Module 1 Produce Key Drawings Learning Outcome 1.

. Identify Animation Requirements Information Sheet I Basic Animation Concepts Information Sheet II Principles and Techniques Information Sheet III Process in Animation Learning Outcome 2. Produce Key Drawings Information Sheet IV Fundamentals of Figure Drawing Information Sheet V Character Construction Information Sheet VI Pose-to-Pose Animation

Module Title : Produce Key Drawings

Description : This module covers the skills, attitude and knowledge required to identify animation requirements, edit, revise and produce key drawings Course Objectives: at the end of the course, the student will be able to learn the basic knowledge in creating animation. Contents: Information Sheet I Basic Animation Concepts 1.1What is animation 1.2Brief history 1.3How animation works 1.4Animation and frame rates 1.5Types of animation Self-Check I Information Sheet II Principles and Techniques 2.1 12 Basic Principles 2.2 Animation Techniques Self- Check II Information Sheet III Animation Process 3.1 2D Animation Process Chart 3.2 Equipment 3.3 The Story Board Self-Check III Information Sheet IV Fundamentals of Figure Drawing 4.1 The Gesture 4.2 Structure 4.3 Shape Analyzation 4.4 Values 4.5 Developing Forms 4.6 The Head 4.7 The Interlocking Forms Self-Check IV Information Sheet V Character Construction 5.1 Steps 5.2 Drawing with Basic Shapes Self-Check V Information Sheet VI Pose to Pose Animation 6.1 What is Pose-to-Pose Animation Method 6.2 Developing Key Poses Through Working Rough 6.3 Planning Key Poses 6.4 Expressive Poses Module I: Identifying/ Determining Fundamental Cause of Problems

LEARNING GUIDE

Learning Steps 1. Read Information Sheet I on Basic Animation Concepts 2. Answer Self-Check I 3. Read Information Sheet II on Principles and Techniques 4. Answer Self-Check II 5. Read Information Sheet III on Process in Animation 6. Answer Self-Check III 7. Read Information Sheet IV on Fundamentals of Figure Drawing 8. Answer Self-Check IV 9. Read Information Sheet V on Character Construction 10.Answer Self-Check V 11.Read Information Sheet VI Pose to Pose Animation 12.Answer Self-Check VI

Resources Information Sheet I Self-Check I Information Sheet II Self-Check II Information Sheet III Self-Check III Information Sheet IV Self-Check IV Information Sheet V Self-Check V Information Sheet VI Self-Check VI

Information Sheet I. Basic Animation Concepts 1.1What is Animation? To Animate means to give life to. Animations are created from a sequence of still images. The images are displayed rapidly in succession so that the eye is fooled into perceiving continuous motion. This is because of the phenomenon call Persistence of Vision. This is the tendency of the eye and brain to continue to

perceive an image after it as disappeared. For example, in the above shown figure, a sequence of images in contrast to motion video which deals with actual photographs of real-world objects taken through a camera, although both uses the concept of displaying a sequence of images one after another to depict motion. Uses of Animation In multimedia, animation is regarded as an important and useful tool for communicating information. The main application areas of animation include: Marketing and advertising Staff and program development training presentations Educational multimedia programs Training programs Sports Edutainment titles Health-care programs Games Process simulation Cyber art Interactive magazines The internet

1.2Brief History Animation is a graphic representation of drawings to show movement within those drawings. A series of drawings are linked together and usually photographed by a camera. The drawings have been slightly changed between individualized frames s when they are played back in rapid succession (24 frames per second) there appears to be seamless movement within the drawings. In 1824, Peter Roget published a paper called Persistence of Vision With Regard to Moving Objects. This paper describes the phenomenon that occurs in human vision where an image lingers even after the light from the source has ceased. This phenomenon makes animation possible. This led to numerous philosophical toys during the 19th century. These include the Zoetrope, and the Flipbook. The first animated cartoon (in the traditional sense, i.e. on film) was Fantasmagorie by the French director mile Cohl. Released in 1908. One of the very first successful animated cartoons was Gertie the Dinosaur by Winsor McCay. It is considered the first example of true character animation. In the 19030s to 1960s, theatrical cartoons were produced in huge numbers, and usually shown before a feature film in a movie theater. MGM, Disney and Warner Brothers were the largest studios producing these 5 to 10-minute shorts. Competition from television drew audiences away from movie theaters in the late 1950s, and the theatrical cartoon began its decline. Today, animated cartoons are produced mostly for television, however with the advent of personal computers and the accessibility of the internet and easy animation software such as Flash , it

