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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 47, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2011

Practical Optimum Design Based on Magnetic Balance and Copper Loss Minimization for a Single-Phase Line Start PM Motor
Soo-whang Baek1 , Byung-taek Kim2 , and Byung-il Kwon2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea Department of Electrical Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 573-701, Korea
This paper introduces the condition of balanced operation to solve problems caused by an unbalanced magnetic eld when a singlephase line start permanent magnet motor operates in steady-state. Using an equivalent circuit on the basis of symmetric eld theory, conditions are found for balanced operation at rated conditions and for copper loss minimization in the stator. The initial model is modied applying these two conditions from commercial model. In addition, an optimum design is implemented in order to improve starting characteristic. In an optimum design process, the sampling points are chosen by latin hypercube sampling and from the results, an approximation model is made by the radial basis function. Then the optimization results are obtained by a genetic algorithm. The validity of the proposed design is veried by conrming the efciency, torque ripple, ohmic loss of the rotor, and starting characteristic through time step FE-analysis and experimental results. Index TermsBalanced operation, line-start, permanent magnet motor, single-phase, symmetric eld, synchronous motor.

I. INTRODUCTION

single-phase line start permanent magnet (LSPM) motor synchronously operates with rotor current induced ows because of an unbalanced eld, thereby reducing efciency. Therefore, if a negative component in an unbalanced eld can be removed, an efciency improvement is expected [1], [2]. It has been proposed that the conditions of a magnetic balanced operation and stator copper loss minimization be used to solve the problems caused by an unbalanced magnetic eld when a singlephase LSPM motor operates in a steady state [3]. Although magnetic balanced operation and minimization of stator copper loss were proposed to improve efciency characteristic of a singlephase LSPM motor, the starting characteristic was poor because it was considered the only efciency characteristic at rating. This paper introduces the condition of balanced operation to improve the efciency through solving the problems caused by an unbalanced magnetic eld when a single-phase LSPM motor operates in a steady state [3]. In addition, an optimum design of single-phase LSPM motor considering starting characteristic improvement is proposed in which conditions required for magnetic balance and minimizing stator copper loss. The main variable that inuences starting torque is rotor resistance. Rotor resistance as a design variable to improve starting characteristic is therefore selected. In an optimum design, the sampling points are chosen by latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and from these results, an approximation modeling is made by the radial basis function (RBF) and then the optimization results are obtained by the genetic algorithm (GA). The FEM is used to dynamic analysis. To verify the proposed design method, the improvement of starting performance is suggested with FE-analysis and experimental results. II. STEADY-STATE MODEL OF A SINGLE-PHASE LSPM MOTOR

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of a single-phase LSPM motor.

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of a single-phase LSPM motor. (a) Main winding. (b) Auxiliary winding.

A single-phase LSPM motor has an unbalanced magnetic eld and rotates with synchronous speed, so it is convenient to analyze it using the symmetric eld theory [3]. With the symmetric eld theory, the unbalanced currents of the stator winding
Manuscript received February 20, 2011; revised April 26, 2011; accepted May 14, 2011. Date of current version September 23, 2011. Corresponding author: B. Kwon (e-mail: bikwon@hanyang.ack.kr). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TMAG.2011.2158077

are divided into a positive sequence current and a negative sequence current , and the operating characteristics of the rotor by two currents are calculated respectively as shown in Fig. 1, where is the turns ratio. The equivalent circuit in the steady state for a single-phase LSPM motor using symmetric eld theory is represented as Fig. 2. In Fig. 2, the positive sequence component has synchronous are motor characteristics and the relationships of , and represented as a phasor diagram using the -frame in Fig. 3.

0018-9464/$26.00 2011 IEEE

BAEK et al.: MAGNETIC BALANCE AND COPPER LOSS MINIMIZATION FOR A SINGLE-PHASE LINE START PM MOTOR

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Fig. 5. Stator slot and conductors. Fig. 3. Phasor diagram for a positive sequence.

