Test 2 Notes 2/23/12 Progressive Era Progressive Presidents o Theodore Roosevelt o William Howard Taft o Woodrow Wilson Objective

of Progressivism: not a formal movement, rather a trend o Promote social justice Happening through: o Ensure equal opportunity - Rapid industrialization o Preserve democracy - Immigration o Order - Urban growth o Efficiency Progressivism in the US o Middle class looking down at problems in lower class o Role of environment: academic change and people learn that the environment plays a role in peoples lives o Statistical methods In Print o Ida Tarbells Standard Oil Muckrakers like Jacob Riis o Upton Sinclairs The Jungle Florence Kelley o Concerned about conditions in child labor o Has degree in law o Seeks efforts in legislation because people will not voluntarily comply Federal level State level Women o Muller vs. Oregon: women are entitled to working conditions that do not impair only the things they can do States interest 10 hr work day for women Separated women and men, led to gender discrimination o Birth control: Margret Sanger Smaller families are becoming more normal Birth control advancements Women and the Vote o Women have more voting rights as you move west o Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Laws Carrie Chapman- spokesperson Justification for Womens Suffrage o Self-protection laws o Women will stop corruption o Women will vote the same as their husbands, will help to counter immigrant vote Public Virtue o Temperance Womens Christian Temperance Unions Anti-Saloon League o Movie houses o Prostitution

Labor o

Mechanization Increase in rank of unskilled workers o Scientific management Fredrick Winslow Taylor- separation between management and labor o Strikes Court bias is generally in favor of companies especially when violence is involves in strikes Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Frances Perkins pushes for legislative changes that will prevent deaths in the workplace o First woman ever appointed to cabinet post Signal event that showed some people are too caught up in making money and risking the safety of the workers Industrial Workers of the World o All workers allowed in o Supported by Eugene V. Debs o Too militant for many American Federation of Labor o Dominant labor union o Criticized for being too radical, striking too often, being un-American Political Reforms o Statewide primaries o Initiative and referendum: people are coming up with the laws o Recall o Popular election of US Senators (17th amendment) Roosevelt Presidency o Powerful executive branch o Supervise trusts but did not prohibit Not worried that people are getting rich, but that they are hurting others to get rich against misconduct, not wealth o Sherman Anti-Trust Act o Legislation on meat, food, drugs standards o Environmental protection Conservation Preservation Important Case: US. Vs. Northern Securities Company (owns 2 railroad companies) Race o Plessey vs. Ferguson Separate but equal Jim Crow laws in South o North De facto African Americans separated themselves De jure Laws passed that separated Africans Americans from whites similar to Jim Crow Laws Segregation is reality in North too o Local initiatives Churches Clubs Schools o NAACP

White progressives Black leaders Legal process of fixing discrimination Booker T. Washington o Former slave o Educator o Tuskegee Institute: industrial school and teaching school o Atlanta Compromise Whites + blacks = strong If black people advance themselves economically, socially and academically will follow o Accommodation WEB Dubois o PhD from Harvard o Disagrees with Washington o talented tenth are missing at Tuskegee o Niagara Movement: African American leaders come together to make civil rights goals Becomes the NAACP o The Crisis Dubois is editor Newspaper for NAACP 1908 Election o William Howard Taft (R) o William Jennings Bryan (D) o Eugene V. Debs (Socialist): wonders is capitalism is fair Taft Presidency o More antitrust than Teddy o Lacked Teddys charisma o Midwestern progressives objected to 1909 tariff o Supported Corporate profit tax Republican talking about Populist ideas Personal income tax Direct election of senators 1912 Election o William Taft (R) o Woodrow Wilson (D) o Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Bull Moose Party) o Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) o Democrats have more power because the Republican party split South is at the center of national/international affairs First time ever since Civil War

2/28/12 Progressive Era Cont. Wilsons 1st Term (1912-1916) o Lower tariffs to lower the ground price of goods o 16th amendment raise revenue: created income tax o Federal Reserve Act (1913) Create national bank o Federal Trade Commission Makes sure prices are fair

o Opposed federal womens suffrage, child labor laws, and loans for farmers o Considered African American suffrage to be an error Legacy of Progressivism o Before: best government is one that governs least Keep them out of peoples lives o After: active government okay when they represent public interest

