CHAPTER-1 INDUCTION MOTOR

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The induction motor is made up of the stator, or stationary windings, and the rotor. The stator consists of a series of wire windings of very low resistance permanently attached to the motor frame. As a voltage and a current is applied to the stator winding terminals, a magnetic field is developed in the windings. By the way the stator windings are arranged, the magnetic field appears to synchronously rotate electrically around the inside of the motor housing. The rotor is comprised of a number of thin bars, usually aluminum, mounted in a laminated cylinder. The bars are arranged horizontally and almost parallel to the rotor shaft. At the ends of the rotor, the bars are connected together with a shorting ring. The rotor and stator are separated by an air gap which allows free rotation of the rotor. The magnetic field generated in the stator induces an EMF in the rotor bars. In turn, a current is produced in the rotor bars and shorting ring and another magnetic field is induced in the rotor with an opposite polarity of that in the stator. The magnetic field, revolving in the stator, will then produces the torque which will pull on the field in the rotor and establish rotor rotation.

Fig1.1- INDUCTION MACHINE ACTION

1.2) VOLTAGE EQUATIONS OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The winding arrangement for a 2-pole,3-phase, wye-connected, symmetrical induction machine as shown in fig 1.2. The stator winding are identical, sinusoidally distributed windings, displaced by , with equivalent turns and resistance . The rotor winding will also be considered as three identical sinusoidally distributed windings, displaced , with equivalent turns and resistance .

Fig1. 2 Two Pole, Three phase, wye connected symmetrical Induction Motor
All stator self-inductances are equal; that is; = =

Where,

= Stator magnetizing inductance g=length of the uniform air gap

All stator-to stator mutual inductances are same as machine is symmetrical. For example

The rotor self-inductances are equal with

Where rotor magnetizing inductance may be expressed as

The rotor-to-rotor mutual inductances are

Expressions for mutual inductances between stator and rotor winding may be written by noting the form of mutual inductance between the field and stator windings of the synchronous machine. Here we see that , , are equal with

Also,

are equal with ( )

And,

are equal with

( Where, ( )( )

So, The voltage equation for induction machine are:

Where, = Resistance of each stator phase winding = Resistance of each rotor phase winding Flux linkages may be written as,

We can see from above equations due to time varying-mutual inductances between stator and rotor circuits ( circuits in relative motion)

Voltage equation in machine variable may be expressed as

Where,

( (

) )

[ [

] ]

The s subscript denotes variable and parameters associated with stator circuits. The r subscript denotes variable and parameters associated with rotor circuits. Both and are diagonal matrices, each with equal nonzero elements. For a magnetically linear system, the flux linkages may be expressed as

][

winding inductances value takes up the form

In the equations, leakage inductances of the stator windings.

magnetizing inductances of the stator windings. leakage inductances of the rotor windings. magnetizing inductances of the rotor windings. leakage inductances of the stator windings. mutual inductances between the stator and rotor windings.

When expressing the voltage equations in machine variable form, it is convenient to refer all rotor variables to the stator windings by appropriate turn ratios:

We can express

as follows:

( ( [ ( ) ) (

( (

) ) ]

can be expressed as:

We obtain,

The flux linkages may now be expressed as

][

Now the voltage equations expressed in terms of machine variable referred to the stator windings may now be written as

][

CHAPTER 2 DYNAMIC d-q MODEL

2.1).INTRODUCTION

 We have seen the voltage equations of three phase induction motor and has understood that dynamic performance of an ac induction machine is complex because of the fact that three phase rotor windings move with respect to the three phase stator windings as shown in fig 2.1

Fig 2.1. Coupling effect in three phase stator and rotor windings of motor The machine model can be described by differential equations with time varying mutual inductance, but such a model tends to be very complex So we represent it into an equivalent two phase machine where d-q represents stator direct and stator quadrature axis

. Fig 2.2. Equivalent two phase machine The process of conversion from the actual coils of the machine to the equivalent d and q axis of a machine is known as TRANSFORMATION. A transformation must be made in such a way that magnitude and direction of mmf set up by three phase currents is equal to two coil current The rotor of this machine should not know wheather the rotating mmf is produced by three phase currents (Ia, Ib,Ic) or two current coils (ids , qds)