A. Balanced Operation at Rating Setting the current of negative sequence is solved as follows:

to zero in (2),

(6) This result means that for balanced operation exists when the impedance of the positive sequence component at a specic angle , and were given. Therefore, if results in rated torque, and are obtained using (1) and (5), and balanced in (6). operation can be possible at the rated value by using
Fig. 4. Inductance prole for d--q axis. (a) d-axis. (b) q-axis.

On the other hand, the negative sequence component creates the characteristics of an induction generator, resulting in eddy current losses. The voltage equations of the main and auxiliary winding of the equivalent circuit in Fig. 2 are expressed as (1) and (2), respectively: (1) (2) and -axis in Fig. 3. The imwhere is the angle between pedances of positive and negative sequence component are as follows: (3) (4) where is the ux linkage of the permanent magnet. and used in (3) and (4) have severe The quantities nonlinear characteristics because of the iron core saturation, and are calculated by using FEA applying the xed permeability method [4]. To analyze the nonlinear characteristics including and are calculated according the cross magnetic eld, to simultaneous changes of and , and the results are represented as Fig. 4. can be calculated by solving (1) and The currents and (2). Also, the torque of positive and negative sequence component can be calculated as follows: (5) where Re means the real part of each component. III. STRATEGY FOR EFFICIENCY MAXIMIZATION As stated earlier, the current of the negative sequence component in the rotor of a single-phase LSPM causes unnecessary losses in the rotor. Therefore, the current of the negative sequence component needs to be removed by deriving the condition of magnetic balanced operation. In addition, the efciency of the motor can be maximized by adding the condition of minimizing stator copper loss under a magnetic balanced condition.

B. Windings Minimizing Copper Losses With the assumption of satisfying balanced operation, the copper loss in the stator is expressed as (7). A resistance is expressed as shown in (8) where is the effective length of a conductor, is the ll factor of a slot and each variable is depicted in Fig. 5. With the resistances (8) the stator copper loss (7) is nally changed to (9). To minimize a stator copper loss (9), it can be known that should be equal to . Thus, the conditions of both the winding resistances are given by (10): (7) (8) (9) (10) C. Coupling Both Conditions To unite the conditions for balanced operation and copper loss minimization, substituting (10) into (6) results in the following: (11) Arranging real parts of (11) about the turns ratio , the fol, , and lowing equation can be obtained with terms such as that is the real part of on the rating: (12) can be Substituting obtained from (12) into (11) again, calculated. In conclusion, one can calculate the turns ratio , and . These are the specications of the auxiliary winding to provide balanced operation and copper loss minimization for a single-phase LSPM motor that has an arbitrary main winding. IV. OPTIMUM DESIGN The optimum design algorithm for a single-phase LSPM is represented in Fig. 6. Using the balanced model modied from commercial single-phase LSPM motor as the initial model, the optimum model in order to improve starting torque is designed. As stated in Section III, one can nd an auxiliary winding satisfying two conditions for various specications of the main winding, and decide which single-phase LSPM motor has maximum efciency among these through the part of equivalent circuit analysis. An optimum model has been designed to improve

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. 47, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2011

Fig. 6. Optimum design algorithm.

Fig. 8. Comparisons of initial and optimum model. (a) Shape. (b) End-ring. TABLE I SPECIFICATIONS OF A SINGLE-PHASE LSPM MOTOR

Fig. 7. Characteristics according to imum torque.

and

(a) Starting torque. (b) Max-

starting torque with the variables of area of the rotor bar and end-ring height of the balanced initial model by the part of FE-analysis. An optimum design process is performed, which uses the RBF [5] based on LHS and GA. If the designed model does not satisfy balanced operation, the redesign is required from the decision of main winding. The objective function is the maximization of the efciency and the constraint functions are starting torque and maximum torque for characteristics of optimum design as follows:

