DRIER RECOMMENDATIONS

NAPHTHENATE-BASED DRIERS These driers are metallic soaps of naphthenic acid, in combination with synthetic acids. They are stable and extremely soluble in all the usual vehicles and thinners. Naphthenic acid itself is a petroleum derivative and is not a pure chemical compound. By special processes, naphthenic acids are rened through vacuum distillation and fractionation thus maintaining standardized high quality in the nished products. Naphthenates have been traditionally used as driers. SYNTHETIC DRIERS This line of driers is prepared from carefully selected C8...C12 branched chain synthetic acids, mainly 2-ethylhexanoic acid (for octoates) and neodecanoic acid (for neodecanoates). The blends of acid are chosen to maximize stability and other properties of the individual metal salt. The products are available at high metal concentrations, resulting in further savings, as well as in the traditional metal concentrations. COMBINATION DRIERS DriCAT 10 Catalyst gives optimum drier activity and stability with minimum loss of dry in water reducible systems. Auxiliary Driers DriCAT16 and 18 provide outstanding drying performance in most coating vehicles, particularly when drying is performed under adverse environmental conditions. DriCAT 7 provides both surface and through dry with just one drier addition. Maximum speed of dry, dry retention, gloss and gloss retention is attained while yeilding tough, water-resistant coatings.

LOSS OF DRY INHIBITORS Paints based on carbon blacks, organic pigments and similar pigments having large surface areas may lose the initial drying properties because of physical and chemical adsorption reactions between the drier and the pigment surface. This so-called loss of dry phenomenon can be avoided by adding the proper loss of dry inhibitor, Duroct Cobalt 21, Durastab LF. WATER-DISPERSIBLE DRIERS This line of water-dispersible driers was especially developed for use in water soluble alkyds, oils, urethanes and alkyd-emulsion vehicles. These driers may be incorporated during the let-down operation with simple agitation. However, it is recommended to pre-mix the product with the binder or water (approx. 10% solution). This reduces the risk of occulation or coagulation. Our WDX driers have been specically formulated for ease of incorporation into the coating. However, premixing of the driers with water or glycols/glycol ethers is recommended to further improve drier compatibility to avoid the problems associated with drier incompatibility due to solvent polarity differences.

DRIER RECOMMENDATIONS (continued) DriCAT 408 SPECIAL COBALT-FREE DRIER DriCAT 408 is a special cobalt-free drier catalyst for oxidatively drying urethane alkyd lacquers. Clear oor coatings based on urethane modied lacquers show mostly a dark color when cobalt is used as a drier. DriCAT 408 is a drier complex that can be combined with, for example, zirconium and calcium and will assure good drying properties of urethane alkyds while keeping the hue as light as possible. DriCAT DRIERS FOR HIGH SOLIDS SYSTEMS DURA offers an extensive line of driers for low-VOC, high-solids alkyd systems. In addition to the conventional driers, we offer a number of specialty driers specically formulated for these systems, including DriCAT 3 (vanadium), DriCAT 12 (neodymium) and Dural A-MS (aluminum). These driers promote improved dry times for difcult to cure systems with excellent nal lm properties. XL Dri PROMOTERS FOR HIGH SOLIDS and WATER-BORNE SYSTEMS XL Dri is a chelating agent, free of metals. It is used in water-borne systems as a loss of dry inhibitor and in high solid alkyds in which wrinkling effects are prevented. DriCAT DRIERS FOR ALKYD EMULSIONS DURA offers a line of water-dispersible driers that can be used in alkyd dispersions/emulsions. Our WDX driers have been specically formulated for ease of incorporation into the coating. However, premixing of the driers with water or glycols/glycol ethers is recommended to further improve drier compatibility to avoid the problems associated with drier incompatibility due to solvent polarity differences. We also offer DriCAT 507 as a cobalt-containing drier blend for these systems as well as DriCAT 508 as a cobalt-free drier for urethane alkyds. ULTRA-LOW VOC DRIERS DURA offers a line of Ultra-Low VOC Driers formulated in methyl soyate as solvent with nonvolatile matter in excess of 95%. These driers are ideal for very low VOC coatings. These driers can be readily incorporated into most solventborne coatings and have also been found to be compatible and stable in a number of waterborne resins, especially alkyd emulsions. Driers based on cobalt, manganese, calcium and zirconium are immediately available while other metals can be provided upon request.

