CONTENTS

Academic honesty, plagiarism & collusion Introduction to Harvard Referencing System Book(s) (single author; 2 authors; 3 or more authors; corporate authors) Journal article(s), (single author, 2 authors; 3 or more authors) Book Chapter(s), (single author, 2 authors; 3 or more authors) Encyclopedias and dictionaries Maps (print and digital) Magazine article(s), (single author, 2 authors; 3 or more authors) Newspapers (print and online) Published proceedings, conferences, seminars, meetings Unpublished material, theses and reports World Wide Web (www), identiable personal author E-Book (electronic book), (single author, 2 authors; 3 or more authors) E-Journals (electronic journal article(s)) cd-rom, Video, dvd & audio recordings (named, named performer) tv, dvd & radio broadcast (on-air presentation; recording or transcript) 2 4 6 8 10 12 13 14 16 17 17 18 18 19 22 24

Correspondence referencing (email, memo; interview; letter (including historical archives); course material(s) print & electronic; lecture notes print & electronic; electronic communication; discussion board/forum; mailing list; webpage; wiki; Podcasts; images; lms 25 Software (named author, no named author; corporate publisher) Things to consider when writing, quoting and paraphrasing Referencing or bibliographies (key components, i.e. who, when, what & where) Sample Bibliography or Reference List Further reading 28 30 37 41 43

Academic Honesty, Plagiarism & Collusion

What is Academic Honesty? What is Plagiarism? What is Collusion? Examples of Plagiarism Plagiarism and Collusion in Group Work Why is Plagiarism so serious? What is Academic Honesty? Academic honesty means the use of ones own thoughts and materials in the writing of papers, taking of tests, and other classroom related activities. Students are expected to give full credit for the borrowing of others words or ideas. Intentional or unintentional use of anothers words or ideas without acknowledging this use constitutes plagiarism. What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism is the act of representing as ones own original work the creative works of another, without appropriate acknowledgment of the author or source. (Creative works may include published and unpublished written documents, interpretations, computer software, designs, music, sounds, images, photographs, and ideas or ideological frameworks gained through working with another person or in a group. These works may be in print and/or electronic media.) What is Collusion? Collusion is the presentation by a student of an assignment as his or her own which is in fact the result in whole or in part of unauthorised collaboration with another person or persons. Collusion involves the cooperation of two or more students in plagiarism or other forms of academic misconduct. Both the student presenting the assignment and the student(s) willingly supplying unauthorised material (colluders) are considered participants in the act of academic misconduct. Examples of Plagiarism The following are examples of plagiarism where appropriate acknowledgement or referencing of the author or source does not occur: Copying directly (or allowing to be copied) paragraphs, sentences, a single sentence or signicant parts of a sentence. An end reference without quotation marks around the copied text may also constitute plagiarism; Copying ideas, concepts, research results, statistical tables, computer programs, designs, images, sounds or text or any combination of these; Paraphrasing of anothers work closely, with minor changes but with the essential meaning, form and/or progression of ideas maintained; Relying on a specic idea or interpretation that is not ones own without identifying whose idea or interpretation it is; Cutting or pasting statements from multiple sources or piecing together work of others and representing them as original work; Presenting as independent, work done in collaboration with other people (eg, another student, a tutor);

Submitting, as ones own, all or part of another students original work; Cheating in an exam, either by copying from other students or by using unauthorised notes or aids. Presenting as independent, work done in collaboration with other people (eg, another student, a tutor); Preparing an original and correctly referenced assignment and submitting part or all of the assignment twice for separate subjects or marks.

Plagiarism and Collusion in Group Work Plagiarism and collusion in group work are forms of academic misconduct and can occur when one or more students: copies (or allows to be copied) from other members of a group while working in the group; copies the original work, in whole or in part, of an individual who is not a member of the group, with or without the knowledge of other members of the group, and contributes the plagiarised work to a group assignment; contributes less, little, or nothing to a group assignment and then claims an equal share of the work or marks; or discusses with other members of the group how to approach a common assessment item that requires individual submissions and relies on the same or very similar approach in the submitted assessment, without any acknowledgement of collaboration with colleagues and without the permission of the assessor.

Why is Plagiarism so serious? As outlined above, plagiarism is taking and presenting the thoughts, writings, etc, of other people as your own. In not crediting the source, a person is guilty of intellectual fraud. It is unacceptable at all times; it is completely unacceptable at the National College of Ireland. If a student is found to have deliberately plagiarised the work of another including copying the work of other students the penalties are severe. Sometimes a student might accidentally plagiarise. This is usually the result of a lack of academic writing skills, inexperience, sloppy note taking, or a combination of these. It is important that you learn and follow the practice established for citation of written works for your subject, projects, theses and essays.

Harvard Referencing
The system used in National College of Ireland is the Harvard System. When writing a piece of work you will need to refer in your text to material written or produced by others. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. Consistency and accuracy are important to enable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. The same set of rules should be followed every time you cite a reference. Why Harvard? This system developed in the USA and grew in popularity during the 1950s and 1960s especially in the physical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences. Over several decades it has become the most common system internationally and is frequently the standard house style for academic journals. The Harvard system has advantages of exibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author and reader. There is no third place to look such as footnotes and chapter references which are features of other systems. Please note. Whilst every possible effort has been made to accurately and consistently reect the Harvard style in the examples below, small errors may occur. This guide is regularly revised and any errors which are identified will be rectified.

Book(s)
Book: single author
In-text (Gunnigle 2006) n.b. When directly quoting or paraphrasing a source, in text, one must provide the page numbers referred to. For example this quote is from the Gunnigle book below: Motivation at work has been the focus of sustained attention since the emergence of industrial society as a result of the industrial revolution. This quote is from page 130. Therefore an in text version of this would be (Gunnigle 2006, p.130). If the quote or paraphrase extends to two or more pages use the form pp. to denote multiple page numbers. Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. Gunnigle, P. (2006) Human Resource Management in Ireland. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1. Author: Gunnigle, P. 2. Date: (2006). 3. Title in italics: Human Resource Management in Ireland. 4. Place: Dublin 5. Publisher: Gill and Macmillan

Book: two authors

In-text (Laudon & Laudon 2003) Bibliography or Reference list Laudon, K.C. & Laudon, J.P. (2003) Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital rm. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall 1. Author: Laudon, K.C. & Laudon, J.P. 2. Date: (2003). 3. Title in italics: Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital rm, 4. Place: Upper Saddle River, N.J. 5. Publisher: Prentice Hall

Book: 3 or more authors

In-text: initially (Beardwell, Claydon & Holden 2004) In-text: thereafter (Beardwell, et al. 2004) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically.