Fig. 7 presents characteristics of starting and maximum and . Although the maximum torque according to torque is not related to rotor resistance, it is decreased by rotor leakage reactance. In order to decide the specication of the optimum model, we need to consider characteristics of starting and maximum torque in the feasible region of Fig. 7. and considering feaTherefore, the design variables sible region are determined as 40% of initial model and 3.5 mm, respectively. The optimized shape of rotor bar and end-ring height of the single-phase LSPM motor are presented in Fig. 8. The specications of the initial and optimum model are shown in Table I. V. ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS To verify the characteristics of the designed motors, a time step 2D-FE-analyses have been carried out in which the end turn effects of windings are considered by including circuit elements in a voltage equation. The characteristics of winding currents at rating are represented in Fig. 9. As can be seen from the Fig. 9(a) and (b), the initial model and the designed optimum model are satised balanced operation condition because phase

Fig. 9. Winding currents (FE-analysis). (a) Initial. (b) Optimum.

differences between two currents are 90 and the two magneto-motive forces are almost same considering that the turn ratios are 0.296 and 0.615, respectively in Table I. Fig. 10 compares ohmic losses of rotor in the steady state. On average 0.41 W is created for the initial model and 0.48 W is created for the designed optimum model, which is obviously due to rotor resistance increase. Torque characteristics are compared in Fig. 11, and torque ripple is increased nearly double from

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Fig. 10. Rotor ohmic losses (FE-analysis).

Fig. 11. Torque ripple waveforms (FE-analysis). Fig. 13. Comparisons of speed characteristics. (a) Initial. (b) Optimum. TABLE II CHARACTERISTICS OF A SINGLE-PHASE LSPM MOTOR

Fig. 12. Loss distributions (FE-analysis).

0.21 Nm for the initial model to 0.42 Nm for the optimum model, which is due to a reluctance difference increase from smaller rotor bar area of the optimum model. Unlike the introduced idea, the reason that ohmic loss and torque ripple do not perfectly disappear is that the discrete slots and conductors on the core surfaces produce various harmonic elds causing parasitic losses that are not regarded in a fundamental equivalent circuit. Fig. 12 shows stator copper, rotor ohmic, and core losses of the initial and optimum model. It can be seen that the core loss of optimum model is increased compared to the initial model because of the ux density increase slightly in core of the optimum model. Speed characteristics are compared in Fig. 13. The motors were started on no load. The entire rotor inertia of was used during the simulations for comparison 0.000 45 with experimental results. From the starting torque capabilities point of view, the optimum model performance easily exceeds the initial model performance. From Fig. 13, synchronization time decreases from 0.5 sec for the initial model to 0.2 sec for the optimum model. It can be seen that the synchronization time of optimum model is less compared to the initial model because of increased starting torque. The characteristics of the initial and optimum model are shown in Table II. The characteristic of starting increase is veried by the experimental result. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, an efciency improvement method of a singlephase LSPM motor is introduced in which conditions required for magnetic balance and minimizing stator copper loss are de-

rived through analytic and numerical approaches based on symmetric eld theory. Also, we performed a practical optimum design in order to improve the starting characteristic considering of rotor bar shape and the end-ring height. An optimally designed motor through the proposed method shows an increase starting characteristic. Finally the characteristic of starting increase has been veried by experimental result. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was supported by WCU (World Class University) program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology under Grant R33-2008-000-10104-0. This work was supported by the Energy Efciency and Resource of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Knowledge Economy under Grant 2010T100200243. REFERENCES
[1] T. Marcic et al., Line-starting three- and single-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motorsDirect comparison to induction motors, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 44134416, Nov. 2008. [2] B. T. Kim et al., Inuence of space harmonics on starting performance of a single-phase line start permanent-magnet motor, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 46684672, Dec. 2008. [3] S.- W. Baek et al., Design methodology of a single-phase line start PM motor using conditions for magnetic balance and copper loss minimization, in IEEE Proc. 14th Biennial Conf. Electromagn. Field Comput., May 2010, p. 2P80. [4] B. Stumberger et al., Design and nite-element analysis of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor with ux barriers, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 43894392, Nov. 2008. [5] G. Yang et al., A novel superposition RBF collocation method to solve moving conductor Eddy current problems, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 39773980, Oct. 2009.