of the States to protect their environment in the coming years. It also ranks the States according to their environment protection policies. The rankings are done on a scale of 0 to 100 allowing the States to compare and benchmark their performance to peer States. A State with higher ESI ranking means it has managed its natural resource stock judiciously and faces less stress on its environment systems and less impact on human health. The best performing State in the 2008 ranking is Manipur, followed by Sikkim and Tripura. A State with lower ESI indicates that it has depleted its stock of natural resources and has accumulated waste and pollution, which has created stress on the ecosystem and human health. The lowest ranking States are Punjab, Gujarat and Haryana.
But the variables and indicators in the ESI reveal that most Indian states are facing population pressure, unsustainable levels of consumption of some natural resources and pollution problems. Most states have done well on some issues and poorly on others. The scores are adjusted on a 0
to 100 point scale, but in absolute terms no state has scored very high or very low on all 15 indicators. Thus, every state has something to learn from benchmarking its environmental performance against relevant peers. The comparative nature of analysis aids in developing benchmarks and creating peer pressure. _____________________________________________________________________________
3. Ecological Footprint The Ecological Footprint measures the amount of biologically productive land and sea area an individual, a region, all of humanity, or a human activity requires to produce the resources it consumes and absorb the waste it generates, and compares this measurement to how much land and sea area is available. Biologically productive land and sea includes area that 1) supports human demand for food, fiber, timber, energy and space for infrastructure and 2) absorbs the waste products from the human economy. Biologically productive areas include cropland, forest and fishing grounds, and do not include deserts, glaciers and the open ocean. Biocapacity is shorthand for biological capacity, which is the ability of an ecosystem to produce useful biological materials and to absorb wastes generated by humans.Current Ecological Footprint Standards use global hectares as a measurement unit which makes data and results globally comparable. India's Ecological Footprint: A Business Perspective, produced by the Global Footprint Network (GFN) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), reports on assessments of how much pressure India's citizens are putting on the earth's resources, and whether we could sustain our levels of natural resource use if we had access to only what is available within our borders. The facts are not pretty: India has the world's 3rd largest ecological footprint (see box on what this means),after the USA and China.
Indians are using almost two times the natural resources within the country that it can sustain (or twice its 'biocapacity',
The capacity of nature to sustain Indians has declined sharply by almost half, in the last four decades or so.
____________________________________________________________________________ Carbon footprint
A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc.
The carbon footprint is a measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce and has units of tonnes (or kg) of carbon dioxide equivalent.
The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels including domestic energy consumption and transportation (e.g. car and plane). We have direct control of these.
The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use - those associated with their manufacture and eventual breakdown. To put it very simply the more we buy the more emissions will be caused on our behalf
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Reference: 1. Richard Welford, Andrew Gouldson, "Environmental Management and Business Strategy" 2. Girdhar Gyani & Amit Lunia, Planning and implementation of ISO14001, Environment al Management System, Raj Publishing House, Jaipur
3. Joseph Caseio, The ISO 14000 Handbook CEEM Information Services. 4. DON Sayre, INSIDE ISO 14000 The Competitive Advantage of Environmental Management, Vinity Books International, New Delhi.
Web Reference:
1. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ 2. http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/
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ECOMARK EMS- 2
Learning Objectives: 1. Objectives 2. Criteria for logo 3. Mechanism for implementation
The Government have decided to institute a Scheme on Labeling of Environment Friendly Products. The scheme will operate on a national basis and provide accreditation and labeling for household and other consumer products which meet certain environmental criteria along with quality requirements of the Indian Standards for that product. The Label shall be known as the "ECOMARK" and will be of the design to be notified.
To increase consumer awareness, the Government of India launched the eco-labelling scheme known as `Ecomark' in 1991 for easy identification of environment-friendly products. Any product which is made, used or disposed of in a way that significantly reduces the harm it would otherwise cause the environment could be considered as Environment-Friendly Product.
The criteria follows a cradle-to-grave approach, i.e. from raw material extraction, to manufacturing, and to disposal. The Ecomark' label is awarded to consumer goods which meet the specified environmental criteria and the quality requirements of Indian Standards. Any product with the Ecomark will be the right environmental choice.
Objectives of the Scheme:
The
specific
objectives
of
the
scheme
are
as
follows:-
(i) To provide an incentive for manufacturers and importers to reduce adverse environmental impact of products. (ii) To reward genuine initiatives by companies to reduce adverse environmental impact of their products. (iii) To assist consumers to become environmentally responsible in their daily lives by providing information to take account of environmental factors in their purchase decisions.
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(iv) To encourage citizens to purchase products which have less harmful environmental impacts. (v) Ultimately to improve the quality of the environment and to encourage the sustainable management of resources.
Ecomark Logo A SCHEME ON LABELLING OF ENVIRONMENT- FRIENDLY PRODUCTS
An earthern pot has been chosen as the logo for the Ecomark scheme in India. The familiar earthern pot uses a renewable resource like earth, does not produce hazardous waste and consumes little energy in making. Its solid and graceful form represents both strength and fragility, which also characterises eco-system. the
As a symbol, it puts across its environmental message. Its image has the ability to reach people and can help to promote a greater awareness of the need to be kind to the environment. The logo for the Ecomark Scheme, signifies that the product which carries it does the least damage to the environment.
Mechanism of the Scheme There are three committees involved with the criteria development for each product category and the award of the Ecomark : 1. A Steering Committee, set up in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, to determine the product categories for coverage under the scheme and also formulate strategies for promotion, implementation, future development and improvements in the working of the scheme.
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Determine the product categories to be taken up under the scheme. Create mass awareness for promotion and acceptance of the scheme. Formulate strategies for future development of the scheme.
2. A Technical Committee, set up in the Central Pollution Control Board, to identify the specific product to be selected and the individual criteria to be adopted, including, wherever possible, inter-se priority between the criteria if there be more than one. Identify specific products for classifying as environmental-friendly. Set-up sub-committees for each product category, if required, to draft the Ecomark criteria. Recommend the most appropriate criteria and parameters to designate various products as environment-friendly. Review from time to time, the implementation of the scheme by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
The Central Pollution Control Board has become the member of Global Ecolabelling Network (GEN) since March 2000.
3. The Bureau of Indian Standards to assess and certify the products and draw up a contract with the manufactures, allowing the use of the label, on payment of a fee.
Identify specific products for classifying as environmental-friendly. Set-up sub-committees for each product category, if required, to draft the Ecomark criteria. Recommend the most appropriate criteria and parameters to designate various products as environment-friendly. Review from time to time, the implementation of the scheme by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
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The Government of India has notified the final criteria for the following 16 product categories :
1. Soaps & Detergents 2. Paper 3. Food Items 4. Lubricating Oils 5. Packaging Materials 6. Architectural Paints and Powder Coatings 7. Batteries 8. Electrical/Electronic Goods 9. Food Additives 10. Wood Substitutes 11. Cosmetics 12. Aerosol Propellants 13. Plastic Products 14. Textiles 15. Fire-extinguisher 16. Leather
Eco-mark Scheme
ECOMARK CRITERIA FOR PAPER (The Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II-Section 3(i), No. 455, Nov. 13, 1992)
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS : All the paper manufacturers shall meet relevant Indian Standards of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) pertaining to quality and performance. The product manufacturers must produce the consent clearance as per the provisions of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, respectively along with the authorisation, if required, under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and rules made thereunder to BIS while applying for ECOMARK. The product packaging may display in brief the criteria based on which the product has been
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labeled Environment Friendly. The material used for product packaging shall be made from recyclable, reusable or biodegradable material and the parameters evolved for the packaging shall also apply. PRODUCT SPECIFIC REQUIREMENT : The paper and paper boards manufactured out of pulp containing not less than 60 percent by weight of pulp made from materials other than bamboo, hard woods, soft woods and Reed. Recycled paper and paper board must be made from 100 percent waste paper.
How to obtain the License to use Ecomark The procedure for grant of a license by BIS under the Scheme of Ecomark shall be the same as applicable for grant of license by BIS under its Product Certification Marks Scheme. The salient points of the procedure are given below : A prescribed application form is available from BIS Headquarters as well as its Regional and Branch Offices located all over the country and can be obtained from any of the office of the Bureau. At present, there is no fee for such an application form. Application on the prescribed form duly completed with requisite fee, which is at present Rs.500/-, in the form of a demand draft drawn in favour of the Bureau of Indian Standards, payable at a place where the application is to be submitted, may be sent to the respective office of the Bureau for receipt, acknowledgement and further necessary action. One application form is valid only for one product and one Indian Standard Specification. For each Indian Standard and each product, a separate application with requisite fee may be submitted to the Bureau. Each application under the scheme of Ecomark shall be accompanied with a copy each of the following documents : Consent/environmental clearance certificate from the concerned State Pollution Control Board. Small-scale industries registration certificate if the application is from a small-scale unit who desires to avail the concessional rate of marking fee for the unit for the small-scale sector. This certificate may be issued either by the office of the Development Commissioner, Small-scale
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Industries, or Industries Department of the concerned State Government. On receipt of the completed application form, the Bureau arranges a preliminary inspection of the unit of the applicant on a mutually convenient date for preliminary inspection and assessment of the manufacturing and quality control facilities and availability of testing personnel with the applicant for satisfactory operation of BIS Certification Mark Scheme for a product for which the application has been submitted to the Bureau. The inspection officers of the Bureau draw samples for factory testing and independent testing for assessing the conformity of the product with requirements given in the specification including the requirements for Ecomark. The applicant is given a copy of the Scheme of Testing and Inspection (STI) which is required to be followed by the unit in the production for the product covered under the application. The applicant is to give formal consent in writing regarding acceptance of the STI and also the marking fee payable for the product. The charges for inspection and testing of samples in independent laboratory shall be paid by the applicant. The preliminary inspection (PI) report, independent test reports of samples drawn during PI and acceptance of STI and marking fee schedule are verified at appropriate level within the Bureau. In case all documents are complete and found satisfactory, a licence is granted by the competitive authority of the Bureau permitting the unit to use the standard mark of the Bureau for a specified period. In case a unit is already holding a BIS certification mark licence for a product and wishes to cover that product under the Scheme of Ecomark, separate application is not required to be submitted. In such a case, the unit may make a specific request to the respective office of the Bureau which will take steps to include the criteria for Ecomark on the product as per the existing provision for inclusion of new varieties/grades in the same licence. In such cases, however, the licensee has to accept the modified STI and revised rate of marking fee, wherever applicable. Under the Scheme of Ecomark, the Standard Mark of the Bureau shall be single mark being a combination of the ISI Mark and the Eco-logo. The license is granted initially for the period of one year which is renewable for a period of two years at a time subsequently on the basis of performance of the unit in the preceding year(s). The minimum marking fee applicable to the product and accepted by the applicant is payable to
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the Bureau in advance after the grant of license but before initiation of the marking on the product. On calculation of the marking fee payable at the end of the year, the calculated amount along with minimum marking fee is required to be paid to the Bureau by the applicant along-with his request for renewal of the license for further period. During the period of validity of license granted to a unit, the Bureau arranges a periodic unannounced visits to the manufacturing premises of the licensee to assess the operation of the BIS Certification Mark Scheme for the product. During the visit by BIS officer, samples are drawn for testing both in the factory as well as for independent testing. Samples are also drawn from the factory and tested in independent laboratory to verify conformity of the product in accordance with the requirements specified in the relevant Indian Standard. The feedback received from consumer forums/organizations are also taken into account for assessing the performance of the licensee. If BIS officers observe deviations from the requirements of the standard and the scheme of testing and inspection, the same is brought to the notice of the authorised representative of the licensee to take corrective measures. In case of discrepancy of a serious nature/non-compliance with the provision of the grant of the licence, appropriate action as provided under the Bureau of Standards Act, 1986 Rules and relevant Regulations framed thereunder, are taken.
