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IDEAL GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRICS

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A pure substance A substance having a constant and uniform chemical composition do not react with one another substances.

Example : air is a homogeneous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and traces of other substances like argon, helium, carbon dioxide, etc. The mixtures to be considered are those composed of perfect gases, and perfect gases and vapours

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DALTONS LAW AND GIBBS-DALTON LAW

Daltons law The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the constituents. The partial pressure of each constituent is that pressure which the gas would exert if it occupied alone that volume occupied by the mixtures at the same temperature
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Mixture of two gases : Mass m = mA + mB mi = Mass of a constituent m = mi

Dalton Law p = pA + pB p = pi pi = The partial pressure of a constituent Gibbs-Dalton law The internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of a gaseous mixture are respectively equal to the sums of the internal energies, enthalpies, and entropies, of the constituents. Each constituent has that internal energy, enthalpy and entropy, which it could have if it occupied alone that volume occupied by the mixture at the temperature of the mixture.

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m u = mA uA + mA uB + ...... m h = mA hA + mB hB + ...... m s = mA sA + mB sB + ...... Properties of air

or m u = mi ui or m h = mi hi or m s = mi si

Mean molecular weight of air = 28.96 Gas constant R = 0.287 kJ/kg K

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For approximate calculations

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS OF A GAS MIXTURE A volume V of a gaseous mixture at a temperature T, consisting of three constituents A, B and C Assume : Each of constituent is compressed to a pressure p equal to the total pressure of the mixture, Temperature remain constant.

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Using the equation : pV = mRT

In general :

p = pi, therefore, Vi = V

This is the statement of another empirical law, the law of partial volumes, sometimes called Amagats law or Leducs law.
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In moles

n =m/M n = Number of moles m = Mass of gas M = Molecular weight

n = nA + nB + nC = n i

THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND GAS CONSTANT The Molecular Weight Gas mixture occupies a total volume of V at a temperature T. From the definition of partial pressure and equation pV = nRoT : piV = niRoT (Ro is the universal gas constant) piV = niRoT V pi = RoT ni p = pi pV = RoT ni n = ni pV = nRoT The mixture therefore acts as a perfect gas, and this is the characteristic equation for mixture.
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Molecular weight M = m/n m = Mass of the mixture, and n = Number of moles of mixture Gas constant pV = mRT piV = miRiT piV = miRiT V pi = T miRi p = pi pV = T miRi pV = mRT = T miRi mR = miRi R = (mi/m) Ri mi /m = mass fraction of a constituent
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R =Ro/M

and Then

or or

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From piV = niR0T and Vi =(pi/p)V and the mixture (pV = nRoT)

This means that the molar analysis is identical with the volumetric analysis, and both are equal to the ratio of the partial pressure to the total pressure. Molecular weight can be also be determined by :

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Using the relation R = Ro/M and subsituting :

SPECIFIC HEATS OF A GAS MIXTURE From Gibbs-Dalton law, the internal energy of a mixture of gases is given by: m u = miui u = cvT Similarly : m cvT = mi cvi T m cv = mi cvi m h = mihi h = cpT m cpT = mi cpi T m cp = mi cpi
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Similarly :

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The following equations can be applied to a mixture of gases :

In moles

Cp = Mcp and Cv = Mcv Cp Cv = R0

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ADIABATIC MIXING OF PERFECT GASES

In free expansion process U1 = U2 U1 = nACvA TA + nBCvBTB U2 = (nACvA + nBCvB)T U1 = niCviTi and U2 = T niCvi

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m1 h 1 + m2 h 2 + Q = m3 h 3 + W Adiabatic flow : Q = 0 and W =0 m1 h 1 + m2 h 2 = m3 h 3 h= cpT m1cp1T1 + m2cp2T2 = m1cp1T3 + m2cp2T3 micpiTi=T3 micpi

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Psychrometrics

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1. Dry air : indicate the water free contents of air having any degree of moisture. Air always contains some moisture, air usually means moist air

2. Saturated air: for a given temperature, a given quantity of air can be saturated with a fixed quantity of moisture. 3. Dry-bulb temperature (DBT) It is the temperature of air as registered by an ordinary thermometer (tdb). 4. Wet-bulb temperature (WBT). It is the temperature registered by a thermometer when the bulb is covered by a wetted wick and is exposed to a current of rapidly moving air (twb).

