CHAPTER 1 1.

The geologic column is the arrangement of rock layer in order of age, with the oldest on the bottom (T) 2. Igneous rock which we see today could never have been formed below the earths surface (T) 3. Methamorphic rocks are formed by the application of heat and pressure to other rocks unit (T) 4. The rock cycle is the concept of the maintains that a particular rock is only a temporary condition of the material in the rock and that it is destined to undergo further change (T) 5. The lithosphere is the region above the mantle below the crust (F) 6. If two plates move away from one another, the result is the material from the mantle will flow upward (T) 7. What is the process in which one element into one or more different elements called Radioactivity 8. Who is the father, formulator of the doctrine of uniformintarianism? James Hutton 9. What is the zone of the earth is composed mostly of separate section of granite and basalt called? Crust 10. Weathering, transportation, erosion, depotition is the chronological order of the process in the formation of what kind of rock? Sedimentary rock 11. What type of tectonic plate boundary do mid-oceanic ridges correspond to? Divergent 12. What type of tectonic plate boundary do deep-sea trenches correspond to? Convergent 13. Which islands country in Europe chains was not formed in a subduction zone and is not made of andesite but formed by hotspot? Iceland

CHAPTER 2 1. The oxide minerals which are compounds of oxygen and another element are the most abundant rock forming minerals (F) 2. The net charge of the silico oxygen tetrahedron is a negative four (T) 3. In the silicate minerals the silicon oxygen tetrahedra are combined with element such as iron, magnesium, sodium and aluminium (T) 4. Sulfide minerals are minerals formed by the union of sulfur, iron, and variety of other elements (F) 5. Olivine and plagioclase feldspars are good examples of polymorphous minerals (F) 6. Orthoclase, albite, anorthite are feldspar group minerals (T) 7. Muscovite, plagioclase, olivine, and augite are silicate minerals (T) 8. What mineral group does calcite belong to? Carbonate

CHAPTER 3 1. In the continuous reaction series early formed minerals are converted into new minerals by continuously changing their composition and crystal structure (F) 2. All igneous rock have been formed from the solidification of magma (T) 3. The later formed minerals in magma crystallization are more siliceous and alumina rich than the earlier ones (T) 4. The texture of igneous rock is ussualy good indicator of the viscosity of its parent magma (F) 5. Quartz and potassium are typical colored igneous minerals (T) 6. A piece of sandstone found floating in a basalt intrusion would be called xenoliths 7. The process where some of the early formed minerals settle out of the magma is called 8. If a basic magma crystallizes at a rapid rate and no minerals settle out of the magma, the resulting rock may be a basalt 9. Rhyolit is a rock which has the lowest percentage of ferromagnesian minerals (T) 10. A massive concordant pluton that was created when magma pushed up overlaying rock structures into a domes is called laccolith 11. A type of tabular, spoon shaped intrusion that has been differentiatedinto alternating layers of light and dark minerals is called lopolith 12. In the continuous series calcium rich feldspar would be converted to sodium rich feldspar CHAPTER 4 1. Mudflows composed of volcanic debris is called lahars 2. The classic example of the reawakening of a dormant volcano that destroyed the Roman cities of Herculanium and Pompeii is Vesuvius 3. The world greatest explosive eruption took place in 1883, this volcano located in Indonesia archipelago, what is name of it? Krakatoa 4. This volcano classified as shield volcano type and have developed in Pasific plate that has moved over a zone melting in the earths mantle. When this happens, hot spots develop and lavas of basaltic composition emerge and eventually form island. In what country this volcano? USA 5. What is the rocks produced by volncanic eruption that spread lava over vast areas without the development of volcanic cones called? Plateu basalt 6. Highly viscous lava flows are associated with oceanic eruptions (F) 7. The volatile component of a magma are the primary agents in producing a volcanic eruption (T) 8. Highly siliceous lavas are viscous and explosive (F) 9. A ropy surface to a lava, known as pahoehoe, develops from low viscosity, basaltic type lavas (F)

10. What factor primarily controls the viscosity, and therefore the explosiveness, of a magma? Silica content 11. In what country of Europe that is an excellent example of a region producing plateu basalt? Iceland 12. What is the primary agent in volcanic eruption? volatile 13. What type of volcano whose slopes are very gentle and are product of relatively quite eruptions? Shield volcanoes 14. Where are the volcanoes producing rhyolitic lavas are common occurred? In the middle of continental region 15. What is the most viscous type of lava flow? Pahoehoe. 16. What term is given to underwater lava flows? Pillow lava 17. What term refers to a glowing cloud of hot air-cushioned ash? Fumarole. 18. What rock type is produced by spreading center vulcanism? Basalt. CHAPTER 5 1. Chemical weathering would be most active in a hot , dry climate F 2. Carbonic acid ionizes hydroxyl and bicarbonate ions F 3. Ferromagnesian minerals weather chemically to produce hydrous aluminum silicates and iron oxide. T 4. Frost action and frost heaving are examples of chemical weathering. F 5. The water behind a dam may be said to possess potential energy. F 6. What the type of mechanical weathering that requires daily freeze-thaw conditions to break rock into angular fragments is ? Frost action 7. What is the result of chemical weathering into a weathered boulders? Spheriodally weathered 8. What is the definition of erosion? The disintegration and decomposition of rocks at or near the earth's surface. 9. What is the primary agent of sediment transportation from sites of weathering to sites of deposition? Rivers 10. In which climate is chemical weathering likely to occur most rapidly? Tropical forest