Eco-mark Scheme
FEES The following fees are required to be paid to the Bureau of Indian Standards for obtaining the Ecomark : Application fee of Rs.500/= per application, which is non-refundable; Testing charges of the independent laboratories for the samples drawn prior to the grant of license; Annual license fee at the rate of Rs.500/= per license; Renewal application fee at the rate of Rs.300/= per application when a license is due for renewal; and
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Marking fee, depending upon the quantum of the annual production of the licence
Reference: 1. Richard Welford, Andrew Gouldson, "Environmental Management and Business Strategy" 2. Girdhar Gyani & Amit Lunia, Planning and implementation of ISO14001, Environment al Management System, Raj Publishing House, Jaipur 3. Joseph Caseio, The ISO 14000 Handbook CEEM Information Services. 4. DON Sayre, INSIDE ISO 14000 The Competitive Advantage of Environmental Management, Vinity Books International, New Delhi.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Session3 Learning Objectives:
What Is EIA? Objectives of EIA Stresses on Environment Environmental Clearance (EC) Stages
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an effort to anticipate, measure and weigh the socio-economic and biophysical changes that may result from a proposed project. It assists decision-makers in considering the proposed projects environmental costs and benefits. When the benefits sufficiently exceed the costs, the project can be viewed as environmentally justified. The Central Government hereby directs that on and from the date of its publication the required construction of new projects or activities or the expansion or modernization of existing projects or activities listed in the Schedule to this notification entailing capacity addition with change in process and or technology shall be undertaken in any part of India only after the prior environmental clearance from the Central Government or as the case may be, by the State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority, duly constituted by the Central Government
What are the Objectives of EIA?
The Environmental Impact Assessment has the following objectives: Predict environmental impact of projects Find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts Shape project to suit local environment Present the predictions and options to the decision-makers
STRESSES ON ENVIRONMENT Eutrophic Stress: Refers to the release of various kinds of wastes into the river and other water bodies and their consequent drying.
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Exploitative Stress: Refers to the exploitation of natural resources endowment for production and consumption purposes through agriculture, industry, extraction, fishing etc. It is important to note that the rate of exploitation has a relevance to the natures capacity to reproduce.
Disruptive Stress: Refer to the physical alterations in nature resulting from such activities like forest clearance, highways, railways, factory buildings and so on. These physical changes disturb the environmental and ecological balance.
Chemical and Industrial Stress: This results mainly from the developments in science and technology and their applied fields like industry, warfare and agriculture. This comprises mainly the pollutants and effluents of all types, radiation etc.
Environmental Clearance All projects and activities are broadly categorized in to two categories - Category A and Category B, based on the spatial extent of potential impacts and potential impacts on human health and natural and man made resources. Environmental Clearance (EC) Stages
1. Screening 2. Scoping 3. Public Consultation 4. Appraisal
Stage 1: Screening All projects or activities included as Category A in the Schedule, including expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities and change in product mix, shall require prior environmental clearance from the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) on the recommendations of an Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) to be constituted by the Central Government for the purposes of this notification; All projects or activities included as Category B in the Schedule, including expansion and modernization of existing projects or activities or change in product mix but excluding those which fulfill the General Conditions (GC) stipulated in the Schedule, will require prior environmental clearance from the State/Union territory Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA).
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The SEIAA shall base its decision on the recommendations of a State or Union territory level Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) as to be constituted for in this notification. In the absence of a duly constituted SEIAA or SEAC, a Category B project shall be treated as a Category A project.
Application for Prior Environmental Clearance (EC):An application seeking prior environmental clearance in all cases shall be made in the prescribed Form 1 after the identification of prospective site(s) for the project and/or activities to which the application relates, before commencing any construction activity, or preparation of land, at the site by the applicant. The applicant shall furnish, along with the application, a copy of the prefeasibility project report except that, in case of construction projects or activities in addition to Form 1 and the Supplementary Form 1A, a copy of the conceptual plan shall be provided, instead of the pre-feasibility report.
General Condition (GC): Any project or activity specified in Category B will be treated as Category A, if located in whole or in part within 10 km from the boundary of: (i) Protected Areas notified under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, (ii) Critically Polluted areas as notified by the Central Pollution Control Board from time to time, (iii) Notified Eco-sensitive areas, (iv) inter-State boundaries and international boundaries.
Specific Condition (SC): If any Industrial Estate/Complex / Export processing Zones /Special Economic Zones/Biotech Parks / Leather Complex with homogeneous type of industries necessarily homogeneous, obtains
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prior environmental clearance, individual industries including proposed industrial housing within such estates /complexes will not be required to take prior environmental clearance, so long as the Terms and Conditions for the industrial estate/complex are complied with (Such states/complexes must have a clearly identified management with the legal responsibility of ensuring adherence to the Terms and Conditions of prior environmental clearance, who may be held responsible for violation of the same throughout the life of the complex/estate).
Stage (2) - Scoping: (i) Scoping: refers to the process by which the Expert Appraisal Committee in the case of Category A projects or activities, and State level Expert Appraisal committee in the case of Category B1 projects or activities, including applications for expansion and/or modernization and/or change in product mix of existing projects or activities, determine detailed and comprehensive Terms Of Reference (TOR) addressing all relevant environmental concerns for the preparation of an environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Report in respect of the project or activity for which prior environmental clearance is sought.
The Expert Appraisal Committee or State level Expert Appraisal Committee concerned shall determine the Terms of Reference on the basis of the information furnished in the prescribed application Form1/Form 1A including Terns of Reference proposed by the applicant, a site visit by a sub- group of Expert Appraisal Committee or State level Expert Appraisal Committee concerned only if considered necessary by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee concerned, Terms of Reference suggested by the applicant if furnished and other information that may be available with the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee concerned. All projects and activities listed as Category B in Item 8 of the Schedule (Construction/Township/Commercial Complexes /Housing) shall not require Scoping and will be appraised on the basis of Form 1/ Form 1A and the conceptual plan.
(ii) The Terms of Reference (TOR) shall be conveyed to the applicant by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee as concerned within sixty days of the receipt of Form 1. In the case of Category A Hydroelectric projects Item 1(c) (i) of the Schedule the Terms of Reference shall be conveyed along with the clearance for pre-construction activities .If the Terms of Reference are not finalized and conveyed to the applicant within sixty days of the receipt of Form 1, the Terms of Reference suggested by the applicant shall be deemed as the final Terms of Reference approved for the EIA studies. The approved Terms of of Reference shall be displayed on the website of the Ministry of Environment and Forests and the concerned State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority.
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(iii) Applications for prior environmental clearance may be rejected by the regulatory authority concerned on the recommendation of the EAC or SEAC concerned at this stage itself. In case of such rejection, the decision together with reasons for the same shall be communicated to the applicant in writing within sixty days of the receipt of the application.
Stage 3: Public Consultation Public Consultation refers to the process by which the concerns of local affected persons and others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity are ascertained with a view to taking into account all the material concerns in the project or activity design as appropriate. All Category A and Category B1 projects or activities shall undertake Public Consultation, except the following:(a) modernization of irrigation projects (item 1(c) (ii) of the Schedule). (b) all projects or activities located within industrial estates or approved by the concerned authorities, and which are not disallowed in such approvals. (c) expansion of Roads and Highways (item 7 (f) of the Schedule) which do not involve any further acquisition of land. (d) all Building /Construction projects/Area Development projects and Townships (e) all Category B2 projects and activities. (f) all projects or activities concerning national defence and security or involving other strategic considerations as determined by the Central Government.