3/1/12 The Great War (1914-1918) US in Global Context o Roosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy o Tafts Dollar Diplomacy: if a country owes you money, they will mostly go along with what you do o Wilsons Moral Diplomacy: maintain high standards, others will treat you good too European Powers are o Defending Empires in Africa Must be able to manage, support, Middle East and defend Asia Balkans o Russia o Austria- Hungary o Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated by Serbians Started WWI o War with Russia Central Powers Allied Powers Austria- Hungary Russia Germany France Turkey Belgium Bulgaria Britain o Germany not in a good situation because fighting a war on both sides (France and Russia) o Turkey has controlling position over Russia Total War o Mobilization of all society regardless of age/gender o Allocation of vast resources for military people o Blurred boundaries between military and civilian realms US in Global Context o Instability in Mexico o Pancho Villas raids in US o General John J. Perishing led a 1916 expedition to kill Pancho Villa US is thinking o An ocean away from the mess o SPEC connections to those involved in the war o Technically neutral, but continues in Trade With French and British Finance o Opposition of Irish Americans: dont want US supporting England (who they do not like) Socialist o Condemns German submarine attacks Hit Lusitania

Lusitania: Had Americans on it (also carrying ammunition) Americans are outraged Reasons US Joins WWI o Sinking of Lusitania o Zimmerman telegram o Unrestricted submarine warfare 1916 Election o Wilson regrets on New Freedoms Takes back legislation to woo the progressives Slogans: He kept us out of war! Face of War o Machine guns o Land mines o Poison gas o Armored tanks o Aerial bombing o Long range artillery o Flame throwers o Trench warfare US at War o Unrestricted submarine warfare o Zimmerman telegram: From Germans to Mexicans Come into war on our side and we will give you land back Mexico not is a state to go to war Germany cant give them land back o US vessels sunk The World Must Be Made Safe For Democracy Over There: George M Cohan wrote American classic songs

War and Society National Catholic War Council o Promote patriotism o Boost moral o Sponsor bond rallies US in the War o Government gets involved in Industry Railroads Food production and distribution Propaganda o Espionage Act (1917) o Sedition Act (1918) Americans were jailed o Eugene V. Debs jailed for talking against the draft Draft created by Selective Service Act Women and the War o Bond drives and red cross o Army Nurse Corps o Clerical o Industry Great Migration

African Americans Go North for jobs Chicago Defender: agent for southern African Americans helping African Americans in north Mexicans Move southwest From farms to factories Demand for agricultural labor

English Support for a Jewish Homeland Balfour Declaration (1917) o Baflour: British foreign secretary o Wants to make homeland for Jews o No imposition on non-Jews o Conflict as early as 1920 between Jews and non-Jews in Middle East Russia: a separate place o 1917- Bolshevik Revolution Led by Lenin Caused Russia to withdraw from WWI o 1918- Treaty of Brest Litovsk Treaty that withdrew Russia from WWI o German now focus on W. front o German spring offence o American role pivotal in allied counter offence Casualties Most o Russia o France o Britain o US Least Wilsons 14 Points (Things we must have to get and maintain peace) o Freedom of the seas o Removal of trade barriers o Reduce arms o Adjustment of colonial claims o Evacuation of occupied lands o League of Nations Allies Negotiating Position o Like 14 points o Want to make Germany pay- Wilson says no o Armistice: Nov. 11, 1918

Restoring the Peace Peace Conference o Treaty of Versailles, 1919 US does not sign because it says if one country goes to war, all must follow o Wilson leads US delegation o No statement on race- Japanese want one o Ho Chi Minh: want to establish independent Vietnamese state o League of Nations charter League of Nations o Protect territorial integrity of nations o Mediates disputes

o Supervise arms reduction o Collective military action (as a last resort under Article X) Article X o Who protects territorial integrity o External aggression o Consultation before action o Most disputed act of League of Nations Territorial Realignment o European Nations o Colonies o British mandate in Palestine Back in the USA o Democrats lost both houses in 1918 o Republicans oppose Treaty of Versailles Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge (R) from MA- leader of opposition o Wilsons speaking tour to get support for charter o US does not join League of Nations Global Role for US o Isolationism is not an option o Imperial nation o Economic control o Diplomatic influence