CHAPTER 6 1. What is called the chemical process by which dissolved material is converted into a solid and separated from the liquid solvent? Precipitation 2. The range of grain size present in a detrital rock is kmown as sorting 3. Post depostional change in a sediment or sedimentary rock of a physical, chemical or biologic nature is known as diagenesis 4. What is called the process that converts unconsoloidated sediment into a consolidated sediment coherent rock? Lithification

5. What is called a carbonate rock that seems to have been formed by the replacement of calsite by solution rich? Dolomite 6. What is called biochemical rock composed of the remain of the macroscopic of large sheel fragment? Coquina limestone 7. When a poorly sorted mixture of sediment is rapidly deposited, the sedimentary will vary from very fine at the bottom to very coarse at the top of the bed. Bedding of this type is called inverse graded bedding 8. Any direct or indirect evidence of past life preserved in rock is called a fossil 9. In which environment the overwhelming sedimentary rock shows evidence of having been formed ? shallow water 10. River transport most of the sedment delivered annually to the ocean. (T) 11. The minerals dolomite is found associated with quartz mineral. (F) 12. Compaction is the most important lithification process in coarse grained detrital rocks (F) 13. This rocks include of carbonate mineral. Formed by replacement of calcium by ferum rich solutions circulating through limestone. What is the name of this rock? Siderite 14. The term stratification applies to what kinds of rocks? Primarily to sedimentary rocks. 15. What is the meaning of 'superposition' in reference to a layered sequence of sedimentary rocks? The principle that higher layers are younger. 16. What is an unconformity? A sedimentary surface that represents a time gap in the sedimentary record. 17. Fossil is a remnant of ancient life (T) 18. What principle states that higher sedimentary layers in a stratigraphic sequence are younger than deeper layers? Superposition 19. What principle indicates that a dike is younger than the rock it penetrates? Crosscutting relations 20. What causes sedimentary particles of similar size to congregate together? Sorting 21. What separates layers of sedimentary strata? Bedding plains. 22. What term is used to describe rocks forming at the same time in adjacent environments leading to lateral changes in rock type? Facies. 23. What term refers to the degree of uniformity of clast size in sedimentary rocks? Sorting. 24. What is a geological specialist who studies layered rocks and correlates layers from different localities? Stratigrapher CHAPTER 7 1. A set of process involving then application of het, pressure, and chemically active fluids that alter rocks by changing their texture, mineral composition or both is called metamorphism 2. What is called solution or fluids released in the solidification of magma often percolate beyond the margins of the magmatic body and react with surrounding rocks? Hydrothermal

3. The alteration of rocks at or near its boundary with a intruding magma is the result of contact methamorphism and is due largely of the heat associated with the magma. The alteration may sometimes be traced with decresing intensity, to a zone a few hundred meters from the contact. This altered zone is called aureole 4. What type of metamorphism that always associated with the very large scale effect that the result of episodes from the mountain building ? regional metamorphism 5. Regoinaly metamorphosed rocks may be subdivided into a seies of a zones based on certains minerals is known as index minerals 6. This event ussualy happens in convergent plate boundaries. What is the type of sediment mixing of the terrigenous sediment and marine sediment? Mlange 7. What type of intrusion an aureole zone of maximum width would most likely be associated with? Batolith 8. What happens to metamorphic rocks if they are subjected to differential stress during metamorphism? They become foliated. 9. What type of metamorphism has a high temperature but a fairly low pressure? Contact metamorphism 10. What is a igneous rock texture in with mineral grains too small to see with the unaided eye called? Aphanitic. 11. What is a igneous rock texture with mineral grains that are all big enough to see with the unaided eye called? Phaneritic 12. Which type of pluton is planar (sheet-like) and discordant (cuts across existing geologic structures such as rock layers)? Dyke 13. Which type of pluton is lens-shaped and arches down the overlying rock? Loppolith 14. In what plate tectonic setting does regional metamorphism usually take place? Convergent plate boundaries. CHAPTER 8 1. The arrangement of geologic events in chronologic sequence without regard to the actual number of years difines what concept is? Relative time 2. Since no area on the earth has all rocks and events covering all of the earth history, a continuous sequence can only be pieced together by tying the relative time sequence of one region to that of another. This type of ordering of events defines the process called correlation 3. When areas become too far apart and when facies change, the correlation by physical method cannot be used. If we are dealing with sedimentary rocks what will you used to make correlation? Fossil 4. We know also that a group of organism have succesed another in a definite and discernible order and each time geologic period can be recognized by the fossils found in the rocks of that age. This is known as the what principle is? faunal succession