(ii) The Public Consultation shall ordinarily have two components comprising of:(a) A public hearing at the site or in its close proximity- district wise, to be carried out in the manner prescribed in Appendix IV, for ascertaining concerns of local affected persons; (b) Obtain responses in writing from other concerned persons having a plausible stake in the environmental aspects of the project or activity. (iii) The public hearing at, or in close proximity to, the site(s) in all cases shall be conducted by the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or the Union territory Pollution Control Committee (UTPCC) concerned in the specified manner and forward the proceedings to the regulatory authority concerned within 45(forty five ) of a request to the effect from the applicant. (iv) After completion of the public consultation, the applicant shall address all the material environmental concerns expressed during this process, and make appropriate changes in the draft EIA and EMP. The final EIA report, so prepared, shall be submitted by the applicant to the concerned regulatory authority for appraisal. The applicant may alternatively submit a supplementary report to draft EIA and EMP addressing all the concerns expressed during the public consultation. All Category A and Category B1 projects or activities have to undertake public
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consultation except for 6 activities for which public consultation has been exempted. Some of the projects exempted include expansion of roads and highways, modernization of irrigation projects, etc. Public Consultation refers to the process by which the concerns of local affected persons and others who have plausible stake in the environmental impacts of the project or activity are ascertained. This stage of the EIA process is to consist of two aspects.
Stage 4: Appraisal Appraisal means the detailed scrutiny by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee of the application and other documents like the Final EIA report, outcome of the public consultations including public hearing proceedings, submitted by the applicant to the regulatory authority concerned for grant of environmental clearance. This appraisal shall be made by Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee concerned in a transparent manner in a proceeding to which the applicant shall be invited for furnishing necessary clarifications in person or through an authorized representative.
On conclusion of this proceeding, the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee concerned shall make categorical recommendations to the regulatory authority concerned either for grant of prior environmental clearance on stipulated terms and conditions, or rejection of the application for prior environmental clearance, together with reasons for the same. (ii) The appraisal of all projects or activities which are not required to undergo public consultation, or submit an Environment Impact Assessment report, shall be carried out on the basis of the prescribed application Form 1 and Form 1A as applicable, any other relevant
Appraisal means the detailed scrutiny by the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level
Expert Appraisal Committee of the application and other documents submitted by the applicant for grant of environmental clearance.
The projects which were exempted from EIA and public consultation are appraised only on the
basis of information in the application form and discretionary site visits.

However, there is no system of public participation at this stage. As a result, citizens do not
get to see the final documents on the basis of which the Appraisal committees will recommend clearance to the project.
Grant or Rejection of Prior Environmental Clearance (EC): (i) The regulatory authority shall consider the recommendations of the EAC or SEAC concerned and convey its decision to the applicant within forty five days of the receipt of the
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recommendations of the Expert Appraisal Committee or State Level Expert Appraisal Committee concerned or in other words within one hundred and five days of the receipt of the final Environment Impact Assessment Report, and where Environment Impact Assessment is not Required, within one hundred and five days of the receipt.
Validity of EC The Validity of Environmental Clearance implies to the period from which a prior environmental clearance is granted by the regulatory authority, Maximum 30 years for mining projects 10 years for River valley projects 5 years for all other projects Limited period for Area development projects till the developer is responsible
Reference: 1. Richard Welford, Andrew Gouldson, "Environmental Management and Business Strategy" 2. Girdhar Gyani & Amit Lunia, Planning and implementation of ISO14001, Environment al Management System, Raj Publishing House, Jaipur Web Reference: 1. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/
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National Environment Policy
Objectives of National Environment Policy:
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Environment Management System Environment Management System ISO 14001 Session -5
Learning Objectives: Introduction- EMS Components of ISO14000 series. Why adopt the ISO 14000 standard? Specific benefits to seek.
INTRODUCTION
EMS
An EMS is a programme of continuous environmental improvement following a defined sequence of steps drawn from established project management practice and routinely applied in business management. It provides a framework through which an organisation can minimise the harmful effects of its activities on the environment.
EMS, In simple terms, these steps can be outlined as follows:
Review the environmental consequences of the operations; Define a set of policies and objectives for environmental performance; Establish an action plan to achieve the objectives; Monitor performance against these objectives; Report the results appropriately; and Review the system, and strive for continuous improvement.
What is ISO? ISO stands for International Standards Organisation which is based in Geneva, Switzerland. The short form "ISO" is not an acronym, but instead is derived from the Greek "isos", meaning "equal" (implying "standard"). ISO was founded in 1947. It promotes the international harmonisation and development of manufacturing, product and communications standards. ISO has laid down more than 8000 standards ranging from paper sizes to film speeds.
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More than 120 countries are full ISO voting members, while several other countries serve as observer members. India is a founder and a full voting member of ISO and is officially represented by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). ISO produces internationally harmonised standards through various Technical
Committees.
What ISO 14001 stands for? ISO 14000 bears the potential to revolutionize the environmental industry, which historically operated on "command AND control," by proposing to now operate it on a "self-regulatory" basis. An overview of the standard follows.
"ISO 14000 series of environmental management system standards" collectively represent a series of generic AND voluntary environment-related documents, released by ISO, Geneva. These documents basically fall into two categories: Guidance (descriptive) Specification (prescriptive)
In the series, all of the documents, except ISO 14001, are guidance documents. Businesses become registered to ISO 14001 - the specification standard that serves as a blueprint for an environmental management systems (EMS). Businesses do not register to ISO 14000 as a series, but use the reminder of the guidelines in the series to clarify requirements, seek definitions, AND find guidance.
ISO 14001 specifies the standard for establishment and maintenance of an environmental
management system (EMS). It belongs to the ISO-14000 series of standards relating to environmental management including eco-labelling and environmental audit etc.
ISO 14000 standards
ISO 14000 is a series of standards for environmental management. The ISO 14000 standards are divided into two categories: Organisation standards and Product and process standards.
Which Organisations can adopt ISO 14001? ISO 14001 is applicable to any organisation that is defined as a "Company, Corporation, Firm, Enterprise, Authority or Institution or part or combination thereof, whether
29
incorporated or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration".
Therefore, any organisation, small or big, manufacturing industry or business house can get ISO 14001 certification by establishing and maintaining EMS as per ISO 14001 specifications
The series features a wide array of environmental disciplines, including the following three main classifications comprising of the following seven major components:
Organizational Evaluation
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Environmental Auditing (EA) Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)
Product Evaluation
Environmental Labeling (EL) Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) Environmental Aspects in Product Standards (EAPS)
Terms AND Definitions Terms AND Definitions
2.0
COMPONENTS OF ISO 14000 SERIES .
Organisation standards include the following:
EMS Guidelines - ISO 14004 Environmental Auditing - ISO 14010/11/12 Environmental Performance Evaluation - ISO 14031
Product standards Product standards include the following: Environmental Labeling - ISO 14020/21/24/25 Life-Cycle Assessment - ISO 14040/41/42/43 Environmental Aspects in Product Standards - ISO Guide 64
Each of the above-listed seven components is elaborated in further details below.
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Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
Out of the above, "EMS" is the name for the entire environmental program planned by a company. It also forms the main component of the company's registration plan for ISO 14001. The EMS maybe documented in an environmental manual, or maintained in sections of the company quality or operations manual. In either case, the EMS should be defined in detail, with the company's environmental goals clearly stated.
Environmental Auditing (EA)
The ISO 14000 series, like the ISO 9000 International Quality Standards, relies heavily on auditing to ensure that the standard requirements are met. Audits are mandated by the ISO 14000 standards. The standard states that, "Audits may be performed by personnel from within the organization (but they should be independent of function to be audited) or by external persons." Both methods of auditing (internal or external) are used to ensure that conformance to the standards exists AND the businesses continuously monitor their performance through a systematic approach that compares a company's environmental goals to its achievements. Guidelines for these audits, AND qualification guidelines for the Auditors are found in ISO 14010, 14011/1,14012.
Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)
Environmental performance standards are detailed in ISO 14030, a supporting document to ISO 14001 in the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14030 defined the evaluation of environmental performance by management systems, AND provides general information about the process. The ultimate goal of these guidance documents is to provide an objective measurement criterion. The purpose of EPE is to allow for performance evaluations for internal progress analysis AND for external benchmarking.
Environmental Labeling (EL) Many business use environmental claims (labels, advertising, marketing) as an enticement for buyers to purchase their products. It is also anticipated that ISO 14000 registration will provide similar labeling opportunity. Guidelines for the development of environmental claims are found in ISO 14020, 14021, 14022, 14023 AND 14024. These support documents seek to prevent unwarranted claims, to ensure that the claims are accurate AND verifiable, to reduce trade barriers, AND to set standards for types of labels.
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Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
The support documents providing guidance about LCA detail procedures to examine raw material, generation, storage, manufacture, sales, use, AND disposal, AND resulting environmental impacts associated with a company's product or service. The ISO 14040, 14041, 14042, AND 14043 provide information about topics related to LCA, including inventory analysis, critical review, impact assessment, AND improvement assessment.
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
1. Environmental policy Initially, the organizations top management should have commitment and define the policy on EMS which is used for the direction of implementing and improving its EMS.
2. Planning In order to achieve environmental policy, at least, the organization should: Identify the environmental aspects of its activities and specify those which have significant impacts on the environment. Identify legal and other requirements to which the organization involved. Establish objectives and targets of its activities having impacts to environment. Establish environmental programmes for achieving its objectives and targets.
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3. Implementation In order to achieve environmental planning, at least, the organization should: Define roles, responsibilities and authorities for facilitating EMS effectively. Communicate to the staffs at each level for the importance of conformance to the environmental policy; provide appropriate training to personnel performing the tasks to gain their knowledge and competence. Establish and control documentation relating to EMS. Control operations and activities to meet the specified objectives and targets. Identify potential accidents and emergency situations for preventing and mitigating the environmental impacts that may be associated with them and periodically test such procedures where practicable.
4. Checking and corrective action To ensure that the organization is performing in accordance with the stated EMS programmes, at least, the organization should: Monitor and measure its operations and activities against the organizations plans. Identify non-conformance and take action to mitigate any impact caused. Record the on-going activities of the EMS. Conduct periodic EMS audits.