Beardwell, I.J., Claydon, T. & Holden, L. (2004) Human Resource Management: a contemporary approach. London: Prentice Hall. 1. Authors: Beardwell, I.J., Claydon, T., & Holden, L. 2. Date: (2004) 3. Title in italics: Human Resource Management: a contemporary approach, 4. Place: London. 5. Publisher: Prentice Hall.

Book: corporate author

In-text (Department of The Taoiseach 2006) Bibliography or Reference list Department of The Taoiseach (2006) Towards 2016, ten year framework social partnership agreement 2006-2015. Dublin: Stationery Ofce. 1. Author: Department of The Taoiseach. 2. Date: (2006) 3. Title in italics: Towards 2016, ten year framework social partnership agreement 2006-2015. 4. Place: Dublin. 5. Publisher: Stationery Ofce.

Book: editor(s)
In-text (Held and Kaya 2007) Bibliography or Reference list Held, D. and Kaya, A. (eds.) (2007) Global Inequality: patterns and explanations. Cambridge: Polity Press. 1. Authors: Held, D. & Kaya, A. (editors) 2. Date: (2007). 3. Title in italics: Global Inequality: patterns and explanations. 4. Place: Cambridge. 5. Publisher: Polity Press.

Journal article(s),
Journal article: single author
In-text: (Hammer 1990) Bibliography or Reference list Hammer, M. (1990) Reengineering Work: Dont Automate, Obliterate. Harvard Business Review, July-August: 104-112. 1. Author: Hammer, M. 2. Year: (1990). 3. Article title in single quotes: Reengineering Work: Dont Automate, Obliterate. 4. Journal title in italics: Harvard Business Review 5. Edition: July-August 6. Pages: 104-112.

Journal article: two authors

In-text: (Lamb & Kling 2003) Bibliography or Reference list Lamb, R. & Kling, R. (2003) Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 27 (2): 197. 1. Authors: Lamb, R. & Kling, R. 2. Year: (2003). 3. Article title in single quotes: Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research, 4. Journal title in italics: MIS Quarterly. 5. Volume: 27 6. Issue: (2) 7. Page: 197.

Journal article: 3 or more authors

In-text: Initially (Lacity, Willcocks & Feeny 1995) In-text: thereafter (Lacity et al. 1995) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. Lacity, M.C., Willcocks, L.P. & Feeny, D.F. (1995) IT outsourcing: maximize exibility and control. Harvard Business Review, 73 (3): 84-93. 1. Authors: Lacity, M.C., Willcocks, L.P. & Feeny, D.F. 2. Year: (1995). 3. Article title in single quotes: IT outsourcing: maximize exibility and control. 4. Journal title in italics: Harvard Business Review. 5. Volume: 73 6. Issue: (3) 7. Page: 84-93. n.b.: For electronic journal articles go to page 19

Book Chapter(s)
Chapter: single author
In-text (ODell 2006) Bibliography or Reference list Feldman, E. (2006) Older People in Irish Mental Health Law. In: ODell, E, ed. Older People in Modern Ireland: essays on law and policy. Dublin: First Law, 268-292. 1. Author (chapter): Feldman, E. 2. Date: (2006). 3. Title (chapter) in single quotes: Older People in Irish Mental Health Law. 4. Editor (book): In: ODell, E. ed. 5. Title (book) in italics: Older People in Modern Ireland: essays on law and policy, 6. Place: Dublin 7. Publisher: First Law 8. Pages of chapter: 268-292. Chapter: two authors In-text (OHagan & McIndoe 2008) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. OHagan, J. & McIndoe, T. (2008) Population, migration and employment. In: OHagan, J. and Newman, C. eds. The Economy of Ireland: national and sectoral policy issues. 10th ed. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 112-144. 1. Authors (chapter): OHagan, J. & McIndoe, T. 2. Date: (2008) 3. Title (chapter) in single quotes: Population, migration and employment. 4. Editors (book): In: OHagan, J. and Newman, C. (eds.) 5. Title: (book The Economy of Ireland: national and sectoral policy issues. 6. Edition: 10th ed. 7. Place: Dublin. 8. Publisher: Gill and Macmillan, 9. Pages of chapter: 112-144.

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Chapter: 3 or more authors In-text: initially (Brannick, Doyle & Kelly, 1994) In-text: thereafter (Brannick et al. 1994) Bibliography or Reference list Brannick, T., Doyle, L. & Kelly, A. (1994) Industrial Conict. In: Murphy, T.V. and Roche W.K. eds. Irish Industrial Relations in Practice. Dublin: Oak Tree Press, 299-324. 1. Authors (chapter): Brannick, T., Doyle, L. & Kelly, A. 2. Date: (1994) 3. Title (chapter) in single quotes: Industrial Conict, 4. Editors (book): In: Murphy, T.V. and Roche, W.K. (eds.). 5. Title (book) in italics: Irish Industrial Relations in Practice. 6. Place: Dublin 7. Publisher: Oak Tree Press 8. Pages of chapter: 299-324.

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Encyclopedia and Dictionaries

In-text (Baker 1999) Bibliography or Reference list Baker, M.J. (1999) The Marketing Mix. In: Baker, M.J. ed. IEBM Encyclopedia of Marketing, vol. 1. London: International Thomson Press, 319-341. 1. Article author: Baker, M.J. 2. Year: (1999) 3. Title of article in single quotes: The Marketing Mix. 4. Editor of encyclopedia: In: Baker, M.J. (ed). 5. Title of encyclopaedia: IEBM Encyclopedia of Marketing, 6. Volume: vol. 1 7. Place: London. 8. Publisher: International Thomson Press. 9. Pages: 319-241.