DURA can provide a variety of combination driers upon request. The mentioned types are just some examples. Dura supplies the Nuodex, Nuxtra, and Nuact brand names only in North America.

DURA Drier Recommendations

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VEHICLE OR TYPE COBALT MANGANESE ZIRCONIUM CALCIUM ZINC LEAD DriCAT10 DriCAT 16 DriCAT7 REMARKS (3) DriCAT 18 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ % Metal ALKYDS Long Oil (Soya) 0.03-0.06 0.02-0.06 0.02-0.04 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.05 0.02-0.04 0.03-0.06 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.04 0.01-0.02 0.02-0.03 0.04-0.06 0.03-0.05 0.04-0.06 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.05 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.03 0.01-0.02 0.02-0.03 0.02-0.03 0.05-0.1 0.04-0.06 0.03-0.05 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.04 0.03-0.04 0.02-0.04 0.02-0.04 % Metal 0.01-0.02 0.02-0.03 0.02-0.06 0.02-0.03 0.02-0.03 % Metal 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.1-0.3 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4 0.1-0.3 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.3 % Metal 0.02-0.06 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.05 0.03-0.5 0.03-0.05 0.02-0.04 0.1-0.2 0.05-0.1 % Metal 0.1-0.2 % Metal 0.3-0.6 % Metal 0.3-0.6 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.1 % Metal 0.2-0.3 0.2-0.3 0.2-0.3 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.02-0.03 0.1-0.2 0.02-0.04 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.1 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.1-0.2 0.05-0.1 % Metal 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.1 0.1-0.2 Improved Through Dry Good Performance Restricted Best Overall Dry Improved Through Dry Good Performance Restricted Good Performance Best Overall Dry Good Performance Best Overall Dry Good Performance Restricted Good Performance Good Performance Increased Hardness Good Performance Good Performance

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Long Oil (Linseed)

Long Oil (Others) Medium Oil (Soya)

SOLVENT AIR DRY

Medium Oil (Linseed) Medium Oil (Others) Short Oil (Soya) Short Oil (Castor) Short Oil (Tall) OILS Linseed Raw Boiled Alkali Refined Heat Bodied Soya Bean Raw Heat Bodied Castor Dehydrated OTHERS Polyurethane (Oil Modified) Modified Alkyds Vinyl Toluene Alkyds Styrene Alkyd Rosin Phenolics Acrylic Modified Spar Varnish Epoxy Ester

0.3-0.6 -

Good Performance

Good Performance

Good Performance 0.05 0.05-0.1 Best Overall Dry Good Performance -

VEHICLE OR TYPE COBALT MANGANESE ZIRCONIUM CALCIUM ZINC XL Dri DriCAT 3 DriCAT 12 Dural A-MS REMARKS _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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HIGH SOLIDS

% Metal High Solids 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.06 0.03-0.06 0.01-0.03

% Metal -

% Metal 0.2-0.6 -

%Metal -

%Metal -

As Supplied % Metal 0.2-0.3 0.2-0.3 0.2-0.3 0.03-0.05

% Metal 0.2-0.3 -

% Metal 0.2-.0.3 -

Excellent Hard Dry Heavy Film Build

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VEHICLE OR TYPE COBALT MANGANESE ZIRCONIUM CALCIUM ZINC LEAD DriCAT 10 DriCAT 16 REMARKS _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ % Metal ALKYDS Medium Oil (Soya) .01 - .03 .01 - .03 .01 - .03 .01 - .03 .01 - .03 .01 - .03 .005 - .01 .005 - .01 .01 - .03 .01 - .03 .06 - 0.1 .005 - .01 .005 - .01 % Metal .06 0. 1 .005 - .01 % Metal % Metal % Metal 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.15 % Metal 0.2 - 0.3 0.2 - 0.3 % Metal .02 - .04 .02 - .04 % Metal .05 - 0.1 .05 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.2 .05 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.2 Dark Colors Best Color Best Color Wrinkle F inishes Hardest Film Best Color Best Dark Colors Restricted Increased Hardness Best Increased Hardness Restricted