5. Management review The organizations top management should review and continually improve its EMS, with the objective of improving its overall environmental performance. Implementing these five elements will enable any Organisation to achieve comprehensive environmental management. Implementing an EMS can benefit the organisation in the following ways: Managing organizations environment systematically. Obtaining better surroundings as well as providing protection to the potential emergency. Maintaining good public/community relation. Reducing environmental cost because of appropriate environmental management such as resources management, waste management, etc. Enhancing market share
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CERTIFICATION
ISO 14001 (EMS) is the only standard through which a company can achieve certification. There are two options currently available:
1.
Self-Declaration. This is the process of declaring that the company has an management system (EMS) that meets the standard.
environmental
2.
Third Party Certification. The company may have an independent third party audit their
EMS to the ISO 14001 standard. A recognised ISO body can act as a third party in this case.
Example 1: EMS at Electrolux
Our environment management system (EMS) provides a structured framework for implementing environmental improvements and is based on ISO14001. Group management has endorsed ISO14001 certification as vitalall manufacturing units with at least 50 employees are to be certified. Newly acquired units are to complete the certification process within three years after acquisition. The actions taken within the EMS framework focus on: Savings in energy and water consumption Reduction of waste Replacement of hazardous substances.
The process of implementing an EMS at Electrolux sites is divided into the following 11 steps: Initial review Identification of significant environmental impacts Environmental policy Inventory of legal requirements Implementation of environmental measurements Development of an environmental program Documentation Internal auditing
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Management review Corrective actions External certification audit.
Reaping benefits of ISO14001: Our EMS ensures that employees with environmental responsibility are provided with appropriate competence. There is a real cost savings potential in running an effective EMS; through efficient energy and resource use and cuts in waste disposal expenses. We are meeting growing demands put forward by professional customers. Electrolux is regularly evaluated on environmental performance, and the information collection process is simplified where our EMS is implemented. Lower insurance premiumscompanies with an effective EMS are able to demonstrate that they pose less risk. Legislative compliancewith a robust EMS in place we are able to think in the long term, avoiding bureaucracy and costs for the company. Improved marketing opportunitiespoor environmental performance can limit interest from potential customers. Improved corporate imageour ability to demonstrate a responsible environmental position fosters better relations with the company's stakeholders and reinforces a positive perception of the corporation.
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Example 2: Environment at Mithapur Tata Chemicals' Mithapur plant shows how innovative technologies help improve the quality of life of the local community without adversely affecting the environment Tata Chemicals' Mithapur plant and the township attached to it are both ISO 14001-certified. The plant, one of the largest and oldest in India, has instituted several programmes and processes to prevent environmental damage, conservation of natural resources and safety.
TCL's chemicals division supports the nation's energy-conservation efforts by participating in initiatives such as the Corporate Roundtable on Environment (CoRE), under the auspices of the Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi, and the World Council for Sustainable Development, besides Responsible Care, an initiative launched by the global chemicals industry. The environment management system (EMS) department of the plant regularly monitors various environmental parameters and ensures regulatory compliance. The effectiveness of Mithapur's integrated safety, health and environment (SHE) management system is verified regularly by internal and third-party auditors. A core committee on environmental management, headed by a senior executive, meets every fortnight to review environmental issues and fine-tune policies and strategies.
In accordance with TCL's SHE policy, the Mithapur plant has not only produced potable water from seawater in this water-scarce area, it also recycles water to a zero-discharge sewage-treatment plant. The company's cement plant in Mithapur is an excellent example of its philosophy: 'avoid, reduce and recycle'. The cement plant consumes solid waste that is generated during the manufacture of soda ash. Through a pilot programme called the Effluents Solids Filtration (ESF) project, TCL will further reduce the use of chemical-grade limestone in cement manufacture by recovering solids from the still effluents of the soda-ash process.
TCL's community development initiatives cover a large number of villages situated near the complex. The Mithapur plant has adopted the nearby marine sanctuary which it looks after.
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Water management An acute water shortage in the 1960s had rendered Mithapur virtually uninhabitable. Under the Tatas' visionary leadership, TCL implemented a water-management programme which has made the town independent in terms of water resources. The fact that this large complex is not dependent on anybody for its freshwater needs is a testimony to its innovation. Tata Salt, the largest-selling branded salt in India, is a by-product of Mithapur's water-management process.
Recycling treated sewage Built on the principle of 'zero discharge', the sewage treatment plant in Mithapur is designed to treat and recycle 3 million litres of sewage a day. Refuse from bathrooms, toilets and kitchens is collected in centralised sewage-aggregation tanks and pumped into the treatment plant according to the demand-and-supply needs of the township's utilities. The water is disinfected through chlorination and monitored for its quality. The solid remains of the treatment plant are rich in organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous. This waste is composted and used as substrates for horticulture. The treated water is routed back to the township's flush-pumping station and is also used to maintain the gardens and greenery on the campus. Efforts are on to improve the quality of the sewage-treatment plant's sludge by utilising composting technologies developed by the Tata Energy Research Institute.
The cement plant The waste-utilisation plant at the Mithapur cement plant is an outstanding example of its philosophy of 'Avoid, reduce and recycle'. TCL is the only soda ash company to develop a process for separating solids from soda ash effluent and to subsequently use them in a cement plant. Every day, the 1,500 TPD Portland Pozzolona cement plant consumes undersize waste
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limestone from the soda ash plant, fly ash from the power plant, old alkaline solid wastes and soda ash effluents. TCL is currently engaged in extensive trials to improve upon this process to further protect the environment, utilise waste and enhance energy efficiency. Infrastructure and investment costs on the integration process were low since the cement plant was built using existing facilities at Mithapur, which facilitated its design, engineering and fabrication, all in-house. Efforts are now on to substitute coal with Kutch lignite as fuel, which is available locally.
Effluents Solids Filtration (ESF) project In accordance with regulatory norms, the still effluents from the soda ash plant are currently disposed in the sea at Padli. However, the company has discovered a method for processing and recovering some of the solids. Under the Effluent Solids Filtration (ESF) project, the company will use these solids as raw material in the cement plant to reduce the consumption of limestone. EMS in the township Motivated by the systematic approach adopted by the plant in the implementation of EMS as per the ISO-14001 framework, the Mithapur township uses the same approach to achieve sustainable environment management.
The
township
has
about
18,000
residents,
2,500
households,
250
commercial
establishments, a 150-bed hospital, a bank and six schools. It has all essential amenities, such as electricity, water supply, garbage-disposal systems, sanitation and medical services, roads and parks. The EMS implementation in the township involves the participation of all stakeholders, including residents, staff from the hospital, schools and other institutions. In a pioneering move, representatives from each sector constitute a core group which identifies the scope of the EMS and how their own activities can impact the environment. A residents' guide for conservation demonstrates how to save water, fuel, etc, alongside energy consumption figures and tips on improving efficiency. Twilight switches for streetlights, the gradual elimination of the use of seawater for flushing and the total
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replacement of inorganic fertilisers with organic compost are some of the key targets. The EMS initiative also seeks to involve the members of the township to share knowledge and resources. Community development TCL has institutionalised an exemplary social-responsibility programme in Mithapur to facilitate community development in and around its production unit. This programme extends to hundreds of villages. Over the years the company has helped capacity building in various charitable trusts and organisations involved in community development, environment protection, education and sports. In 1980 this concern for social development led to the establishment of the Tata Chemicals Society for Rural Development (TCSRD), which has as its objectives the promotion and growth of the rural economy, the development of facilities for public education and the socioeconomic welfare and progress of the rural population. TCSRD's activities benefited more than 1 lakh people in 2002. A natural habitat Spread over 37,000 acres, the company's salt works play host to thousands of migratory birds. During the winter months the place turns into a bird-watcher's paradise, with flamingos and herons flocking to the pans. Since the plant is located close to a marine sanctuary spread over an area of nearly 500 sq km on the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch, the company considers it its responsibility to care for the sanctuary and its park. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has declared this sanctuary as Category II among the national parks of the world. The sanctuary and park are home to some of the finest coral reefs on India's west coast, some fringed by mangrove forests which are, in turn, nesting and roosting sites for countless birds. Their limestone fortresses each one the work of a colony of innumerable tiny animals
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come in an amazing variety of shapes and sizes. The waters of the gulf are home to the dolphin, the octopus, the fin-less porpoise, the dugong sea cow, a marine mammal which resembles a seal, and the rare Boralia species. The company also undertakes special drives, like the recent Project 'Whale Shark' at Mithapur, to spread awareness among the locals on the indigenous wildlife and conservation efforts.
Web Reference: 1. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/
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Carbon Credit Business EMS-6 Lesson Notes Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism CDM /Carbon Credits IDBI & CDM Carbon Credit Business
Introduction
Studies on climate change have underscored two points. First that atmospheric commons, namely the Earths carbon absorbing capacity, is finite and depletable and that growth of GHG emissions, even at their present level pose a threat to humankind. Secondly, it has been established that per capita GHG emission is strongly correlated with economic prosperity. Further, it is recognized that without increase in GHG emissions or access to appropriate alternative technology options, developing countries would not be able to pursue their socio-economic goals. Kyoto Protocol is a global cooperative attempt to address both these issues.