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Maps
Maps: Print
In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation In-text (Ordnance Survey Ireland 2007, pp 32-33) Bibliography or Reference list Ordnance Survey Ireland (2007) The Complete road atlas of Ireland. 1cm:2km : 1 inch:2miles, 2nd ed. Dublin: Ordnance Survey Ireland. 1. Author: Ordnance Survey Ireland 2. Date: (2007) 3. Title in italics: The Complete road atlas of Ireland. 4. Scale: 1cm:2km : 1 inch:2 miles 5. Edition: 2nd ed. 6. Place: Dublin. 7. Publisher: Ordnance Survey Ireland

Maps (digital/online)
In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation In-text (Google maps.com 2009) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. Google maps.com 2009, NCI (National College of Ireland). Available from: <http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=NCI+Dublin +Ireland&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=29.910058,56.25&ie=UTF8&ll=53.376775,6.254311&spn=0.082743,0.219727&z=12> [Accessed 22 June 2009]. 1. Author: Google maps.com 2. Date: 2009. 3. Title in italics: NCI (National College of Ireland), 4. URL: from <http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q= NCI+Dublin+Ireland&sll=37.0625,95.677068&sspn=29.910058,56.25&ie=UTF8&ll= 53.376775,-6.254311&spn=0.082743,0.219727&z=12> 5. Access date: [22 June 2009].

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Magazine article(s)
Magazine article: single author
In-text (Knight 2004) Bibliography or Reference list Knight, W. (2004) How to second guess the next hack attack. New Scientist, 24 January, p 19. 1. Author: Knight, W. 2. Date: (2004) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: How to second guess the next hack attack. 4. Title (magazine) in italics: New Scientist. 5. Issue date: 24 January, 6. Page of article: p 19.

Magazine article: two authors

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. In-text (Berlind & Becker 2003) Bibliography or Reference list Berlind D. & Becker D. (2003) Metadata: where content and storage meet. Technology & Business, December, p 30. 1. Authors: Berlind D. & Becker D. 2. Date: (2003) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Metadata: where content and storage meet. 4. Title (magazine) in italics: Technology & Business. 5. Issue date: December. 6. Page of article: p 30.

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Magazine article: 3 or more authors

In-text Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. In-text: initially (Nielsen, Pernice & Tahir 2001) In-text: thereafter (Nielsen et al. 2001) Bibliography or Reference list Nielsen, J., Pernice, C. K., & Tahir, M. (2001) Make it usable. PC Magazine, 6 February, p 11. 1. Authors: Nielsen, J., Pernice, C. K., & Tahir, M. 2. Date: (2001) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Make it usable. 4. Title (magazine) in italics: PC Magazine. 5. Issue date: 6 February. 6. Page of article: p 11.

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Newspapers
Newspaper print
In-text (Reddan 2008) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. Reddan, F. (2008) Individual online tax returns up 8.6%. The Irish Times Business Today, 19th November, p 20. 1. Author: Reddan, F. 2. Date: (2008) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Individual online tax returns up 8.6%. 4. Title (newspaper) in italics: The Irish Times. 5. Section: Business Today. 6. Issue date: 19th November. 7. Page of article: p 20.

Newspaper online
In-text (Reddan, 2008) Bibliography or Reference list Reddan, F. (2008) Individual online tax returns up 8.6%. The Irish Times,Business Today. Available from: <http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/nance/2008/1119/1227026416591. html> [accessed 19 November 2008]. 1. Author: Reddan, F. 2. Date: (2008) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Individual online tax returns up 8.6%. 4. Title (newspaper) in italics: The Irish Times, Business Today. 5. URL: from http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/nance/2008/1119/122702641 6591.html 6. Access date: [Accessed 19 November 2008].

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Published proceedings: conferences, seminars and meetings

In-text (Eidenberger et al. 2002) Bibliography or Reference list Eidenberger, H, Breiteneder, C. & Hitz, M. (2002) A Framework for Visual Information Retrieval, in Shi-Kuo Chang, Zen Chen, Suh-Yin Lee eds. Recent advances in visual information systems: 5th international conference, VISUAL 2002 proceedings, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, March 11-13, 2002, 105-116. 1. Authors: Eidenberger, H, Breiteneder, C. & Hitz, M. 2. Year: (2002) 3. Title of paper in single quotes: A Framework for Visual Information Retrieval, 4. Editors of publication: in Shi-Kuo Chang, Zen Chen, Suh-Yin Lee (eds.). 5. Title of publication in italics: Recent advances in visual information systems: 5th international conference, VISUAL 2002 proceedings. 6. Location of conference etc: Hsin Chu, Taiwan, 7. Date of conference etc: March 11-13, 2002. 8. Pages: 105-116.

Unpublished material: theses and reports

In-text (Connolly 2003) Bibliography or Reference list Connolly, P. (2003) Values and the Voluntary Sector: a study of the role of values in the management of Irish voluntary organisations. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Dublin: National College of Ireland. 1. Author: Connolly, P. 2. Year: (2003) 3. Title of thesis: Values and the Voluntary Sector: a study of the role of values in the management of Irish voluntary organisations. 4. Identier: Unpublished PhD Thesis. 5. Place: Dublin. 5. Institute: National College of Ireland.

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World Wide Web: Identiable, personal author

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. In-text (Arch & Letourneau 2002) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. Arch, A. & Letourneau, C. (2002) Auxiliary Benets of Accessible Web Design [Internet]. In: W3C Web Accessibility initiative. Available from http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/ benets.html [Accessed 26 February 2004] 1. Authors: Arch, A. & Letourneau, C. 2. Date: (2002) 3. Title (page) in single quotes: Auxiliary Benets of Accessible Web Design. 4. Title (website) in italics: in W3C Web Accessibility initiative. 5. Source: from http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/benets.html 6. Access date: [Accessed 26 February 2004].

E-book
In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. In-text (Eck 2002) Bibliography or Reference list Eck, D.J. (2002) Introduction To Programming Using Java, 3rd edn. OOPWeb.com. Available from http://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroToProgrammingUsing Java/VolumeFrames.html [Accessed 26 February 2004]. 1. Author: Eck, D.J. 2. Date: (2002) 3. Title in italics: Introduction To Programming Using Java. 4. Edition: 3rd edn. 5. Host (publisher): OOPWeb.com, 6. Source: Available from http://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroTo ProgrammingUsingJava/VolumeFrames.html 7. Access date: [Accessed 26 February 2004].