5. Depending the structural relationship a buried erosion surface separating two rock masses, of which the older was exposed to erosion for along period of time before the deposition of the younger. Based on the statemen what is the structural relationship rocks called? Unconformity 6. Assume you are looking at a cliff face that aexpose a set of steeply titled sedimentary rocks that overlain by a sequence horizontal sequence bed. What type of structural relation ship rocks described is? Angular uconformity 7. The half of carbon-14 is about a million time greater than that the uranium-238 (F) 8. The half of uranium 238 is 4,5 billion years 9. How long the Pre Cambria is? 4 billion years 10. What technique we will used to correlate reversals in the earth magnetic poles with the geologic time scale? Magnetostratygraphy 11. What is the youngest era in the geologic column? Cenozoic. 12. What are the deepest parts of the ocean? In trenches formed by subduction zones. 13. What property makes a good index fossil? Easily recognizable, Restricted time range, Very common, Widespread occurrence 14. What is the age of most of the rocks of the continental shields? Precambrian 15. What is an organism that cannot produce its own food, and therefore must eat other organisms to survive? Heterotroph 16. What is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus, chromosomes, and organelles? Eukaryote 17. What is the last period of the Paleozoic Era? Permian 18. What is the proper order of the periods of the Mesozoic Era? Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous 19. Which Epochs belong to the Quaternary Period? Pleistocene and Holocene 20. During which geologic period were Archaeocyathids the dominant reef formers? Silurian 21. During which geologic period were graptolites important index fossils? Ordovician 22. During which geologic period were eurypterids the dominant carnivores of the ocean? Silurian 23. During which geologic period were graptolites important index fossils? Ordovician 24. Which species of Homo was the first to appear? Homo sapiens 25. What is the proper order of the periods of the Paleozoic Era? Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Permian. 26. What is the correct order of the epochs of the Cenozoic Era? Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene.

CHAPTER 9 1. What is the change in volume, shape or displacement of a part of the earths crust called? Deformation

2. What value is salinity usually measured in? Percent. 3. What is a force that acts on rock to change its shape and/or volume? Stress. 4. What features are characteristic of anticlines? Dip symbols pointing toward axis and youngest rock in the middle. 5. Which features are characteristic of synclines? Dip symbols pointing away from axis and oldest rock in the middle. 6. What geologic structure is a basin most similar to? Syncline 7. What geologic structure is a dome most similar to? Anticline. 8. What name is given to the block of rock above a fault? Hanging wall. 9. In what type of fault does the hanging wall move down relative to the foot wall? Normal fault. 10. What name is given to crack in the rock along which no movement has taken place? Joint. 11. What name is given to a block that has been down-dropped by normal faulting? Graben. 12. Which type of weathering works most effectively on limestone? Hydrolysis. CHAPTER LAIN 1. What is the point of origin of an earthquake? Epicenter 2. What is an instrument used to study earthquakes? Seismograph 3. What name did Alfred Wegener give to his theory of horizontal crustal movements? Continental drift 4. What is tipe of rapid movement where material move down and outward along a curved sloping
5. 6. 7. 8. surface called slump What is type of dunes which are shaped like a crescent, with the horns pointing? barchan dunes What cause the kerogen occurs in oil shale ? because the shale was rich in organic matter and was buried deep enough Mostly impact origin, dark in tone, and not usually associated with rays is the characteristic of what planet in our solar system? Mars The greatest consentration of radiolarian mud is found in the equatorial pacific (T) Gravel most likely be transported as bead load (T)

How does the earths magnetic field provide evidence for plate tectonics? What was Wegeners evidence for continental drift? What are the three layers that make up the internal structure of earth, and what are they composed of? What is the evidence for the Big Bang? Why is it difficult to apply the scientific method to a historical science like geology? What internal feature of earth makes it such a dynamic placecausing volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.?