The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement that arose out of the UNFCCC to tackle climate change through a reduction of green house gas emissions. Countries (those listed in Annex I) are legally bound to reduce man-made green house gases emissions by approximately 5.2%. Individual countries have their own reduction targets outlined in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol. The text of the protocol was adopted at the third conference of the parties to the UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997. However the protocol suffered many years of delay. The United States and Australia two major green house gas emitters did not ratify the treaty. The Protocol entered into force on February 15 2005 when Russia ratified the treaty. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) CDM allows Annex I (industrialised) countries to meet their emission reduction targets by paying for green house gas emission reduction in non-Annex I (developing) countries. Example (Figures are hypothetical):
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A company in Brazil (a non Annex I country) switches from coal power to biomass. The CDM board certifies that by doing this the company has reduced Carbon dioxide emissions by 100,000 tonnes per year. It is issued with 100,000 CERs (Certified Emission Reductions). Under the Kyoto Protocol, the United Kingdom (an Annex I country) has to reduce its green house gas emissions by 1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. If it purchases the 100,000 CERs from the Brazilian company, this target reduces from 1 million tonnes/year to 900,000 tonnes per year making the goal easier to achieve. CER's or Certified Emissions Reductions CER's or Certified Emissions Reductions are a "certificate" just like a stock. A CER is given by the CDM Executive Board to projects in developing countries to certify they have reduced green house gas emissions by one tonne of carbon dioxide per year. For example, if a project generates energy using wind power instead of burning coal, it can save 50 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. There it can claim 50 cers (as one cer is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide reduced). Developed countries buy CER's from developing countries under the cdm process to help them achieve their Kyoto targets. In India income from CERs are not taxed. The Chinese government has decided to tax the revenue from projects. What are the six green house gases under the Kyoto Protocol There are many gases that contribute to the green house effect. The Kyoto Protocol deals with six of them. There are six green house gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol.
Gas Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Global Warming Potential
Global Warming Potential 1 21 310 140-11,700 7,000-9,200 23,900
Green house gases affect global warming with varying intensities. This intensity is measured by the "global warming potential" of the gas. The global warming potential (GWP) of HFC-23 for example is 11,700. The GWP of carbon dioxide is one. One tonne of HFC-23 has 11,700 times more the green
42
house effect that Carbon dioxide does. CERs are awarded based on the global warming potential of the gas. CERs awarded = Tonnes of green house gas reduced X Global Warming Potential of the Gas What are the Kyoto protocols three flexibility mechanisms? The Clean Development Mechanisms is one of three Kyoto protocol Flexibility mechanisms. The other two are Joint Implementation and International Emissions Trading. They help Annex I countries meet their emission reduction targets. 1. Joint Implementation Joint Implementation is like CDM but with projects in other Annex I countries instead of developing countries. Eastern European countries in Annex I such Bulgaria and Romania are likely to benefit from these projects and have already signed MOU's for their projects. These projects are competition for CDM and are expected to give CDM projects in developing countries a serious run for their money beginning 2008. 2. International Emissions trading Each Annex I country has a certain number of emission allowances (amount of carbon dioxide it can emit) in line with its Kyoto reduction targets. If a country's GHG emissions are below their emission allowances(i.e. meeting Kyoto targets) they can sell these allowances to other Annex I countries who are emitting above the allowance(i.e. not meeting their Kyoto targets). 3. The European Emission trading system (EU-ETS)? In January 2005, several European sectors including energy, metals, minerals and pulp and paper came under EU Emissions trading directive which sets carbon dioxide gas emission limits. If a company emits lower than it's allowed limit, it may sell its extra allowance to other companies who are not meeting their targets. The penalty for violation is 40 Euro for every tonne of Carbon dioxide over the limit, and a requirement to purchase the missing emission allowances. Starting 2008, this will be increased to 100 Euros. The law in the future may be extended to include the chemical, aluminium and transport sectors. In October 2004, the EU adopted a "linking directive" that allows companies to buy CER's from the Kyoto CDM mechanism to meet EU-ETS emission allowances, thus making European industry take very strong notice of the CDM market. When a European company buys a CER, the company gets a EU emission reductions unit in exchange for surrendering the CER to the country government which the country will use to offset it's Kyoto reduction targets. Studies estimate the demand of CER's from European industry to be 102.20-288.5 million tonnes of C02
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per year in 2010. This demand will vary though depending on if the EU imposes limits on the number of CER's industry can buy. WHICH countries participate in CDM Countries listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC can purchase CDM credits. Non Annex-I countries can host CDM projects. Annex I Australia(Not ratified) Austria Belgium Bulgaria* Canada Croatia* Czech Republic Denmark Estonia* European Community Finland France Germany Greece Hungary* Iceland Ireland Italy Japan Latvia* Liechtenstein Lithuania* Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland* Portugal Romania* Russian Federation Slovakia* Slovenia* Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine* United Kingdom United States of America(Not Ratified)
How do Annex I countries benefit from CDM All Annex-I countries (Except Belarus and Turkey) have legally binding green house gas emission reduction requirements under the Kyoto Protocol. The clean development mechanism is one of the
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"flexibility mechanisms" of the Protocol to help these countries meet these targets. Instead of countries reducing emissions of their own companies, Annex I countries can "buy" emission reductions in non-Annex I countries. For example a CDM project such as a company switching fuels from coal to biomass results in a reduction of 100,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year in the atmosphere. If an Annex I country buys these credits, it can count them for its Kyoto reduction targets. How do developing countries benefit from CDM?
The Kyoto Protocol (Article 12) states : "The purpose of the clean development mechanism shall be to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments" The idea was that developed countries get some flexibility in emission reductions in exchange for bring in investment in developing countries for projects and technologies that reduce green house gases. International Buyers of CDM Country governments in Annex I are the ultimate beneficiaries of CERs. However several private players are also involved in CDM, acting as brokers and intermediaries. Private funds that buy and sell CERs are also active. The following table estimates the funds available to purchase carbon credits which could come from CDM or from JI. Multilateral Fund World bank funds WB Netherlands CDM facility WB - Italian Carbon Fund IFC Netherlands Carbon Facility CAF - Netherlands Carbon Facilility Government or local institution administered funds Austrian JI/CDM program KFW Carbon Fund Swedish energy agency Flemish Government JI/ CDM tender 257.04 59.5 25.12 83.3 Size funds (millions US$) 408.6 180 80 52.36 47.6
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Belgian JI/CDM tender Finnish CDM/JI pilot tender Rabobank-Dutch government CDM facility Private funds Japan Carbon Finance Ltd. European Carbon Fund GG-CAP Greenhouse Gas Credit Aggregation Pool ICECAP
11.9 11.9 10 million tonnes C02
141.5 124.95 85.68 40-50
What makes a project eligible for CDM?
A project is eligible for CDM benefits if the project will result in a net decrease in green house gas emissions this is called additionality. For example a company can get CERs if it installs a waste heat recovery boiler that saves energy. This is because reduced fuel use reduces the amount of carbon dioxide emitted. Technically speaking a CDM project is additional if "anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the registered CDM project activity." However, if the developer has to undertake the project activity because of law, for example if the industry is legally mandated to have a waste-heat recovery boiler, such a project is generally not eligible for CDM benefits. In some cases however, if the law is shown to be "systematically not in force" or "non-compliance is widespread" in the country such a project can still be eligible. National and local policies which are not legally binding do not nullify the project. For example a government wind energy promotion policy does not disqualify a wind farm from CDM. If this criteria is fulfilled, then the developer follow two more steps : (1) Outline the alternatives to the CDM activity The developer has to first outline what the possible outcomes of the project are if it doesnt get CDM
46
benefits so called "baseline" scenarios the associate green house gas emissions. It must then show that with the CDM project, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. This reduction in emissions over the baseline, is the CER's that the project would generate. (2) Investment analysis. Once the possible alternatives are outlined, and the CDM project is shown to have lower greenhouse gas emissions, the developer must show that CDM scenario satisfies is either: Not common practice in the region or sector Is the least financially attractive option available OR Faces "barriers" preventing implementation if the project was not registered as a CDM project such as either: o o o Financial : such an inability to get bank loans Technological : lack of infrastructure for implemention or skills/labour to operate the technology. "First of it's kind" : No project activity of it's type is operational in the region or country
Baseline for a CDM project: If a project gets 20,000 CERs it means that its emissions are 20,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide less than a reference point called a baseline. A baseline for a CDM project gives the greenhouse gases emissions that would have occurred in the absence of the proposed CDM project activity. There are three approaches to establishing baselines : Existing actual or historical emissions, as applicable Emission from a technology that represents an economically attractive course of action, taking into account barriers to investment The average emissions of similar project activities undertaken in the previous five years, in similar social, economic, environmental and technological circumstances, and whose performance is among the 20 per cent of their category. At present, each project put forwards its own baseline, depending on the location of its operation, laws applicable to it and other factors. Projects, however, can borrow methodologies from other projects to develop a baseline. The CDM Executive Board
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The Executive Board supervises the operation of CDM. It meets four or five times a year. The Board has final say on whether a project is approved or not and lays out procedures and guidlines for CDM. It is made of 10 members from countries part of the Kyoto protocol. Two from Annex I, Two from non annex I countries, one from small island developing states, and 1 from each of the 5 UN groupings. Director Climate Change Union ministry of environment and forests is currently concurrently a member of the CDM Executive Board. A Designated Operational Entity(DOE)? Who are the 5 in India? A Designated Operational Entity (DOE) is a company accredited by the CDM Executive Boards that checks whether projects are fulfilling CDM criteria. A CDM project must be checked by two processes Validation and Verification. Validation is done once before initial project approval. Verification is done periodically after the project has been approved or registered. A Designated Operational Entity (DOE) is accredited provisionally by the CDM Executive Board, until confirmed by the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. There are currently 11 does globally, and 5 represented in India. Validation Based on the project design document (PDD), the DOE will evaluate and validate the proposed cdm project, confirming 1 - Voluntary participation of parties 2 - Comments by stakeholders have been invited 3 Project participants have submitted documentation on environmental impacts to the DOE 4 The project will result in reduction in greenhouse gas that are additional 5 A methodology has been adopted in accordance with CDM rules 6 Provisions for monitoring, verification and reporting are in accordance with CDM rules 7 - The project complies with all other CDM rules The DOE then issues a validation report, and requests the CDM Executive Board for registration of the project based on this report. The Project developer pays around 4-5 Lakh Rupees for this.
