H/W & M/P

Hardwired control Micro programmed control A hardwired control unit has a A micro programmed control unit on processor that generates signals or the other hand makes use of a micro instructions to be implemented in sequencer from which instruction bits correct sequence are decoded to be implemented. This was the older method of control that works through the use of distinct components, drums, a sequential circuit design, or flip chips. It acts as the device supervisor that controls the rest of the subsystems including arithmetic and logic units, registers, instruction registers, off-chip input/output, and buses.

It is implemented using logic gates & It is slower, more flexible & greater flip flops. It is faster, less flexible & complexity. limited in complexity

Hardwired control is a control mechanism to generate control signals by using appropriate finite state machine (FSM). Micro programmed control is a control mechanism to generate control signals by using a memory called control storage (CS), which contains the control signals. Although micro programmed control seems to be advantageous to CISC machines, since CISC requires systematic development of sophisticated control signals, there is no intrinsic difference between these 2 control mechanism. The pair of "microinstruction-register" and "control storage address register" can be regarded as a "state register" for the hardwired control. Note that the control storage can be regarded as a kind of combinational logic circuit. We can assign any 0, 1 values to each output corresponding to each address, which can be regarded as the input for a combinational logic circuit. This is a truth table. CISC also can be implemented by using hardwired control: In the above sense, the micro programmed control is not always necessary to implement CISC machines. Hardwired control also can be used for implementing sophisticated CISC machines. The bases of this opinion are as follows:

1. The same field configuration (state assignment) can be used for both of these two types of control. This is clear because of the above identification. 2. We can use any large FSM ,which has horizontal microcode like state assignment, since the delay for the hardwired control logic (FSM) does not matter at all so long as it is less than or equal to the delay for the data-path, which includes adders, shifters and so on, since the control logic circuit works in parallel with the data-path. 3. The horizontal microcode like state assignment has became very easy to be implemented because of the spread of the hardware description language(HDL)s. In Verilog HDL, `define statements enable us to get perfect net-list for the large FSM in a very short time by using appropriate logic synthesizer. The "parameter" statement also can be used for the state assignment in Verilog HDL. CISC and RISC are the major two different types of ordinary SISD machines. Since the hardwired control have been historically faster, both of these two types of machines are implemented by using the hardwired control in the microcomputer design educational environment