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EPT
The Plan
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Influent water quality characterization Produced Water characteristics: WSOs, Solids, Temperature Produced Oil properties (API gravity, Oil-in-water droplet size distribution) Temporal Variability / Dynamic (hourly & over life of facility) Produced water flowrate Oil-in-water concentration Solids concentration and particle size in produced water Effluent water quality treatment specifications Overboard discharge Environmental Protection Discharge Limitations (Oil-in-Water, Toxicity, etc.) Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI) Equipment Operability (pumps, flowlines, screens) Sustainable Injectivity (formation plugging)
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Water Injection Necessity / Benefits (Enabled / Improved Production) Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI) Seawater Injection Production chemicals, Well Treatment, Flow Assurance (Impacts) Weight / Footprint Motion (Floating Facilities) Reliability / Redundancy Operability / Simplicity / Maintenance Intensity Scale & Corrosion Management (inhibition) Amenable to future modification / modular design
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Technology Identification
Treatment Technologies: Reliability / Redundancy Size / Weight
Starting Point: Water Quality Flow / Variability Field Life Chemicals EPT
Hydrocyclones IGF/MBF/DGF/CFU Coalescers Absorption Media Filtration Membrane Filtration Extraction Oxidation Evaporation Re-Injection Chemicals
The Plan
Basis of Design Treatment Technologies Resources for Additional Information
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De-Sanding / Solids Filtration Gravity separation De-Sanding (Solid/Liquid) Hydrocyclones Media filtration (sand filter / dual media filter / deep bed filter) Physical barrier (cartridge / sock) Membrane Separation (MF) De-Oiling Gravity separation Coalescence enhanced gravity separation De-Oiling (Liquid/Liquid) Hydrocyclones Gas Flotation Absorption (organoclay, etc.) Walnut Shell Media Filtration Membrane Separation (ceramic, vibrating)
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Polishing - soluble pollutant removal Absorption (Activated Carbon, Organoclay, etc.) Aeration & sedimentation (for iron removal) Partitioning Manipulation (enticing soluble pollutants into oil phase prior to De-Oiling) Solvent Extraction Biological treatment (membrane bio-reactor, fixed film, etc.) Oxidation Membrane Separation (UF & NF)
Polishing - salinity reduction Membrane Separation (RO) Ion Exchange Electrodialysis (ED) Evaporation (Freeze/Thaw, ponds, etc.) Thermal distillation
Polishing - salinity reduction & soluble pollutant removal Membrane Separation (RO) Constructed Wetlands
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Ga s Foam
Free Settling Hindered Settling Dense Packed
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Membrane Filtration
Generally
Cost
Gas Flotation
De-Oiling Hydrocyclones
0 10 20 30 40 50
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Gas Flotation
Injected gas bubbles attach to oil droplets, reducing their density Most effective when gas bubbles size < oil droplet size Oil is then skimmed off as a froth (a.k.a. float) Gas is introduced IGF mechanically via paddles or via eductor DGF - dissolving under pressure and then releasing Typically delivers 25 ppm oil-in-water concentration from inlet containing oil droplets larger than 20 m More effective with chemical addition (coagulants + flocculants) Can remove up to 70% suspended solids Disadvantages Sensitive to platform motion (due to surface skimming) Poor response to change in feed concentrations or flow rates
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Motor Gas drawn in Skimmer paddles Weir Disperser breaks gas into minute bubbles
Disperser hood
Disperser
Launder
T71
T71 Rotor
Oil reject
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Vertical IGF
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De-Oiling Hydrocyclones
Advantages Small footprint, compact Efficient - typical performance 20 mg/l Motion independent Inlet feed quality - Typically >10 micron No chemical generally required Low maintenance Disadvantages Min. operating pressure drop (4-5bar) Flow operating range too much or too little flow causes drop in efficiency Solids erosion / carryover
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De-Oiling Hydrocyclones
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De-Oiling Hydrocyclones
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Coalescers
Oil Droplets Captured On Fibres or resin Fibre or resin bed
Coalescence is the formation / combination of smaller droplets into larger droplets Coalescence takes place on the fibres of a cartridge, within a resin bed or a structured packing Disadvantages: blockage by solids / requires pre-filtration surface deactivation by surface active chemicals Droplet size dependent
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Characteristics Relatively long retention times for gravity separation are feasible due to practicality of installing larger tanks Relatively high treatment specification for oil-in-water concentration due to PWRI Standard Technologies Employed Gravity Separation (Gun-Barrel Separator)
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Generalities
A single Water Treatment Technology is usually not a complete solution Often, treatment in stages is necessary Often, pre-treatment is necessary to protect and enable downstream processes Real systems have variations in flowrate, water quality Real systems are subject to abuse, neglect and operating errors Often, treatment processes will concentrate pollutants into a smaller volume of water (often 5% - 35%), which will have highly concentrated pollutants, and will still require disposal or management. For Example:
1000 bbls volume
&
100 ppm pollutants 1 ppm pollutants treated water
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wastewater
Design the produced water oil-in-water removal system based on: Water quality in (from wells, separators) Water quality out (specifications for discharge/PWRI) Oil droplet size distribution Variability in flowrate / oil concentration / solids / etc. Production chemicals / WSOs / solids / scale Future expandability / modifications Demands: operability / weight / footprint Take Produced Water Treatment Seriously Critical to Oil Production
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The Plan
Basis of Design Treatment Technologies Resources for Additional Information
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