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Verification CDM project are monitored or "verified" after the project has been approved or registered by the CDM Executive Board. After the project has been registered by the Exective Board, the DOE periodically checks(usually once a year) whether emission reduction have actually taken place. It will then request that the EB issue CERs accordingly, based on this verification report. It is only after verification that CER's are actually delivered. Designated Operational Entities in India TUV Suddeutschland India Det Norske Veritas SGS United Kingdom Limited tv Rheinland India BVQI(Bureau Veritas Quality International)
A Designated National Authority(DNA) An office, ministry, or other official entity appointed by a Party to the Kyoto Protocol to review and give national approval to projects proposed under the Clean Development Mechanism. India's DNA is called the National CDM authority(NCDMA) Structure of the NCDMA Chairperson: Secretary (ministry of environment and forests, MOEF) Member-secretary: Director (climate change), MOEF Guide To approving a CDM project 1. FILL IN A PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT (PDD)
Cost : 15,000 Euro (with approved methodology) Cost : 45,000 Euro (new methodology) Preparing a PDD involved estimating your green house gas emissions from your project, reference scenarios and leakages. The PDD has to then build an argument to show that funds from CDM are needed for the project to go forward. This step is what attracts the high fees for PDD development.
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2. APPLY FOR GOVERNMENT APPROVAL In India, National CDM authority clears sustainable development criteria for projects, usually within 60 days. 3. CHOSE AN EXISTING BASELINE/METHODOLOGY OR PROPOSE A NEW ONE. If the project is a first of its kind then it will probably have to propose a new methodology. (If an approved project methodology applies to the project, proceed to step 4) Cost : 30,000 Euro. Proposing a new methodology is a time consuming process. Consultants charge a lot more for projects that require a new methodology. The new methodology is reviewed by a panel of experts constituted by the Executive board called the "Methodologies Panel" before final board approval. This process can take 12-18 months to get approved. 4. Hire a Designated Operation Entity for Validation Cost: 7000-15,000 Euro There are 11 DOEs worldwide and 5 operation in India. They review the projects to make sure they fulfil CDM criteria, and act as a intermediary between the project developer and the Executive Board. After the DOE clears the project it submits a request for registration to the UNFCCC Executive Board. 5. Wait for Approval from the Executive Board Cost : 4,000-25,000 Euro The CDM Executive Board meets 4-5 times a year, and is charged with giving final approval or registration to projects. 6. Hire a Designated Operational Entity for Verification Cost : (not known) The DOEs are called in second time after the project is registered for the monitoring phase. For large scale projects, the DOE for Verification cannot be the same DOE as for the validation stage. Once the DOE is satisfied that the green house gas reductions that were set out have been achieved, those emission reductions are certified.
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Steps in CDM Process
Stage I: Project Design Document (PDD) and Monitoring Plan preparation
The Project Sponsor shall be required to develop a CDM Project Design Document (PDD) for the identified opportunities/candidate projects in the PDD format approved by CDM Executive Board. This would inter alia, address the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol and the CDM Executive Boards (CDMEB) procedures. The main tasks, in developing a PDD, would involve: Preparatory work data collection, review of policies; General description of the project;
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Delineation of project boundary and identification of leakages; Assessment of various baseline methodologies and selection of the most appropriate one. This would also include a scan of approved projects or approved methodology to ascertain if there are approved methodologies which may be directly applied to this project; Development of a new baseline methodology, in the event none of the existing approved/proposed baseline Application Demonstration methodologies of the of are various found appropriate baseline additionalities for for to the the the project; project; project; selected/developed
methodology
Estimation of project GHG emissions and absorption/abatement/avoidance including direct/ indirect onsite/ offsite emissions; Stage II: Host country approval Project Sponsor is required to secure a Host Country Approval from the Designated National Authority (DNA) hosted at Ministry of Environment and Forests, GoI. This involves completion of a Project Information Note in the MoEF format and its submission together with the PDD to MoEF. The Project sponsor would be required to make a presentation to the DNA on an appointed date. Stage III: Validation Validation is the process of independent evaluation of a project activity by a designated operational entity against the requirements of the CDM on the basis of the project design document. The Project sponsor is required to appoint an independent third party for validation of the project. CDM-EB has approved certain entities e.g. DNV, TUV, SGS etc. as Designated Operating Entity (DOE) for undertaking validation. The Validation process also involves a Public Disclosure of the project for 30 days at the UNFCCC website. This is also organized by the validator. Stage IV: Approval of Baseline Methodology by CDM EB/Meth Panel In the event a new baseline methodology is developed, the same shall be reviewed by the Methodology Panel of UNFCCC/CDM-EB and on its recommendation, approved by CDM EB. A new baseline methodology should be submitted by the designated operational entity to the Executive Board for review, prior to a validation and submission
for registration of this project activity, with the draft project design document (CDMPDD), including a description of the project and identification of the project participants. Stage V: Project Registration
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Registration is the formal acceptance by the Executive Board of a validated project as a CDM project activity. Registration is the prerequisite for the verification, certification and issuance of CERs related to that project activity. A validated project is required to be
registered with CDM-EB of UNFCCC. This is usually the responsibility of the Designated Operating Entity. The Project sponsor is required to pay a registration fee.
Stage VI: Monitoring and verification Verification is the periodic independent review and ex post determination by the designated operational entity of the monitored reductions in anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases that have occurred as a result of a registered CDM project activity during the verification period. Certification is the written assurance by the designated operational entity that, during a specified time period, a project activity achieved the reductions in anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases as verified. On registration of the project, the Project sponsor is required to appoint one of the DOEs as a verifier. The verifier conducts an audit of the project activity after its commissioning
and its becoming operational, as per the approved monitoring and verification protocol (included in the PDD registered with CDM-EB), to estimate and certify the actual volume
of ERs generated on account of the project activity. The sponsor may appropriately select a verification cycle i.e. Annual, Half Yearly, Quarterly etc. Stage VII: Issuance of CERs
The certification report, submitted by the DOE to CDM-EB/Registrar, shall constitute a request for issuance to the Executive Board of CERs equal to the verified amount of reductions of anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases. The monitoring and verification entity, after completing the process, submits its report to CDM EB, which constitutes a request for issuance of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs). The CERs are issued as per the allocation plan outlined to the CDM-EB at the time of Registration. Project
IDBI & CDM Carbon Credit Business
IDBI is one of the premier banks engaged in funding medium and large-scale projects, for more than 40 years, in infrastructure and non-infrastructure sector in India for promoting fast track
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industrial development. IDBI has assisted many companies in India and have strong relationships with the companies in Textiles, Sugar, Power/Energy, Chemicals, Fertilisers, Pharmaceuticals, Steel, Paper, Cement and other sectors. Besides offering various banking services, IDBI has also set up a dedicated Carbon Credit desk, which provides all the services in the area of Clean Development Mechanism/Carbon Credit (CDM). In order to achieve this objective, IDBI has entered into formal arrangements with multi-lateral agencies and buyers of carbon credits like IFC, Washington, KfW, Germany and Sumitomo Corporation, Japan and reputed domestic technical experts like MITCON. Our primary objective is to protect long-term interests of our clients and suggest various risk mitigation measures. By combining the experience and expertise of these agencies and in-house strength of IDBI, we are in a position to offer a complete range of CDM related services tailor-made to suit the needs of the clients.
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Environmental Laws Session -7
Learning Objectives 42 amendment (1974) Central Pollution Control Board Environmental Laws Major Legislation like Air (P & C.P.) Act, Water (P & C.P.) Act. Environment Protection. Act 19S6. Wild life Protection Act etc.
nd
42
nd
amendment (1974) Environmental Protection and improvement were incorporated into the constitution by the 42 amendment act.
nd
Makes State Gov. responsible to protect and improve the environment and to safe guard the forests and wildlife of the country. Fundamental duty Every citizen Bhopal Gas Tragedy Nation wide uproarEnvironment Protection Act
Central Pollution Control Board
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), statutory organisation, was constituted in September, 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
Further, CPCB was entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Principal functions of the CPCB, as spelt out in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, o o (i) to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States by prevention, control and abatement of water pollution, and (ii) to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country. Air Quality Monitoring is an important part of the air quality management.
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The National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP) has been established with objectives to determine the present air quality status and trends and to control and regulate pollution from industries and other source to meet the air quality standards. It also provides background air quality data needed for industrial siting and towns planning.
Besides this, CPCB has an automatic monitoring station at ITO Intersection in New Delhi. At this station Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) are being monitored regularly.
This information on Air Quality at ITO is updated every week.
Environmental Laws
1. THE FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980 Statement of Objects and Reasons. (1) Deforestation causes ecological imbalance and leads to environmental deterioration. Deforestation had been taking place on a large scale in the country and it had caused widespread concern.
(2) With a view to checking further deforestation, the President promulgated on the 25th October, 1980, the Forest (Conservation) Ordinance, 1980. The Ordinance made the prior approval of the Central government necessary for de-reservation of reserved forests and for use of forestland for non- forest purposes
Committee to advice on proposals received by the Central Government: (1) The Central Government shall refer every proposal, complete in all respects, received by it including site inspection report, wherever required, to the Committee for its advice thereon.
(2) The committee shall have due regard to all or any of the following matters while tendering its advice on the proposals referred to it under sub-rule (1), namely: -
(a) Whether the forest land proposed to be used for non- forest purpose forms part of a nature reserve, national park, wildlife sanctuary, and biosphere reserve or forms part of the habitat or any endangered or threatened species of flora and fauna or of an area lying in severely eroded catchments;
(b) Whether the use of any forest land is for agricultural purposes or for the rehabilitation of persons displaced from their residences by reason of any river valley or hydroelectric
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project;
(c) Whether the State Government or other authority has certified that it has considered all other alternatives and that no other alternatives in the circumstances are feasible and that the required area is the minimum needed for the purposes; and
(d) Whether the State government or the other authority undertakes to provide at its cost for the acquisition of land of an equivalent area and afforestation thereof.
