THEORY:DELTA MODULATION :Delta modulation is the differential pulse code modulation scheme in which thedifference signal is encoded into

just a single bit. In digital modulation system, theanalog signal is sampled and digitally coded. This code represents the sampledamplitude of the analog signal. The digital signal is sent to the receiver throughany channel in serial form. At the receiver the digital signal is decoded and filteredto get reconstructed analog signal. Sufficient number of samples are required toallow the analog signal to be reconstructed accurately. Delta modulation is aprocess of converting analog signal into one bit code, means only one bit is sentper sample. This bit indicates whether the signal is larger or smaller than theprevious samples. The advantage of DM is that the modulator and demodulatorcircuits are much simpler than those used in traditional PCM. Delta modulation is an encoding process where the logic levels of the transmittedpulses indicate whether the decoded output should rise or fall at each pulse. Thisis a true digital encoding process compared to PAM, PWM and PPM.If signal amplitude has increased in DM then modulated output is a logic level 1. If the signal amplitude has decreased the modulator output is logic level 0. Thus theoutput from the modulator is a series of zeroes and ones to indicate rise and fallof the waveform from the previous value.The block diagram of Delta Modulation illustrates the components at thetransmitter end of the channel and the receiver the base band signal a(t) and itsquantized approximation i(t) are applied as inputs to the comparator. Acomparator as its name suggests simply makes a comparison between inputs. Thecomparator has one fixed output c(t) when a(t) > i(t) and the different outputwhen a(t) < i(t) the comparator output is then latched in to a D-flip flop which isclocked by the selected transmitter clock. Thus the output of the D-flip/flop islatched 1 or 0 synchronous with the clock edge. This binary data stream istransmitted to the receiver and is also fed to unipolar to bipolar converter. Thisblock converts a logic `0' to positive voltage level and a logic '1' to negative

voltage level. Then unipolar to bipolar output is fed to the input of integrator. Theintegrator output is then connected to the negative terminal of voltagecomparator, thus completing the modulator circuit. The waveform of the DeltaModulator is as shown in the figure.Slope overload error.

DELTA DEMODULATION The Delta Demodulator consists of a D-flip/flop, unipolar to bipolar converterfollowed by an integrator and a 2"d/4Ihe order low pass butterworth filter. TheDelta Demodulator receives the data stream from D-flip/flop of Delta Modulator.It latches this data at every rising edge of receiver clock. This data stream is thenfed to unipolar to bipolar converter, which changes the output from D-flip/flop toeither - ve voltage or +ve voltage for logic '1' and '0' respectively. As it

has beenseen in case of modulator when the output from unipolar to bipolar c nverter isapplied to integrator, its output tries to follow the analog signal in ramp ~ashionand hence is a good approximation of the signal itself. The integrator outputcontains sharp edges, which is smoothened out by the 2nd order, and 4
th

orderlow bass butter worth filter whose cut-off frequency is just above the audio band. Fig. 1.2 Block Diagram of Delta Demodulator
D F/FUnipolar toBipolarConverterIntegrator2
nd

order/4
th

Order FilterSignalDMS i n a l

The practical use of Delta Modulation is limited due to following drawbacks:i) NOISE: A noise is defined, as any unwanted random waveform accompanyingthe information signal. When the signal is received at the receiver irrespective of any copy channel it is always accompanied by noise.ii) DISTORTION: Distortion means that the receiver output is not the true of theanalog input signal at the transmitter. In Delta modulation, when the analogsignal is greater than the integrator output the integrator ramps up to meet theanalog signal. The ramping rate of integrator is constant. Therefore if the rate of change of analog input is faster than the ramping rate, the modulator is unable tocatch up with the input signal. This causes a large disparity between theinformation signal and it's quantised approximation. This error phenomenon isknown as Slope over loading (as shown in fig. (a) ) and causes the loss of rapidlychanging information. The problem of slope overload can be solved by increasingthe ramping rate of the integrator. But as it can be seen from the figure the effectof the large step size is to add large sharp edges at the integrator output andhence it adds to noise.iii) Another problem of Delta Modulation is that it is unable to pass DCinformation. This is not a serious limitation of the speech communication.