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E-Journals (electronic journal article(s))

E-journals: single author
In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. In-text (Lenoir 2003) Bibliography or Reference list Lenoir, L. (2003) Response of the foraging behaviour of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) to exclusion from trees. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, vol. 5(3), 183189. [Internet] Available from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.14 61-9563.2003.00176.x/full/ [Accessed 10 September 2003]. 1. Author: Lenoir, L. 2. Date: (2003) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Response of the foraging behaviour of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) to exclusion from trees. 4. Title (journal) in italics: Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 5. Volume, edition no.: vol. 5(3). 6. Pages: 183-189. 7. URL: from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003 .00176.x/full/ 8. Access date: [Accessed 10 September 2003].

E-journals: two authors

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. In-text (Stier and Siebert 2002) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. Stier, S.C. and Siebert, S.F. (2002) The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversity restoration forestry. Conservation Biology, vol. 16(3). 575. [Internet]. Available from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/ [Accessed 10 September 2003]. 1. Authors: Stier, S.C. and Siebert, S.F. 2. Date: (2002) 3. Title (article) in single quotes: The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversity restoration forestry. 4. Title (journal) in italics: Conservation Biology. 5. Volume, edition no.: vol. 16(3). 6. Pages: 575. 7. URL: from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/ 8. Access date: [Accessed 10 September 2003].

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E-journals: 3 or more authors

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. In-text (Mueller et al. 2003) Bibliography or Reference list Mueller, J.K., Heckathorn, S.A. and Fernando, D. (2003) Identication of a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of mature plants. International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 164(4), 535-542. [Internet] Available from http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/ issues/v164n4/164053/164053.html [Accessed 10 September 2003]. 1. Authors: Mueller, J.K., Heckathorn, S.A. and Fernando, D. 2. Date: (2003). 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Identication of a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of mature plants. 4. Title (journal) in italics: International Journal of Plant Sciences. 5. Volume, edition no.: vol. 164(4). 6. Pages: 535-542. 7. URL: from http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/issues/ v164n4/164053/164053.html 8. Access date: [10 September 2003].

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E-journals: Abstract
In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. In-text (Wolter et al. 2003) Bibliography or Reference list Wolter, B.F., Ellis, M., Corrigan, B.P., DeDecker, J.M., Curtis, S.E., Parr, E.N. and Webel, D.M. (2003) Effect of restricted postweaning growth resulting from reduced oor and feeder-trough space on pig growth performance to slaughter weight in a wean-tonish production system. Journal of Animal Science, (abstract), vol. 81. [Internet] Available from http://buffy.lib.unimelb.edu.au:2148/jas/abs/2003/a0340836.htm [Accessed 11 September 2003]. 1. Authors: Wolter, B.F., Ellis, M., Corrigan, B.P., DeDecker, J.M., Curtis, S.E., Parr, E.N. and Webel, D.M. 2. Date: (2003). 3. Title (article) in single quotes: Effect of restricted postweaning growth resulting from reduced oor and feeder-trough space on pig growth performance to slaughter weight in a wean-to-nish production system. 4. Title (journal) in italics: Journal of Animal Science. 5. Identier: (abstract). 6. Volume: vol. 81. 7. URL: from http://buffy.lib.unimelb.edu.au:2148/jas/abs/2003/a0340836.htm. 8. Access date: [Accessed 11 September 2003].

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cd-rom, Video, dvd & audio recordings

CD-ROM
In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation In-text (World Atlas & Almanac 1995) Bibliography or Reference list Mindscape Inc. (1995) World Atlas & Almanac. Novato, California: Mindscape Inc. [Multi-Media CD-ROM] 1. Author 2. Date: 1995. 3. Title in italics: World Atlas & Almanac. 4. Place: Novato, California. 5. Publisher: Mindscape Inc. 6. Format: [Multi-Media CD-ROM]

Video, DVD & Audio Recordings: Named

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. In-text (Grumpy meets the orchestra 1992) Bibliography or Reference list n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. Grumpy meets the orchestra (1992). Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney. Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. [Video: VHS] 1. Title in italics: Grumpy meets the orchestra. 2. Date (year): 1992. 3. Publisher: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 4. Place: Sydney. 5. Qualier: Featuring the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. 6. Format: [Video VHS].

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Video, DVD & Audio Recordings: Named performer

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. In-text (Sangare 1997) Bibliography or Reference list Sangare, O. (1997) Dugu Kamalemba, in The divas from Mali, Network Medien GmbH, D-60316 Frankfurt. Track #10. [Audio CD]. 1. Author (performer): Sangare, O. 2. Date (year): 1997. 3. Title (piece) in single quotes: Dugu Kamalemba. 4. Title (collection) in italics: in The divas from Mali. 5. Publisher: Network Medien GmbH. 6. Place: D-60316 Frankfurt. 7. Qualier: Track #10. 8. Identier: [Audio CD].

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TV, DVD & Radio Broadcast: On-air presentation

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. In-text (Home truths: Leas Cross 2005) Bibliography or Reference list Home truths: Leas Cross, Prime Time Investigates, May 2005 [Transcript of television programme]. In May 2005 RTs Prime Time television programme investigated the Leas Cross Nursing Home, in County Dublin. It looked at the treatment of elderly and inrm residents, showing a catalogue of neglect in a privately operated nursing home. 12th May, 2005 1. Identier: television program, (italics) 2. Date (year): 2005. 3. Title (series): Prime Time Investigates. 4. Publisher: RT Television. 5. Place: Dublin. 6. Broadcast date: broadcast 12th May.

TV & Radio Broadcast: Recording or transcript

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation In-text (RT, 2005) Bibliography or Reference list The Man in the moons from Carrickmacross, Surely the ultimate epitaph is that your name might be carved upon the surface of the moon. The likelihood of this happening is remote and remoter still for a semi-educated farm labourer who left his native Carrick macross by horse and cart in 1927. But this was the honour granted to Bernard Callan. His name was inscribed on a plaque left upon the Sea of Tranquillity by the departing Apollo astronauts in 1969. In this documentary, his nephew, Mickey Birdy explores this remarkable career and in the process uncovers that the small community of Corduff in County Monaghan produced more than its share of homespun genius. http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/1154758. Date (year): 2007 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Title (series): The Man in the moons from Carrickmacross : Documentary on One, Identier: transcript of radio program, Publisher: RT, Radio One Place: Dublin, URL: from http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/1154758. Date: (aired) 18th July 2007

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Correspondence Bibliography and/or Corresponding Referencing