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5. Adiabatic saturation temperature. It is the temperature at which the water or ice can saturate air by evaporating adiabatically into it. 6. Wet bulb depression. It is the difference between dry-bulb and wet bulb temperatures (tdb twb). 7. Dew point temperature (DPT). It is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure in order to cause condensation of any of its water vapor. 8. Dew point depression. It is the difference between the dry bulb and dew point temperatures (tdb tdp). 9. Specific humidity (Humidity ratio). It is the ratio of the mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air in the mixture of vapor and air, it is generally expressed as grams of water per kg of dry air. For a given barometric pressure it is a function of dew point temperature alone. 10. Relative humidity (RH), (). It is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor in the mixture to the saturated partial pressure at the dry bulb temperature, expressed as percentage.
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11. Sensible heat. It is the heat that changes the temperature of a substance when added to or abstracted from it. 12. Latent heat. It is the heat that does not affect the temperature but changes the state of substance when added to or abstracted from it.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR (Table 2.) THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF WATER AT SATURATION (Table 3.)

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PSYCHROMETRIC RELATIONS Humidity ratio W (Moisture Content) : W = Mw /Mda Mw = mass of water vapor Mda = mass of dry air

W = mole fraction ration xw /xda multiply by the ration of molecular masses (18.015/28.966 = 0.621945 = 0.622) W = 0.622 xw / xda Specific humidity : = Mw /(Mw + Mda)

Absolute humidity (water vapor density) : ratio of the mass of water vapor to total volume of the sample): dv = Mw /V Density of a moist air mixture is the ratio of total mass to total volume: = (Mda + Mw)/V = (1/v)(1 + W) v is the moist air specific volume, m3/kgda
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Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation Saturation humidity ratio Ws(t, p) is the humidity ratio of moist air saturated with respect to water (or ice) at the same temperature t and pressure p. Degree of saturation is the ratio of air humidity ratio W to humidity ratio Ws of saturated moist air at the same temperature and pressure:

Relative humidity is the ratio of the mole fraction of water vapor xw in a given moist air sample to the mole fraction xws in an air sample saturated at the same temperature and pressure:

Combining equations :

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PERFECT GAS RELATIONSHIPS FOR DRY AND MOIST AIR Dry air: Water vapor: pdaV = ndaRT pwV = nwRT

pda = partial pressure of dry air pw = partial pressure of water vapor V = total mixture volume nda = number of moles of dry air nw = number of moles of water vapor R = universal gas constant, 8314.472 J/(kmolK) T = absolute temperature, K Ideal gas equation : or pV = nRT ( pda + pw)V = (nda + nw)RT

p = pda + pw is the total mixture pressure and n = nda + nw is the total number of moles in the mixture.

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Mole fractions of dry air and water vapor are, respectively : xda = pda /( pda + pw) = pda/p xv = pw/(pda + pw) = pw /p humidity ratio W :

Ws in the degree of saturation is defined : pws = the saturation pressure of water vapor in the absence of air at the given temperature t.