What are the mechanisms that drive the movement of the lithospheric plates. Why do minerals have specific physical properties? Where are the two places on earth where magma is likely to form? What are the two properties exhibited by igneous rocks that indicate clues about the origins of the rock? What are the two types of weathering? What are some of the differences between the texture and composition of igneous and sedimentary rocks? Why was continental drift rejected? Why is the earth layered? What is a mineral? What are the two chemical categories of silicate minerals, and why are silicates the most common minerals? What are some of the major things that happen in the Bowens Reaction Series as a magma cools down? Name and describe the processes involved in the formation of a sedimentary rock. What are some of the major differences between a clastic and biochemical sedimentary rock? What types of information can geologists read from sedimentary rocks? What are the processes involved in the lithification of sediments to sedimentary rock? How are chemical sedimentary rocks different from clastic rocks? What types of minerals tend to weather the most quickly? What types of information can geologists read from sedimentary rocks? What does the texture of an igneous rock indicate about the origins of that rocks? What are the four agents of sediment transport? What properties of the sediment could provide clues about transport? What is some of the modern evidence for plate tectonics (hint: what types of maps did you look at for the plate tectonics lab)? What are the locations on earth where heat from the outer core can melt earth materials to produce magma? If continents do not drift how do they move? What are the mechanisms that cause the plates to move? How does an igneous rock get a porphyritic texture? How can mechanical weathering enhance chemical weathering? What characteristic of the silicate minerals in a gabbro make it so much darker in color than a granite? What is the basic structural unit of the silicate minerals called (the one with 4oxygens and 1 silica), and which has more silica, a framework silicate mineral or a double chain? Why do minerals occur as crystals?

What keeps the individual elements together in a chemical compound like a mineral? What happens when continental crust plugs up a subduction zone? Where in the ocean basins would you find the youngest and the oldest ocean crust? What are the differences between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere? Why does the earth have a magnetic field? Why did the nebula that became our solar system begin to rotate more rapidly before becoming a disk? What are some of the major differences between igneous and metamorphic rocks?

What is the hydrologic cycle and what powers it? What are the horizons of a typical soil profile, what are characteristics of each, and what is the primary control on the properties of each horizon? What is the difference between flow and slide? What is the slope of a stream called and what does it determine? Why do streams deposit the material that they are transporting? What are the major differences between meandering and braided streams? What is the difference between a 2-, 10-, and 100 year flood? What properties must sediment or rock have to function as an aquifer? What is the driving force behind a volcanic eruption, and why are some volcanic eruptions more explosive than others Of all the things that occur during a volcanic eruption, what can be most hazardous to people living 10s of kilometers from the volcano? How can volcanoes or volcanic eruptions change climate? What is a soil, and what factors contribute to the type of soil that occurs in a particular area? What is the difference between a normal and reverse fault? The amount of damage done during an earthquake is a function of what? Even though we have no direct physical evidence of earths interior and composition, how do we know so much about it? How do mountains form, or how is the crust made thicker? What controls how the earths crust responds to stresses and deformation? What is the difference between brittle and ductile deformation? What is the difference between an anticline and a syncline, and what is the difference between a plunging and non-plunging fold? What is the major difference between the various types of volcanic eruptions? Why is a composite cone more resistant to erosion than a cinder cone? Which type of volcano is the largest volcanic feature, and which type is potentially the most destructive? What causes the sudden release of energy during an earthquake? What are the two types of seismic waves and which type is most destructive? How do geologists determine the epicenter of an earthquake? The amount of damage caused by an earthquake is a function of what? What is a tsunami? What is the difference between a normal and reverse dip-slip fault?

Why is a seismic gap an area of higher seismic risk along a fault? Why are intensity scales less reliable than magnitude scales for determining the strength of an earthquake? What type of fault is associated with tensional forces, and at what type of plate boundary are they likely to occur? What are the names and characteristics of the horizons in a soil profile? What are the types of mass movement and what are the major characteristics of each? What are the types of sediment loads that a stream can carry, and how do they transport each type? What are the two types of streams and what factor is responsible for their shape? What determines how far a stream will downcut in its channel? What are the requirements for a productive groundwater aquifer, and what are the mechanisms for groundwater flow? How does groundwater erode earth materials, and what are the required elements for groundwater to create landforms? What are the two major types of glaciers and what are the differences between the two? How do glaciers move? What is glacial ice and what conditions must be met in order for it to accumulate? Even though the thickest soils occur in the tropics, why are these soils so infertile? Why are temperate soils so fertile? What are the mechanisms and types of stream erosion? Why does a stream deposit the material that it is transporting? What are the three major types of depositional environments associated with streams? Why are deltas considered as transitional environments? How does groundwater erode rock to produce landforms, and what are the characteristics of an area with karst topography? What characteristics distinguish glacial sediment from sediment transported and deposited by other surface processes? What do the Appalachians and Himalayas have in common? Where does petroleum come from (what is the source material)? What conditions must be met for the accumulation of an economic deposit of hydrocarbons? What is superposition? What is the difference between absolute and relative geologic time? What is the geologic time scale? What are some of the basic principles of relative dating? What is the difference between a conformable and unconformable interval of rocks? What are the three types of unconformities and how do they form? What are the two types of geologic structures involved in creating mountains like the Himalayas?