Email or memo As a personal email or electronic memo is not a public source of information it is considered to be irrecoverable, therefore you cannot list it in your bibliography. However, you can refer to its contents in the body of your text by citing the details, e.g. in an email to the author (Aug 2008) Buckley claried the point. Interview As a personal interview is not a public source, it is not considered to be recoverable data, therefore you cannot list it in your bibliography. However, you can refer to the interview in the body of your text by citing the details., e.g. In an interview (Barry Nov 2008) the ndings of the report were discussed and Barry agreed If the interview is transcribed in an appendix, refer the reader to that appendix. n.b. For many of the examples below use the in text notation that you would use for a book. For example for the invitation to attend Parliament immediately below you would cite it thus (Lloyd George 1920). Letter including historical archives Author (year) Subject matter, letter to Recipients Name, year, held in Collection, Institution, City. Lloyd George, D. (1920) Invitation to attend Parliament on 10 Feb 1920, letter to Eamon DeValera, 2 Feb, held in Norton Collection, Glucksman Library, University of Limerick, Limerick. Course material Check with the individual lecturer whether or not you are permitted to cite these as sources. It is more academically sound to return to the sources referenced by your lecturer rather than to the lecture itself. However if you do this, you must read the primary material and not rely on the interpretation of the material by the lecturer. Course material print Author(s) name, initial(s). (year) Title of item, Module code: Module title, Institution, unpublished. National College of Ireland, Off Campus Department (2008) Certicate in First Line Management: Section Business Management/Quality and Customer Care, CFLM: Certificate in First Line Management, National College of Ireland, (National College of Ireland, 2008) ...

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Course material electronic Learning Management System or Virtual Learning Environment such as Moodle, (or other products such as WebCT, Sulis, Blackboard) Author(s)/Tutor(s) name, initial(s). (year) Title of item, Module Code: Module Title [online], available: web address, [accessed date]. Gargan, D. (2008) Entrepreneurship. BSHSSE [Module title]. National College of Ireland. Unpublished. Available from: http://mymoodle.ncirl.ie/course/view. php?id=421, [Internet]. [Accessed June 2009]. Lecture notes Author(s)/Tutor(s) name, initial(s) (year) Title of lecture, Module Code: Module Title, date, Institution, unpublished. Gargan, D. (2008) Change Management. BScHBIS. [Module]. National College of Ireland. Unpublished. Shared/Public folder Author(s)/Tutor(s) name, initial(s). (year) Title of item, Module Code: Module Title [Internet], available: location of folder [accessed date]. Fry, E. (2009) IT Factsheets [Internet]. Available from: www.ncirl.ie [accessed 4 May 2009]. Electronic communication Blog (weblog) Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Subject of message, Blog Title [Internet], date of posting, available: web address [accessed date]. Tormey, D. (2009) Ian Paisley legends in your lunchtime lecture series, National College of Ireland, Ian the meaney Derek Tormeys Blog [Internet] 28 May, available from: http://derycktormey.wordpress.com// [Accessed 3 June 2009]. Discussion board / forum Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Title of message, Title of Discussion Board or Forum [Internet], date of message, available: web address [accessed date]. Trastoy, T. S. (2003) The so-called Flywheel of Saqqara, Egyptologists Electronic Forum Bulletin Board [Internet], 2 Jul, available from: http://www.geocities. com/TimesSquare/Alley/5582/SaqqaraFlywheel.html [accessed 16 Oct 2003].

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Mailing list Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Title of message, Title of Mailing List [Internet], date of message, available: email address [accessed date]. Moore, T. (2002) Sharing good practice, Forum for Access Studies [Internet], 1 May. Available from: accessforum@jiscmail.ac.uk [accessed 5 May 2002]. Webpage Owner of webpage (year of publication) Title [Internet], available: web address [accessed date]. National Development Programme (2007) EU Funding Overview [Internet] Available from: http://www.ndp.ie/docs/EU_Funding/21.htm [Accessed 16 Jun 2007]. The author of a webpage refers to the organisational author, not to the individual who may have designed or created the site. Use the sites logo and banner to identify the organisational author. WIKI (Wiki a piece of software that allows users to freely create and edit web content) Name of wiki or Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Subject of page, available: web address [accessed date and time]. Wikipedia (2007) Global Warming. Available from: http://en.wikipedia/org/ wiki/Global warming [accessed 16 Aug 2007, 14h32]. Podcasts How To...Embed a YouTube Video into PowerPoint. (2006) Podcast. [Internet] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/eoloughlin [Accessed 17th June 2009]. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Title (this should be in italics) Year of publication: (2006) Type of online broadcast: Podcast. Medium: [Internet]. Available from: URL Date of access: [Accessed 17 June 2009].

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Images (Image, gure, illustration, photo or table) Author(s) name, initial(s). (year of publication) Title of image, figure, illustration or table, Title of the Book which contains the image. ed.[if not 1st edition], Place of Publication: Publisher, page, illus. National College of Ireland (2009) Inside NCI, Newstalk Student Enterprise Competition. Inside NCI: magazine for friends of the National College of Ireland National College of Ireland. p3, photo. Adapt the example above for whichever source in which your image has been sourced. Give the image description at the end of the reference, i.e. image, illus., g., table, photo. Films Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. (2002) [Film] Directed by: Chris Columbus. USA, Warner Brothers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Title of lm (this should be in italics) (Year of production) [Film] Directed by: Directors name Place of production Name of production company

Software
Software: named author
In-text, Reference list order of citation. n.b. Items in the Reference List are listed alphabetically. In-text (Rawson-Tetley 2009) Bibliography or Reference list Rawson-Tetley, R. Animal Shelter Manager. [Computer software]. Available from: http:// sourceforge.net/project/platformdownload.php?group_id=82533 [Accessed 2 June January 2009]. 1. Author: Rawson-Tetley, R. 2. Title of software in italics: Animal Shelter Manager. 3. Medium: computer software 4. Source: from http://sourceforge.net/project/platformdownload.php?group_id=82533

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5.

Date accessed: [Accessed 2 June 2009].

Software: no named author

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. In-text (OpenOfce.org 2009) Bibliography or Reference list OpenOffice.org. computer software. Available from: http://www.openoffice.org [Accessed 2 June 2009]. 1. Title of software in italics: OpenOfce.org. 2. Medium: Computer software. 3. Source: from http://download.openofce.org/ 4. Date accessed: [Accessed 2nd June 2009].