3/6/12 Post War Era Great Migration o African Americans move from rural S. to urban N. to get jobs American Dream o Steady work American people are people who o Comfortable home o Indoor plumbing o Childrens education o Profits from investments o New suburban homes o New car o Recreation Post War US o Labor unrest Wartime inflation: goods getting more expensive Wages staying low Red Scare (Communists of Russia) o Bolsheviks o Radical violence: only small group of radicals trying to overthrow government) o Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer has bomb go off in his yard Arrests and deports people who he suspects are involved Palmer vows to destroy communism Palmer founded FBI J Edgar Hoover lead the early FBI Intolerance o Jews If you were not a white protestant, you were suspected of having ulterior plans for the US

o Catholic o Immigrants o African Americans o KKK reemerges Red Summer 1919 o Racial violence in the South Post War Racial Strife o Great Migration o Returning veterans treated badly o Violence Rosewood, FL Greenwood, OK E. St. Louis, IL WEB Dubois o Editor of the NAACP paper- The Crisis o return from fighting Encouraged black men to fight to demonstrate loyalty o returning fighting Militancy that is trying to secure rights of blacks in US Economy o Efficient management o Construction Commercial Residential o Corporations Standard model for business Market place forces creation of oligopolies (only a few suppliers of a product/service) o Working conditions Shorter workweek Paid vacation Pensions Welfare Capitalism unions are too powerful Corporations will force workers to be loyal to them by giving them benefits o looking out for the welfare of the employees o Income disparity o Unions weakened Companies taking care of employees Corporations working together National Manufacturing Association Open shop: do not have to be in a union to work there Works for management, not labor Automobiles o Status: feel good benefits o Suburbs- method of transportation to cities o Created lodging, restaurants, gas stations o Ford assembly line o Ford wages: workers paid enough so that they can buy the cars Technology Changes Lifestyles o Electricity o Telephones

o Radio o Motion pictures On the Farm o High cost of mechanization leads to o High production leads to o Lots of supply leads to o Low demand leads to o Low prices

Cultural Conflict (Especially in Periods of Change) The 20s o American life centered in cities o Mobility (cars and trains) o Drinking (illegally because of prohibition) o Music and dancing is scandalous The Roaring 20s o New clothing styles o Frankness about sex o Women in the workplace o A new permissiveness: women talking more openly about sex

Traditional values (people worried traditional values are losing importance) o Hard work Fredrick Jackson Turner ideas o Thrift o Family o Home Religions influence o Scopes trail- creation vs. evolution Scope taught evolution in a school o Fundamentalism H.L. Mencken: national renowned journalist and critic of fundamentalism Temperance o 18th amendment (1919) o Negatives: Speakeasies- criminals distributing alcohol o Positives: Did cut back on drinking Immigration Restrictions o China (1882) and Japan (1907) o Europeans (1920) Eastern Europe (Balkans) Southern (Italians, Jews) o Mexicans still allowed Marcus Garvey o Black pride o Political empowerment: ballot is powerful o Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) o Black enterprise o Blacks return to Africa

Harlem Renaissance: recognition of black artists o Alain Locke Rhodes scholar The New Negro- promoted a new image o Poetry (Langston Hughes) o Jazz (Louis Armstrong) Women o F Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby o Sexuality Contraception Smaller families Margret Sanger o Clerical work in industry o Sales clerks in retail o Women = 1/3 of graduate degrees but highest jobs still denied to them o Pay disparity- men paid more than women o Receive full rights in 1920 Home Life o Electricity o Running water o Housekeeping: representation of a womans abilities

Politics Election of 1920 o Warren G Harding (R) o James Cox (D) o Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) President Harding o Return to Normality Increase tariff to protect American manufacturers Cuts taxes Cuts government spending o Teapot Dome Scandal Secretary of Interior sold public land for oil leases o Dies in office in 1923 Harding: Washington Conference of Naval Disarmament (1921) o One of Wilsons 14 points o Have conference to monitor armaments President Calvin Coolidge (1923) o Former MA governor Broke Boston Police Strike Fan of big business, not laborers o Business of America is Business Business is essential to being who we are o Hands off approach to business and government o Tax reductions o Reelected in 1924

Normal for a Republican

The Great Depression Economic Storm Cloud Loans

o o o o o o

High corporate profits High consumption Buying on credit Investing on margin (10%) Business cycle says prosperity will end Smoot-Hawley Treaty (1930) Did not help anyone Trying to raise money Other nations retaliate