(3) While tendering the advice, the Committee may also suggest any conditions or restrictions on the use of any forest land for any non-forest purpose, which in its opinion, would minimise adverse environmental impact. Proceedings against persons guilty of offences under the Act: -
(1) The Central Government may, by notification, authorise any officer not below the rank of Conservator of Forests or the concerned forest officer having territorial jurisdiction over the forest land in respect of which the said offence is said to have been committed, to file complaints against the person(s) prima-facie found guilty of offence under the Act or the violation of the rules made thereunder, in the court having jurisdiction in the matter.
Provided that no complaint shall be filed in the court, without giving the person(s) or officer(s) or authority(s) against whom the allegation of offence exist, an opportunity to explain his or their conduct and to show cause, by issuing a notice in writing of not less than sixty days, as to why a complaint should not be filed in the court against him or them for alleged offences.
This Act provides for the conservation of forests and regulating diversion of forestlands for non-forestry purposes. When projects falls within forestlands, prior clearance is required from relevant authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. State governments cannot de-reserve any forestland or authorise its use for any non-forest purposes without approval from the Central government.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was introduced as an umbrella legislation that provides a holistic framework for the protection and improvement to the environment.
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Act and the associated Rules requires for obtaining environmental clearances for specific types of new / expansion projects and for submission of an environmental statement to the State Pollution Control Board annually.
POWER OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT TO TAKE MEASURES TO PROTECT AND IMPROVE ENVIRONMENT (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government, shall have the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing controlling and abating environmental pollution. (2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (1), such measures may include measures with respect to all or any of the following matters, namely:-(i) Co-ordination of actions by the State Governments, officers and other authorities-(a) under this Act, or the rules made thereunder, or (b) Under any other law for the time being in force which is relatable to the objects of this Act; (ii) Planning and execution of a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution; (iii) Laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects; (iv) Laying down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources whatsoever: Provided that different standards for emission or discharge may be laid down under this clause from different sources having regard to the quality or composition of the emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from such sources; (v) restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards;
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(vi) Laying down procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollution and remedial measures for such accidents; (vii) Laying down procedures and safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances; (viii) Examination of such manufacturing processes, materials and substances as are likely to cause environmental pollution; (ix) Carrying out and sponsoring investigations and research relating to problems of environmental pollution; (x) Inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, machinery, manufacturing or other processes, materials or substances and giving, by order, of such directions to such authorities, officers or persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution; (xi) Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions entrusted to such environmental laboratories and institutes under this Act; (xii) Collection and dissemination of information in respect of matters relating to environmental pollution;
3. AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT 1981 A. The objective of this Act is to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes, of Boards, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards powers B. States not having air pollution boards were required to set up air pollution boards. C. Under the Air Act, all industries operating within designated air pollution control areas must obtain consent (permit) from the state boards. D. These states are required to prescribe emission standards for industry and automobiles after consulting the Central board and noting its ambient air quality standards.
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (N.A.M.P.)
The network consists of three hundred and thirty two (332) operating stations covering one hundred and twenty one (121) cities/towns in twenty five (25) states and four (4) Union Territories of the country.
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The objectives of the N.A.M.P.

To determine status and trends of ambient air quality; To ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated; To Identify Non-attainment Cities; To obtain the knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures
Under N.A.M.P., four air pollutants viz .,

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations.
Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules

This rule aims at controlling noise levels in public places from various sourcesIndustrial activity, construction activity, generator sets, loud speakers, public address systems, music systems, vehicular horns and other mechanical devices having deleterious effects on human health and the psychological well being of the people.
The Noise Standards/Limits Noise Limit for Generator Sets Run with Petrol/Kerosene 86 dBA
Noise Limit for Generator Sets Run With Diesel 1000 KVA, manufactured on or after the 1 st January, 2005 shall be 75 dB(A) Noise Standards for Firecrackers (The manufacture, sale or use of firecrackers generating noise level exceeding 125 dB(AI) or 145 dB(C) pk at 4 meters distance from the point of bursting shall be prohibited. )
NOTICES/DIRECTIONS ISSUED UNDER SECTION 5 OF EPA,
M/s Birla Power Solutions Ltd. was issued Show cause notice under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 in January, 2004, for non-compliance with emission and noise limits.
The directions were confirmed in April, 2004 and the manufacturer was asked to recall all two-stroke gensets sold and make them complaint with phase II emission limits applicable from June 1, 2001, before they are sent back to the customers.
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Notices under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act were issued to 7 diesel genset manufacturers on March 10, 2005.
These manufacturers were directed to install acoustic enclosure at the customers end or replace the non-compliant diesel generator sets with compliant diesel generator sets at their own cost.
WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL ) ACT 1974
The objectives of the Act are to provide for the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution and the maintenance or restoration of the wholesomeness of water for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the purposes aforesaid,
The act inhibits discharge or disposal of polluting substance to water bodies in excess of standards prescribed. A person must take consent from state board before and after establishing industry.
WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL ) ACT comprises of
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, as amended up to 1988. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Procedure for Transaction of Business) Rules, 1975.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, as amended by Amendment Act, 1991.
The
Water
(Prevention
and
Control
of
Pollution)
Cess
Rules,
1978.
WATER (PREVENTION & CONTROL ) ACT is Applied to streams, inland waters, subterranean waters and sea or tidal waters.

Act provides boards to set the standard Act provides permit or consent procedure to prescribe the standards. The legislation establishes a Central Pollution Control Board, and State Pollution Control Boards.
Each board, Central or state, consists of a chairman and five members, with agriculture, fisheries and government-owned industry all having representation.
Main responsibilities of the Central Board: coordinating activities of state boards and resolving disputes among them; providing technical assistance; conducting investigations;
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, requires
Opening laboratories for analysis of samples;
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Establishing fees for different types of sample testing; Researching issues and problems; training personnel; Conducting media and public awareness campaigns; Collecting and disseminating data on water pollution; And working with state boards to set standards by stream or well.
State Boards Doing plant-level inspections and monitoring, and advising the Central Board of problems and trends at the local level. Plants can be required to provide the state with information on their pollution control technologies,
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 The Water Cess Act was passed to help meet the expenses of the Central and State water boards. The Act creates economic incentives for pollution control through a differential tax structure and requires local authorities and certain designated industry to pay a cess (tax)
These revenues are used to implement the Water Act. The Central Government, after deducting the expenses of collection, pays the Central board and the states such sums, as it deems necessary to enforce provisions of the Water Act.
To encourage capital investment in pollution control, the Act gives a polluter a 25 per cent rebate f the applicable cess upon installing effluent treatment equipment and meeting the applicable norms.
Penalties
For example, anyone destroying board property, preventing a board employee from performing his or her duties, knowingly providing false information to the board, tampering with monitoring devices installed by the board can be imprisoned up to three months, or fined as much as Rs. 10,000, or both.
More serious violations of the law can incur stiffer penalties, some as high as seven years of imprisonment or Rs. 5,000 per day fines
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Electronic Waste EMS-8
Introduction 1. Indian Scenario 2. Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-Waste 3. Components of E-waste 4. E-waste Trade Value Chain Introduction E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. In developed countries, currently, it equals 1% of total solid waste generation and is expected to grow to 2% by 2010. In USA, it accounts 1% to 3% of the total municipal waste generation. In EU, historically, E-waste is growing three times faster than average annual municipal solid waste generation. A recent source estimates that total amount of E-waste generation in EU ranges from 5 to 7 million tonnes per annum or about 14 to 15 kg per capita and is expected to grow at a rate of 3% to 5% per year. In developing countries, it ranges 0.01% to 1% of the total municipal solid waste generation. In China and India, though annual generation per capita is less than 1 kg, it is growing at an exponential pace. The increasing market penetration in developing countries, replacement market in developed countries and high obsolescence rate make E-waste as one of the fastest waste stream. Environmental issues and trade associated with E-waste at local, trans boundary and international level has driven many countries to introduce interventions. Indian Scenario The Electronics industry has emerged as the fastest growing segment of Indian industry both in terms of production and exports. The share of software services in electronics and IT sector has gone up from 38.7 per cent in 1998-99 to 61.8 percent in 2003-04. A review of the industry statistics show that in 1990-91, hardware accounted for nearly 50% of total IT revenues while software's share was 22%. The scenario changed by 1994-95, with hardware share falling to 38% and software's share rising to 41%. This shift in the IT industry began with liberalization, and the opening up of Indian markets together with which there was a change in India's import policies vis--vis hardware leading to substitution of domestically produced hardware by imports. Since the early 1990s, the software industry has been growing at a compound annual growth rate of
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over 46% (supply chain management, 1999). Output of computers in value terms, for example, increased by 36.0, 19.7 and 57.6 per cent in 2000-01, 2002-03, and 2003-04, respectively. Within this segment, the IT industry is prime mover with an annual growth rate of 42.4% between 1995 and 2000. By the end of financial year 2005-06, India had an installed base of 4.64 million desktops, about 431 thousand notebooks and 89 thousand servers. As per MAIT estimates, the Indian PC industry are growing at a 25% compounded annual growth rate. This growth has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electronic products, consumption rates and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of electronic waste (e-waste). The increasing obsolescence rates of electronic products added to the huge import of junk electronics from abroad create complex scenario for solid waste management in India. The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate and installed base in India for the year 2005 has been estimated to be 146180.00 tonnes. This is expected to exceed 8,00,000 tonnes by 2012.Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated in India. Ten states generate 70% of the total e-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of e-waste generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. There are two small WEEE/E-waste dismantling facilities are functioning in Chennai and Bangalore. There is no large scale organized e-waste recycling facility in India and the entire recycling exists in un-organized sector.
Need for Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-Waste Based on the outcomes of these studies and way forward of national workshop on electronic waste management held in March 2004 and June 2005 organized by CPCB and Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), a need to carry out this study has been identified due to following reasons. a) Toxic components: The recycling practices adopted lead to uncontrolled release of toxic materials in the environment. Some of the documentary evidence of such recycling is shown in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2.