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SOLVENT BAKE

Medium Oil (Linseed)

Short Oil (Soya) Short Oil (Tall) Short Oil (Dehydrated Castor) Maleic / Castor Modified Phenolic HIGH SOLIDS Polyester / Melamine (Acid Catalyzed) VEHICLE OR TYPE

.004 - .006 Mang anese an d .00 4 - .006 Iro n 0.1 - 0.15 0.2 0.4 0.1 - 0.2 -

0.1 - 0.2

Reduced Bake Schedule

COBALT MANGANESE ZIRCONIUM CALCIUM DriCAT 97 DriCAT 408 DriCAT 507 DriCAT 508 REMARKS WR or WDX WR or WDX WR WR _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ % Metal % Metal % Metal % Metal % Metal As Supplied As Supplied As Supplied

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WATER-BORNE

ALKYDS (Dispersible)

0.05 - 0.15 -

0.04 - 0.08 -

0.15 - 0.3 0.10 - 0.2 0.15 - 0.3

0.15 - 0.3 0.15 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.2 0.15 - 0.3

0.15 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.6 0.3 - 0.6

Air Dry or Bake Better Dry Retent ion Best Dry With Tert iary Amines Only Bake Systems Best Dry

(Soluble)

OTHERS Urethane (Oil Modified) Alkyd (Chain Stopped) Alkyd (Acrylic Modified) Linseed Oil (Soluble) LATEX MODIFIERS Oil (Linseed & Soya) Maleinized Alkyd (Linseed & Soya) (Castor) Alkyd Emulsion

0.05 - 0.15 0.02 - 0.06 0.02 - 0.04 0.02 - 0.04 0.02 - 0.04 -

0.15 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.3 -

0.15 - 0.2 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.15 0.1 - 0.3 -

0.3 - 0.6 0.3 - 0.6 0.1 - 0.3 0.2 - 0.4 -

7.2010.8

Best Color Best Initial Dry & Retention Best Color Shorter Dry Time

7.20-10.8/100 gal. 3.7 lb./100 gal.

Best Color

Best Ease of Introduction

LOW VOC

VEHICLE OR TYPE DriCAT 2712 DriCAT 2508 DriCAT 2005 DriCAT 4012 REMARKS _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ % Metal Ultra-Low VOC Alkyd 0.03- 0.15 % Metal 0.03- 0.15 % Metal 0.15 - 0.3 % Metal 0.15 - 0.3 90+% Solids Driers for Ultra-Low VOC Co atin gs

Expressed as % metal on vehicle solids, i.e., - 100 lb. resin at 50% solids = 50 lb. resin solids. To obtain .04% metal on resin solids we have 50 lb. (resin solids) x .04% (% metal required) / 12 (% metal Duroct Cobalt 12% driers): 50 lb. x 0.04 = 0.167 lb. of Duroct Cobalt 12% driers 12 Proprietary metal complexes DriCAT 18 driers should be considered in place of DriCAT 16 if color is of primary concern, especially if very long length of alkyds or 100% oil based coatings

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In view of the continued progress being made in resins and other paint raw materials, these recommendations are offered primarily as starting points from which the formulator may proceed as required in individual cases. This information is furnished without warranty, representation, inducement or license of any kind, except that it is accurate to the best of Dura Chemicals, Inc.s knowledge or obtained from sources believed by Dura Chemicals, Inc. to be accurate, and Dura Chemicals, Inc. does not assume any legal responsibility for use or reliance upon same. Tests should be carried out only by chemists or chemically qualified lab technicians. Before using any chemical, read its label and Material Safety Data Sheet. Registered Trademark of Dura Chemicals, Inc.