Software: corporate publisher

In-text, Bibliography or Reference list order of citation. n.b. Items in the Bibliography or Reference List are listed alphabetically. In-text (MATLAB 2009) Bibliography or Reference list MATLAB version 7.8 (2009). Computer software. Natick, Massachusetts: The MathWorks Inc 1. Title of software in italics: MATLAB 2. Version of software: version 7.8. 3. Year of publication: 2009. 4. Identier: computer software. 5. Place: Natick, Massachusetts. 6. Publisher: The MathWorks Inc.

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Things to consider when writing, quoting and paraphrasing..

An essay should be written in your own words presenting your own argument and analysis.

Indirect citation (their ideas, your words)

Put the ideas into your own words (paraphrase) and acknowledge the source of the information. Authors name as part of the sentence: Bloggs (1996) argues that intervention early in the process is essential. Anders and Wilson (1993) identify three main ways in which interference typically occurs. Fisher, King and Lyle (1997) dene adolescence as the decade between childhood and maturity. As Fisher et al. (1997) have indicated, mental health is dened by societal norms. Authors name NOT included in the sentence: Mental health is dened by societal norms (Fisher, King & Lyle, 1997). Adolescence, dened by some as the decade between childhood and maturity (Fisher et al., 1997), is a period of rapid change for young people. Topical treatment was popular in the 1970s (Bruin, 1989).

Direct quotation (their ideas, their words)

Use quotations sparingly and paraphrase wherever possible. If you can express the idea in your own words, you are more likely to convince the lecturer that you have understood what you have read. Direct quotations can be used if you... cannot paraphrase using fewer words than the original, cannot paraphrase without distorting the meaning, wish to discuss the exact words used in the source for example to analyse a denition or to critique perceived bias, OR... if the original wording is particularly memorable, witty or appropriate. If you must quote, then do so briey. n.b. An essay full of direct quotation will not be marked as highly as one in which the writer has transformed the ideas into different words and created an individual point of view from those ideas. Essays that consist largely of strings of quotations are unacceptable. 1. All direct quotations must be accurately reproduced (using the exact words), and page numbers must be included in your citation: Bloggs (1996, p.24) argues that although such intervention is essential, it is nowadays neglected. 2. An ellipsis (3 dots ...) can be used to indicate that part of the original passage has been omitted: (If quotations are short, two lines or so, they can be incorporated into the text, but must be enclosed within quotation marks). A modern slant on the old tale is that Samson needed that cut ... to see in new ways (Jones & Byron, 1992, p. 248).

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3. Quotations longer than three lines should be indented; quotation marks are not used in this case: Another situation occurs when the subtypes are nonexclusive. In other words, the subtypes may overlap in ways that may cause an iteration or recursion. Joiner et al. 1998.

Components
The principal components required for an in-text citation are author and date and frequently a page number. The author(s) is the person(s) primarily responsible for the work. Date is the ofcial publication date of the source. Page number(s) is the page number within the source: Always use page numbers whenever directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an argument or idea. Cite the source with page numbers if the idea, argument or example, etc, is in a particular part of the text or journal; Cite the source without page numbers if the idea, argument or example, etc, is a theme which runs through much of the text or article, or your own summary or interpretation of the information.

The order of citation

The general order of in-text citation is: Surname of the author, followed by year of publication, which can be followed by the page number(s)

Fewer than three authors

In the text you should give the surname/surnames (do not use initials or rst names in the text) and the year of publication of each author. e.g. The method shows that people do not accept change readily (Jones 1983). or Smith (1922) states that the experiment was a failure. or Smith and Fredricks (1922) state that the experiment was a failure. If there are authors with the same name in your bibliography, use their initials to distinguish between them. e.g. The method shows that people do not accept change readily (Smith, H & Macintosh 1983).

Three or more authors

Where there are numerous authors, the rst time that you cite the work you should list each author as above. Subsequently use the surname of the rst author followed by et al. (short for et alia meaning and the others) in your citation.

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Initially: Jones, Smith, Alexander and Macintosh (1994) state that the sky is pink. Thereafter: Jones et al. (1994) observed that the ground was also pink.

No known author
Sometimes there is no formal information about the author. This may occur because the author is not formally known, or the publisher is considered the author, or the organisation is the author. Author is not formally known; e.g. ([Smith] 1993) The publisher is considered the author; e.g. (Microsoft 1995) The organisation is considered the author; e.g. (CSIRO 1990)

Chapter in a book
Chapters in a book (or other type of multi-section or multi-chapter publication) are often written by different authors. The in-text citation should gives the author(s) of the relevant chapter, together with the publication date of the book. Full details would be given in the Bibliography or Reference List. e.g. ...Edis (2002, p 63) dismissed sodicity as being of marginal effect whereas Weatherley (2002, p 419) adopted a position completely contrary to that outlined by White (2002, p 666) in deference to Chen (2002, p 16), who was away in China at the time ...

World Wide Web (www)

In-text citation of references obtained from the World Wide Web follows the general authordate convention. However, authorship of websites or webpages may be unclear, as may be the date of publication. Generally use the author (or multiple authors) name(s) and date if available. e.g. ...results from recent surveys suggest a fundamental shift in landholders perceptions about the continued clearing of forested areas (Wild 2003)... No author(s) identied? Use the name of the publisher of the website and date. e.g. ..surveys commissioned recently suggest signicant shifts in landholders perceptions

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about the effects of land clearing (DSE 2003)... Neither author nor publisher identied? Use the title of the relevant webpage (or website) and date. e.g. ..there is increasing resistance to logging in many forest areas, as demonstrated in recent surveys (A ray of hope in the struggle for Wombat Forest 2003)... Neither author, publisher nor title identied? It is debatable whether it has any value as a reference. However, if it is essential that you use it, cite the URL and date. e.g. ...recent surveys show signicant changes in attitude towards the removal of forest cover (http://www.forestfriend.org n.d.)... No obvious publishing date for the website? If no date can be identied, use n.d. to indicate no date. e.g. ...an independent survey has conrmed signicant changes in attitudes towards logging (Have the Ents revolted in the Otway Ranges? n.d.) ... In all cases, date refers to the date the webpage was published (not the date of downloading). The date on which you accessed the information would be given in the Bibliography or Reference List.