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Specific volume v of a moist air mixture :

v = V/Mda = V/(28.966nda)

Or in specific units

v = 0.287 042(t + 273.15)(1 + 1.607 858W)/p

v = specific volume, m3/kgda t = dry-bulb temperature, C W = humidity ratio, kgw/kgda p = total pressure, kPa The enthalpy of a mixture of perfect gases : h = hda + Whg hda is the specific enthalpy for dry air in kJ/kgda and hg is the specific enthalpy for saturated water vapor in kJ/kgw at the temperature of the mixture

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As an approximation :

hda 1.006t hg 2501 + 1.86t

The moist air specific enthalpy in kJ/kgda then : h = 1.006t + W(2501 + 1.86t)

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Adiabatic saturation process

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For any state of moist air, a temperature t* exists at which liquid (or solid) water evaporates into the air to bring it to saturation at exactly this same temperature and total pressure. Humidity ratio increases from initial value W to Ws*, corresponding to saturation at temperature t* Enthalpy increases from initial value h to hs*, corresponding to saturation at temperature t* Mass of water added per unit mass of dry air is (Ws* W), which adds energy to the moist air of amount (Ws* W)hw*, where hw* denotes specific enthalpy in kJ/kgw of water added at temperature t* If the process is strictly adiabatic, conservation of enthalpy at constant total pressure requires : h + (Ws* W)hw* = hs* The value of t* that satisfies Equation above for given values of h, W, and p is the thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature.
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Approximate relation for saturated liquid water :

hw* 4.186t*

humidity ra o : (t and t* are in C)

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PSYCHROMETERS

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Psychrometers. (a) Sling psychrometer. (b) Aspirating psychrometer.

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS

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Example : Moist air exists at 40C dry-bulb temperature, 20C thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature, and 101.325 kPa pressure. Determine the humidity ratio, enthalpy, dew-point temperature, relative humidity, and specific volume. Locate state point on Psychrometric Chart humidity ratio W = 6.5 gw/kgda enthalpy h = 56.7 kJ/kgda dew-point temperature td = 7C relative humidity = 14%. specific volume v = 0.896 m3/kgda

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TYPICAL AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES

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Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling

Schematic of Device for Heating Moist Air For steady-flow conditions, the required rate of heat addition :

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Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification

Schematic of Device for Cooling Moist Air The steady-flow energy and material balance equations :

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Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams

Elimina ng

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams

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Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air

Schematic Showing Injection of Water into Moist Air

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Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains

Schematic of Air Conditioned Space Assuming steady-state conditions :

Or
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Or

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1. Moist air, saturated at 2C, enters a heating coil at a rate of 10 m3/s. Air leaves the coil at 40C. Find the required rate of heat addition. Solution: State 1 is located on the saturation curve at 2C. Thus, h1 = 13.0 kJ/kgda, W1 = 4.38 gw/kgda, and v1 = 0.785 m3/kgda. State 2 is located at the intersection of t = 40C and W2 = W1 = 4.38 gw/kgda. Thus, h2 = 51.5 kJ/kgda. The mass flow of dry air is:

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2. Moist air at 30C dry-bulb temperature and 50% rh enters a cooling coil at 5 m3/s and is processed to a final saturation condition at 10C. Find the kW of refrigeration required. Solution: State 1 is located at the intersection of t = 30C and = 50%. Thus, h1 = 64.3 kJ/kgda, W1 = 13.3 gw/kgda, and v1 = 0.877 m3/kgda. State 2 is located on the saturation curve at 10C. Thus, h2 = 29.5 kJ/kgda and W2 = 7.66 gw/kgda. From Table 3, hw2 = 42.02 kJ/kgw. The mass flow of dry air is:

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3. A stream of 2 m3/s of outdoor air at 4C dry-bulb temperature and 2C thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is adiabatically mixed with 6.25 m3/s of recirculated air at 25C dry-bulb temperature and 50% rh. Find the dry-bulb temperature and thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of the resulting mixture.

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According to Equation :

State 3 is located, and the values t3 = 19.5C and t3* = 14.6C

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IDEAL GAS MIXTURES AND PSYCHROMETRICS

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Air coil sensible cooling or heating (no dehumidification, no humidification).

Location of mixed air condition on psychrometric chart.

Air coil total cooling.

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