2.2).TRANSFORMATION IN MACHINE

Here we will look upon the transformation equation which are the equation expressing old variables in terms of new variables .and hence the matrix takes up the form [new variables]=[transformation matrix][old variables] Linear transformation in electrical machine are uaually carried out for the purpose of obtaining new equations which are fewer in number of are more easily solved.so now we transform three phase machine having three voltage equations transformed to generalised model which requires only two voltage equations. Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of a 3- phase induction motor with the d,q axes superimposed. The q-axis lags the d-axis by 90. A voltage Vaxis applied to stator phase A while the current flowing through it is Ias. Phases Band C are not shown on the diagram in an attempt to maintain clarity. In the d,q model, coils DS and QS replace the stator phase coils AS, BS and CS, while coils DR and QR replace the rotor phase coils AR, BR and CR.

Fig2.1-D,Q AXIS SUPERIMPOSITION ONTO A THREE PHASE INDUCTION FIGURE

Let the d anq axis be oriented at an angle . .the voltage about q and d axis can be resolved into voltages about a , b and c qxis and the matrix takes up the form

( (

) )

( (

) )

][

And the inverse relation takes up the form ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )] [

2.3)VARIOUS FRAMES OF REFERENCE

The speed of rotation of the d,q axes can be arbitrary although there are three preferred speeds or reference frames as follows: The stationary reference frame when the d,q axes do not rotate; The synchronously rotating reference frame when the d,q axes rotate at synchronousspeed; The rotor reference frame when the d,q axes rotate at rotor speed.

Fig 3.1.relation between abc and arbitarydq0

CHAPTER 3 Machine Modeling in arbitrary (Dqo) frame of reference

3.1.DQ0 VOLTAGE EQUATION

Voltage equation in arbitrary frame if reference takes the form

Where

( (

) )

[ [

] ]

Equations for a magnetically linear system:

( ) ) ( )

( ) ][ ( )

Where,

Because

is similar in form to

, it follows that

) [ ]

It can be shown that

( ) ( ) = ( ) =[ ]

( (

) )

Expression for flux linkage:

( (

) )

( (

) )

Fig 3.1- Arbtitrary reference frames equivalent circuits for three phase induction machine.

3.2 DQO FLUX LINKAGE RELATION

Flux Linkage and Voltage in terms of reactance

(6.1.9)

Where,

Volatge equations in terms of Flux Linkage per second

Chapter 4 SIMULATION OF INDUCTION MACHINE

4.1 RATINGS
i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. Nominal power = 746 W Voltage = 200 V (line to line ) Frequency = 60 Hz Stator resistance = 3.34 Stator inductance = 0.00694 H Rotor resistance = 1.99 Rotor inductance = 0.00694 H Mutual inductance = 0.1637 H Inertia constant = 0.1 Kg. Number of poles = 4 Solver = ode15s ( stiff / NDF )

4.2 Block diagrams

Figure 4.1 Block diagram for 1hp induction motor in stationary reference frame

Figure 4.2 Block diagram for abc to qds

Figure 4.3 inside d-axis block

Figure 4.4 inside q-axis block

Figure 4.5 Inside rotor block

Figure 4.6 qds to abc

4.3 Waveform

Figure 4.7 Torque

Figure 4.8

ratio

Figure 4.9 Current

and

Figure 4.10 Current

and

REFERENCES
[1] Krause, P. C., Simulation of symmetrical induction machinery, IEEE T rans. Power Apparatus Systems, Vol. PAS-84, No. 11, pp. 10381053 (1965) [2] Ghani, S. N., Digital computer simulation of three-phase induction machine dynamics a generalized approach, IEEE T rans Industry Appl., Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 106114 (1988) [3] Wade, S., Dunnigan, M. W. and Williams, B. W., Modeling and simulation of induction machine vector control and rotor resistance identication, IEEE T rans. Power Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 495505 (1997)172 [4] Shi, K. L., Chan, T. F. and Wong, Y. K., Modelling of the three-phase induction motor using SIMULINK, Record of the 1997 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, USA, pp. WB3-6 (1997)