Electronic media
Can include items such as electronic journals, CD-ROM, video, transcripts of TV and radio programs and similar publications. These are treated no differently to in-text citations for conventional print publications; the author-date convention is followed. Full details (including the electronic format of the publication) would be given in the Bibliography or Reference List.

Repeated citation of the same reference

Basing a written assignment on only one or two sources is not usually accepted as sound academic practice. If it occurs, however, avoid excessive repetition of the same in-text citation. One suggestion is to acknowledge that one key reference (cited) has been used for a basic theme or structure throughout. Cite it again only when particularly relevant sections or points are being highlighted. Avoid using terms such as op cit or ibid, which are easy to misinterpret and confuse many readers (and writers). e.g. ...The report follows the general arguments posited by Sturrock (1948), in his seminal work on the interpretation of geomorphological phenomena....the sharpy pointy bits which jag your bum when you sit on them (Sturrock 1948, p 93)....the atter valley oors were frequently colonised by the Raj for the purposes of polo, states Sturrock (1948, p 312) and the public whipping of peasants ...

33

Multiple citations
Same author Same author; different years Arrange in chronological order. Same author; same years If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year, these are generally labelled in order of publication using a lower-case alphabetical sufx. The same sufx is used to distinguish that reference in the Bibliography or Reference List. e.g. ...Brown (1980, p 61; 1983, p 21; 1987, p 85) stated... or ...other researchers faced this problem (Brown 1992a, p 98; James 1994, p 107) while Brown (1992b, p 3; 1994a, p 5; 1994b, p 3) recognised... Same name different authors You may need to cite references from two authors who have the same surname and, possibly, the same initial. An easy way to avoid confusion is to use their given and family names for the in-text citation. e.g. ...low-quality rice straw is usually fed to buffalo (James Brogan 1983), while Jane Brogan (1983) observed occasional supplementation of the straw with wilted cassava leaf ...

Verbal sources
Covers references such as conversations, seminars, speeches and lectures, etc, for which no permanent record exists. Such types of reference are generally avoided, as they are difcult to verify. Conversations are cited in-text as pers comm, for personal communication. e.g. ...one farmer talked about the difculty of relating any increase in land values to investments made in environmental improvement (Hardaker, pers comm 2002)... Seminars and speeches are presented to a wider group, thus pers comm is inappropriate. They should be cited using the speakers surname and date of the presentation. e.g. ...and shouted, This decision is a tragedy for all residents of Nullingabar Shire. I call on the Mayor to resign immediately. (Mulligan 2001) Full details (including verbal/unpublished nature of the source) must be made clear in the Bibliography or Reference List.

34

Unpublished sources
Can include items such as a Masters or PhD thesis, Honours project, working papers, ofce reports, e-mails, brieng papers, correspondence, etc. The works can be identied in a print or electronic form but have never been ofcially published, eg allocated an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), or similar. In-text citation follows the standard author-date conventions. Full details would be given in the List of References. e.g. ...The organic carbon content of the topsoil increases gradually across the site from the North to South, from 1.0% C (0.1%) at the southern end to 1.6% C ( 0.1%) at the northern end, with a site average 1.3% C (0.1%), probably due to the frequent addition of manure near the house (Edis 1987)... or ...In a meeting of the Combined Security Forces Committee, it was decided that legislative protection against future intrusions was needed (Combined Security Forces Committee 1978)...

Secondhand sources
When citing an author who was cited in another authors work, provide both authors names. e.g. ...Duck eggs are an extremely popular food in Southeast Asia (Branson, cited in Sugiyanto 1997)... or ...Branson (cited in Sugiyanto 1997) highlighted the popularity of duck eggs in many parts of Southeast Asia... In this example, only Sugiyanto would be named in the Bibliography or Reference List because you did not go directly to Branson, the primary source.

Legislative sources
When citing legislative sources, you should cite: the name of the Act concerned, the year the Act was passed, the relevant section of the Act. Do not cite the page on which that section appears. The section number is sufcient to identify the precise location within the source. e.g. ...This is a requirement of the Finance Bill 2009 (2009) which provides that ...

35

An acronym or abbreviation
An acronym or abbreviation can be used for a source to which you refer frequently. Give the name of the source in full on the rst occasion it appears in the text, then cite the abbreviation. Thereafter use the abbreviation both in your text and as part of an in-text citation. e.g. The National Economic and Social Forum (NESF) is a government-appointed social partnership body that provides advice on economic and social policies, especially those that seek to achieve greater equality and social inclusion in our society. It is the largest and most representative of the partnership bodies. (NESF 2009) For further information refer to How to reference Harvard Style (2002) or later editions and Developing Research and Writing skills (2004)

36

Referencing or Bibliographies
All references cited in the text of a written assignment must be compiled into a List of References or a Bibliography at the end of the document (although there are a few minor exceptions to this general rule). Do not list any references which are not cited in the text. A List of References identies sources used in the preparation of a written assignment. Any reader may check the original publication to determine whether it has been correctly interpreted and appropriately applied.

Main Components
Key components of a reference can be summarised as: Who? Author, or authors, of the publication, ie , the person(s) primarily responsible for the work. If the source is a publication within a publication eg , a chapter in a book the author(s) of the chapter is given, as is the author (editor) of the complete publication. When? Date of publication. What? Full title of the publication. In all cases of a publication within a publication eg, a chapter in a book or paper within a journal both the title of the chapter or paper is given, as is the title of the book or journal. Where? Details of the person or entity responsible for publishing the work of the author(s). Typically these may include the name of the publisher, location of the publisher, number of pages, etc.

A consistent presentation sequence of components is always followed. The number of components represented in different types of reference can vary but the general sequences does not change, eg: type
Book

who?
Rogers, E.M.

when? what?
(1983) (1992) Diffusion of innovations, 3rd edn, The Economics of Water Management, in Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, 3rd edn., T Tietenberg (ed.), Use of carcase measurements to predict total edible meat in Mexican commercial cattle,

where?
New York: The Free Press New York : Harper Collins, 181-237.

Chapter Fredricks, A.

Journal Butterworth, (1974) article M.H., Diaz, J. and Hoystead, E.

Journal of Agricultural Science, vol 85, pp 15-17.