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b) Increasing amount of E- Waste: Product obsolescence is becoming more rapid since the speed of innovation and the dynamism of product manufacturing / marketing has resulted in a short life span (less than two years) for many computer products. Short product life span coupled with exponential increase at an average 15% per year will result in doubling of the volume of E-waste over the next five to six years. c) Lack of environmentally sound recycling infrastructure: It has been established that E-waste , in the absence of proper disposal, find their way to scrap dealers, which are further pushed into dismantler's, supply chain as shown in figure 1.3. Components of E-waste E-waste has been categorized into three main categories, Viz. Large Household Appliances, IT and Telecom and Consumer Equipment. Refrigerator and Washing Machine represent large household appliances, Personal Computer, Monitor and Laptop represent IT and Telecom, while
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Television represents Consumer Equipment. Each of these E-waste items has been classified with respect to twenty six common components, which could be found in them. These components form the Building Blocks of each item and therefore they are readily identifiable and removable. These components are metal, motor/ compressor, cooling, plastic, insulation, glass, LCD, rubber, wiring/ electrical, concrete, transformer, magnetron, textile, circuit board, fluorescent lamp, incandescent lamp, heating element, thermostat, BFR-containing plastic, batteries, CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, external electric cables, refractory ceramic fibers, radio active substances and electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm). The kinds of components, which are found in Refrigerator, Washing Machine, Personal Computers (PC) and TVs, The observations from the analysis of table 2.1 are given below. 1. Radioactive substances, refractory ceramic fibers, electrolyte capacitors (over L/D 25 mm), textile and magnetron are not present in any item. 2. Plastic, circuit board and external electric cables are present in majority of items. BFR containing plastic is present in refrigerator, laptop and television. 3. Refrigerators are unique items because of presence of CFC/HCFC/HFC/HC, cooling, insulation, incandescent lamp and compressor. 4. Heating element is found in washing machine, while thermostat is found in both refrigerator and washing machine. 5. Fluorescent lamp is found only in laptop 6. Metal and motor are found in majority of items except refrigerator 7. Transformer is not found in washing machine and refrigerator 8. CRT is found in personal computer and TV, while LCD is found in PC and TV 9. Batteries are found in PC and laptop 10. Concrete is found in washing machine 11. Rubber is found in refrigerator and washing machine 12. Wiring/ Electrical is found in all the items
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E-waste Trade Value Chain
E-Waste Recycling Process There are various processes involved for recycling / reusing of electronic waste. The major process for different types of electronic items in MMR, Pune and Pimpri chinchwad region
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Web Reference:
1. http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/ewastereport1.pdf
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Major Environmental Problems in India Session- 9 Among India's most pressing environmental problems are land damage, water shortages, and air and water pollution. During 1985, deforestation, which, especially in the Himalaya watershed areas, aggravates the danger of flooding, averaged 1,471 sq km (568 sq mi) per year. India also lost 50% of its mangrove area between 1963 and 1977. Despite three decades of flood-control programs that had already cost an estimated $10 billion, floods in 1980 alone claimed nearly 2,000 lives, killed tens of thousands of cattle, and affected 55 million people on 11.3 million hectares (28 million acres) of land. As of the mid-1990s, 60% of the land where crops could be grown had been damaged by the grazing of the nation's 406 million head of livestock, deforestation, misuse of agricultural chemicals, and salinization. Due to uncontrolled dumping of chemical and industrial waste, fertilizers and pesticides, 70% of the surface water in India is polluted. The nation has 1,260 cu km of renewable water resources, of which 92% is used for farming. Safe drinking water is available to 95% of urban and 79% of rural dwellers. Air pollution is most severe in urban centers, but even in rural areas, the burning of wood, charcoal, and dung for fuel, coupled with dust from wind erosion during the dry season, poses a significant problem. Industrial air pollution threatens some of India's architectural treasures, including the Taj Mahal in Agra, part of the exterior of which has been dulled and pitted by airborne acids. In what was probably the worst industrial disaster of all time, a noxious gas leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, killed more than 1,500 people and injured tens of thousands of others in December 1985. In 1992 India had the world's sixth-highest level of industrial carbon dioxide emissions, which totaled 769 million metric tons, a per capita level of 0.88 metric tons. The environmental effects of intensive urbanization are evident in all the major cities, although Calcuttaonce a symbol of urban blighthas been freed of cholera, and most of the city now has water purification and sewer services. Analogous improvements have been made in other leading cities under the Central Scheme for Environmental Improvement in Slum Areas, launched in 1972, which provided funds for sewers, community baths and latrines, road paving, and other services. However, as of the mid-1990s, only 21 of India's 3,245 cities had effective sewage treatment. The National Committee on Environmental Planning and Coordination was established in 1972 to investigate and propose solutions to environmental problems resulting from continued population growth and consequent economic development; in 1980, the Department of the Environment was created. The sixth development plan (197984), which for the first time included a section on
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environmental planning and coordination, gave the planning commission veto power over development projects that might damage the environment; this policy was sustained in the seventh development plan (198590). The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute has field center areas throughout the country. Environmental Problems 1. Growth of Population : Population growth becomes a burden as it multiples pressures on space and resource. At the present explosive growth rate of population in India. It is difficult to accommodate and feed the growing population and the growth of population. It is significantly influencing resource depletion and environmental pollution.
The man land ratio clearly shows the pressure of population is increasing at alarming rate in cities. The flow of people from villages per day is estimated to be 2000, 800 and 400 respectively for Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai. In Mexico city population is increasing at a rate of 2000 people a day i.e., 7.5 lakh every year. Population of New Delhi was 130 lakh in 1996. India is experiencing an annual growth rate of more than 2 percent which is an explosive growth of population. At this growth rate, Indias population is expected to double in 35 years.
2. Industrialisation & Urbanisation : Industrialization and Urbanisation, is growing at a rate faster than the population growth rate, it implies heavier power demands. Since around 60 percent of the countrys hydroelectric potential is untapped, considerable progress in hydroelectric power generation can be expected in the near future. While computing the costbenefit relationships of these projects, the indirect environmental degradation costs are either ignored or underestimated. Urbanisation by its impact of the quality and quantity of natural resources and energy resources is inevitable. Urbanisation creates a strain on natural resources. This strain is felt in two of its aspects. In the first place,increased consumption of water and other natural resources and sources of energy, leads to shortage of those resources. Secondly, there is the question of pollution of those resources. The second issue relates to the environment, particularly water, air and noise pollution.
3. Air Pollution Fuel wood and biomass burning is the primary reason air pollution among rural India. Fuel wood and biomass cakes are used for cooking and general heating needs. These cook stoves are present in over 100 million Indian households, and are used two to three times a day, daily. As of 2009, majority of Indians still use traditional fuels such as dried cow dung, agricultural wastes, and firewood as cooking fuel.
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This form of fuel is inefficient source of energy, its burning releases high levels of smoke, PM10 particulate matter, NOX, SOX rural and urban India
3. Deforestation : Deforestation leads to soil erosion, floods, droughts, less rainfall, increase in temperature, loss of biodiversity and finally to desertification. Constructions of highways, dams and water transfer projects and urbanisation are mainly responsible for loss of forests. Some tribals practice shifting cultivation, causing environment degradation. In this practice the land in a forest is cleared by cutting the vegetation and burning it.In 1951, 22 percent of Indias geographical area was forest. By 1997,the forest area got reduced to 19 percent. The total area under forest has declined from 72 million hectares at the time of Independence to 63 millions hectares in 1997.
4. Carbon Emission from Automobiles : Transportation is the main reason for air pollution especially in urban areas, where 60 percent of the air pollution is caused by automobiles only. The problem is of much concern in our country as the vehicular population is increasing at an alarming rate every year. The number of four wheelers is going up by 10 percent every year while two and three wheelers by about 20 percent. The Centre of Science and Environment has pointed out that one person dies every hour in Delhi because of air pollution.
5. Excessive Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides : Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is a significant environmental problem in India and kills honey bees and earthworms which disturbs balance of nature and reduces the agricultural output.
6. Plastic Bags : Plastic bags are non-biodegradable. So when they are thrown away, they create many environmental problems. In India, plastic bags are thrown into the sea, especially in tourist centres which causes immeasurable harm to marine life.
7. Soild waste management: Trash and garbage is a common sight in urban and rural areas of India. Indian cities alone generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste a year. Street corners are piled with trash. Public places and sidewalks are despoiled with filth and litter, rivers and canals act as garbage dumps. In part, India's garbage crisis is from rising consumption. India's waste problem also points to a stunning failure of governance.
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4. Suggestion to overcome the environmental problems :a. The Government and the voluntary organisation should take steps to popularise the use of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides, which are having environmental benefits.
b. The owners of big hotels and grocery shops should come forward to change ploy bags and use paper and cloth bags.
c.
The age of marriage for girls should be raised from 18 years to 20 years and of boys 25 years from the present 21 years. This is under active consideration of the Central Government and this must be implemented so as to control population growth.
d. Regular awareness campaigns should be conducted by voluntary organizations to create awareness about environmental conservation activities.
e. A massive programme of waste land development through afforestation and tree planting with peoples participation should be popularised. This should be done especially during the monsoon season. The Government and other voluntary organisation should educate the common mass about the need.
f.
There is a Central Pollution Control Board which co-ordinate the State Pollution Central Boards throughout the country. These regulatory bodies have been entrusted with the responsibility of continuous monitoring and routine check up of the environment problems. These agencies take necessary action against erring industries. At the same time, it is expected that the industries act according to the guidelines is proposed by Pollution Control Board.
g. The Government should take steps by controlling air pollution due to emission from automobiles by formulating efficient transport policies. The automobile industries and oil industries must also come forward to improve their existing standards to save the atmosphere from air pollution. h. Appropriate and immediate legislation is needed to control and regulate the use of ground water and protect surface water sources so as to ensure a basic sustainable supply of drinking water for rural population.
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