has now become possible for the average person to create animations allowing many novice animators to feature their cartoons online. 1.3How Animation Works In the traditional animation process, animators will begin by drawing sequences of animation on sheets of paper often using colored pencils, one picture or frame at a time. A key animator or lead animator will draw the key drawings (key in the sense of important) in a scene, using the character layouts as a guide. The key animator draws enough of the frames to get across the major points of the action; in a sequence of a character jumping across a gap, the key animator may draw a frame of the character as he is about to leap, two or more frames as the character is flying through the air, and the frame for the character landing on the other side of the gap. Once the key animation is approved, the lead animator forwards the scene on to the clean-up department, made up of the clean-up animators and the inbetweeners. The clean-up animators take the lead and assistant animators drawings and trace them onto a new sheet of paper, taking care in including all of the details present on the original model sheets, so that it appears that one person animated the entire film. The inbetweeners will draw in whatever frames are still missing in between the other animators drawings. This procedure is called tweening. 1.4Animation and Frame Rates Virtually all visual animation media uses frames a series of still images shown very rapidly to stimulate motion or change. Anything you see on a computer, television, or movie screen is based on frames. This goes back to the earliest days of cartoon animation, where the individual pictures were drawn on sheets of Cellphone and became known as cels, and the earliest motion pictures, where a similar technique was used with multiple photographs. TV video builds 30 entire frames or pictures every second. Movies are shot at a shutter rate of 24 frames per second, but using projections tricks the flicker is increase to 48. On some projectors each frame is shown 3 times before the next frame, for a total of 72 flickers per second which helps eliminate the flicker effect. 1.5Types of Animation There are many different types of animation that are used nowadays. The main types are clay animation, computer animation, cel-shaded animation and regular animation. Clay Animation Clay animation is not really a new technique as many people might think. Clay animation began shortly after plasticine (a clay-like substance) was invented in 1897, and one of the first films to use it was made in 1902. This type of animation was not very popular until Gumby was invented. The invention of Gumby was a big

step in the history of clay animation. Now, clay animation has become more popular and easier to do. Later on, more clay animation films were made, such as the Wallace and Gromit series of movies, the advertisements that were made for the California Raisin Advisory Board and the Celebrity Deathmatch series. Computer Animation Computer animation has also become common. Computer animation began about 40 years ago when the first computer drawing system was created by General Motors and IBM. It allowed the user to view a 3D model of a car and change the angles and rotation. Years later, more people helped make computer animation better. Movies that used computer animation are: The Abyss, Jurassic Park, Forrest Gump, and more. Also, computer animation was used differently, as in the show South Park, which used stop motion cutout animation; recently it uses computer animation. A well-known computer animation company is Pixar. They are responsible for making Toy Story, A Bugs Life, Monsters Inc., Finding Nemo, and more. Also, video games have used computer animation as well. Cel-Shaded Animation Cel-shaded animation is makes computer graphics appear to be hand-drawn. This type of animation is most commonly turning up in console video games. Most of the time, the cel-shading process starts with a typical 3D model. The difference occurs when a cel-shaded object is drawn on-screen. The rendering engine only selects a few shades of each color for the object, making it look flat. In order to draw black ink lines outlining an objects contours, the back-face culling is inverted to draw back-faced triangles with black-colored vertices. The vertices must be drawn many times with a slight change in translation to make the lines thick. This produces a a black-shaded silhouette. The back-face culling is then set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline. The first 3D video game to feature true real-time cel shading was Jet Set Radio for the Sega Dreamcast. After Jet Set Radio, many other cel-shaded games were introduced during a minor fad involving cel-shaded graphics. The next games with cel-shading to capture attention in some form were 2002s Jet Set Radio Future and Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus. Over time, more cel-shaded titles such as Dark Cloud 2, Cel Damage, Klonoa 2, and the Viewtiful Joe series were released with good results. There were also some television show that used the cel-shading style. These shows include Family Guy, Futurama, Fairly Oddparents, Spider-Man, The Simpsons, and many more. Regular Animation Animation began with Winsor McCay. He did his animations all by himself, and it took him a long time (about a year for a five minute cartoon). But for some, it was ridiculous that they would have to wait so much for so little. Then the modern animation studio came to be. Years later, more people would invent more cartoon characters. Otto Messmer invented the character Felix the Cat. Later on, the Walt

Disney Studio created Steamboat Willie, which introduced the character Mickey mouse. Other companies started to make their own cartoons; some of which we can still watch today.

Actually, no rigorous classification of computer animation exists. However, the following non-exclusive terms are used to label different types of animation: Real Time Animation: an animation is real time if a computer is computing and displaying the animation at the same speed as it is designed to be seen at. Typically on simple animations can be displayed in teal time.