Formatting and punctuation

Presentation conventions include: italicised text formatting to primary publication title; commas, full stops, etc, for punctuation or as separators;

37

Author(s) name
The surname of all authors is given, each followed by initials of all given names: Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds. Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp. 56-71.

Date
Year of publication of the most recent edition. No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication. The dates of any reprints of an edition are not used. Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds. Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp. 56-71.

Publication title
Full title of the primary publication, in italics. Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds. Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp. 56-71.

Chapter or paper title

Full title of the secondary publication, eg chapter in a book or paper in a journal, etc. Given inside single quotation marks: Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds. Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp. 56-71.

Editors name
Full surnames followed by initials of the editor(s) of a book, if applicable: Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds. Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp. 56-71.

Publisher and location

Place of Publication, followed by publisher. Country of publication can be added, if preferred. This is used in particular because there may be places with the same name in different geographical locations. For example there is a London in England, and a

38

London in Ontario. If the book is published in the former the name of the city is enough, because a reader will assume that it was published in England. If the book was published in latter it would help the reader if it was specified that the book was published in Ontario. Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds. Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp. 56-71.

Volume and page numbers

Volume number (if the paper was published in a scientific or technical journal, or similar), followed by the first and last page numbers for the particular paper, or chapter in a book. If the author is responsible for a complete book, the number of pages is not given. Frederick, A.R., Disney, V.V.A. and Chang, Z. (1999) Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush, in: Singh, B.R. and Leroy, W. Eds. Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn. Melbourne: Academic Imprints, pp. 56-71.

Multiple publications; same author

Same author; different years Normal conventions (author, year, title, etc). Same author; same year More than one reference by an author in the same year: these are distinguished in order of publication using a lower-case alphabetical sufx after the year of publication (eg 1988a, 1988b, 1988c, etc). The same sufx is used to distinguish that reference for the in-text citations.

Rogers, E.M. (1983a) Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd edn., New York: The Free Press Rogers, E.M. (1983b) Prediction of diffusion rates in the innovation process, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 6, pp. 11-14. Rogers, E.M. (1983c) A response to Hansons rebuttal of the diffusion concept, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 8, pp 42-43. Rogers, E.M. (1984) I am right and you are wrong - nyah nyahnyi nyah nyah, Journal of Petty Arguments, vol 6, p. 71.

Order of Listing
The List of References is ordered alphabetically by primary authors surnames. Multiple authors. Use the sequence of authors surnames exactly as given in the publication. The primary author, ie, major contributor, is listed rst by the publisher. Same author: different years: list the authors references chronologically, starting with the earliest

39

date. same year: use an alphabetical sufx (eg 1983a, 1983b).

Abbreviations
Abbreviations commonly used in citations are listed below. Punctuation styles can vary. Very common abbreviations are often written without a full-stop; some publishers require that abbreviations which derive from Latin words be italicised. If in doubt, simply punctuate all abbreviations with a full -stop and do not italicise any of them. Abbrev.
art. app. c. cf. ch. col., cols. div. ed., eds. edn. et al. g., gs. fn., fnn. ill., ills.

Meaning
article appendix about, approximately (from Latin circa) compare (from Latin confer) chapter column(s) division editor(s) edition and others (from Latin et alii) gure(s) footnote(s) illustrator(s)

Abbrev.
l., ll. MS., MSS. n., nn. n.d. n.p. p, pp para., paras. pl. pt., pts. rev. ser. suppl. vol., vols.

Meaning
line(s) manuscript(s) notes no date no place page(s) paragraph(s) plate (photograph) part(s) revised series supplement volume(s)

40

Sample Bibliography or Reference List

Arch, A. & Letourneau, C. (2002) Auxiliary Benefits of Accessible Web Design. [Internet]. In: W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. Available from: http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/benefits.html [Accessed 26 February 2004]. Barker,G. (2004) $54m Deal To Heat Up Broadband War. The Age, Business, 24 February, p. 2. Berlind D. & Becker D. (2003) Metadata: where content and storage meet. Technology & Business, December: 30. Coveney, M., Ganster, D., Hartlen, B. & King, D. (2003) The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winning strategies. Hoboken, N.J.: Prentice Hall Degen, H. & Pedell, S. (2004) The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications. In: Diaper, D. and Stanton, N. Eds. The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 193-220. Department of Finance (2009) Finance Act 2009. Dublin: Government Publications. Doss, G. (2003) IS Project Management Handbook. New York: Aspen Publishers. Eck, D.J. (2002) Introduction To Programming Using Java, 3rd edn., OOPWeb.com. Available from: http://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroToProgrammingUsingJava/VolumeFrames.html [Accessed 26 February 2004]. Eidenberger, H., Breiteneder, C. & Hitz, M.(2002) A Framework for Visual Information Retrieval. In: Shi-Kuo Chang, Zen Chen, Suh-Yin Lee eds. Recent advances in visual information systems: 5th international conference, VISUAL 2002 proceedings, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, March 11-13, 2002, 105-116. Hammer, M. (1990) Reengineering Work: Dont Automate, Obliterate. Harvard Business Review, July-August: 104-112. Howard, S. (1998) Verbal Protocol Analysis. In: Henderson-Sellers, B., Simons, A. and Younessi, H. Eds. The Open Process Specification. Sydney: Addison Wesley, 272-274. Johnston R.B., Mak H.C. & Kurnia S. (2001) The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study. In: Barnes, S. & Hunt , B. Eds. E-Commerce and V-Business. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 232-249. Karlof, B. (2002) Benchmarking. In: Bidgoli, H. Ed. Encyclopedia of information systems. New York: Academic Press, vol. 1, 65-80. Killian, A., (Principal Officer Department of Education and Science) (2009) Re: Holders of contracts of indefinite duration. Departmental circular, Department of Education and Science, March 2009. Available from: http://www.education.ie/servlet/blobservlet/ cl0011_2009.doc [Accessed 31 March 2009]

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For further information please refer to the following NCI Publications:

Buckley, M. (2008) A Guide to avoiding plagiarism Dublin: National College of Ireland, Norma Smurfit Library Nolan, A. (2006) How to reference Harvard style. Dublin: National College of Ireland, Norma Smurfit Library. Nolan, A. (2004) Developing research and writing skills: A manual for completing projects, reports and theses. Dublin: National College of Ireland, Norma Smurfit Library. Student Support (2008) Learning development manual. Dublin: National College of Ireland.

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