3/8/12 The Great Depression Cont. 1928 Election o Herbert Hoover (R) Wins by an large margin Efficiency and individualism Supports prohibition o Alfred E Smith (D) Support in N. cities Not so solid in S. because he is Catholic Against prohibition US in Global Context o Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 60 nations sign Renounces war as an instrument if national policy Symbolic of the isolationist foreign policy if US Failed because impossible to enforce o Unpaid war loans Britain Not paying US the money that they owe because France Germany has not paid them Depression Characteristics o Unemployment o Reduced consumption o Corporate profits are down o Businesses failing o Homes and farms foreclosed o Bank failures- happens when borrowers default on their loans The Great Depression o Workers Stagnant wages Reduced consumption o Wealthy Invest money rather than spending Margin buying (10%) Means buying stocks with borrowed money The Stock Market o Drops 13% in one day (Oct. 29, 1929) o Drops 37% that month o By 1933, NYSE drops to 20% Hoover and Business o Government and business partnership

o Welfare capitalism Hoover and the Depression o Believes private sector is solution o Starts Reconstruction Finance Corporation RFC- makes loans to banks, railroads, and utility companies to boost big business o Encourages local projects, but does not give them money Hoovervilles: shanty towns full of homeless people Where to Turn? o Family, friends, neighbors all broke o Churches broke o Private charities broke Public Response o Strikes o Bonus Army Made up of WWI veterans were promised bonuses March to Washington and demand bonuses Dispersed by General Mac Arthur Turns violent 1932 Election o Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) New Deal Inaugurated March 4, 1933 FDR o Ask Congress Broad Executive power to wage war Economic war Message for America over Radio o The only thing we have to fear is fear itself o Fireside chats listening to radios at night Happy Days are Here Again o 18th amendment (prohibition) repealed by 21st amendment The Problem o of Americans out of work o 500,000 farms and homes lost o Thousands of banks failed o Millions of savers wiped out Eleanor Roosevelt o Activist o Humanitarian o Meets and supports Women African Americans Organized laborers o Advised FDR on Social justice Civil rights Major Challenges o Relieve suffering of people o Relieve the economy o Reform broken systems o Regulate these fixes Monetary System

o 4 day bank holiday o Federal Deposit Insurance Company (FDIC) o Federal Securities Act to protect stocks and bonds o Get rid of gold standard o Homeowners Loan Act (restructured home loans) Civilian Conservation Corporation (CCC) o Get young men off street and give them busy work o Environmental management Public Work Administration (PWA 1933) o Indirect hiring Government is not paying workers, rather contracting companies o Large projects (highways, dams) o Hospitals o Low income homes Works Progress Administration (WPA 1935) o Direct hiring by government o Schools, hospitals, parks, bridges o Created American Slave Narratives Personal accounts from slaves Farmers o Surpluses o Low market prices o Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Subsidizes cuts in production Adverse realignment Poor south got poorer Increased the price of agricultural products In some ways paid farmers not to farm o Commodity Credit Commission Loans secured by commodities o Farm Credit Administration Refinances farms at lower loan rates National Industrial Recovery Act o National Recovery Administration Set wages and prices Defined labor standards PWA o Declared unconstitutional (1935) o Legacy 40 hr/week Child labor regulated Section 7a: Collective bargaining: workers have right to form groups Unions Gain Strength o Sit down strikes instead of leaving and other workers taking their jobs o General Motors and US Steel Racial Strife o Marion Anderson and the American Daughters of Republic Not allowed to sing because she is black o FDR fails to support Anti-lynching bill (goes down but still happens) Elimination of poll tax

Does not support Marion Anderson because he need the votes from the democrats Tennessee Valley Authority o Provide cheap electricity o Created jobs and recreation o Soil conservation and forestry accounted for Rural Electrification Administration o Nonprofit farm cooperatives o Leans to farmers for power lines o 1935 10% with electricity Improved quality of life o 1940- 40% with electricity Opposition to New Deal o Fr. Charles Coughlin Advertises over radio Nationalize banking system and let government run it Expand money supply o Senator Harvey Long (Democrat from LA) Share the Wealth money from rich to poor

Second New Deal Revenue Act of 1935 o soak the rich program o Higher estate taxes o Higher gift taxes o Higher corporate taxes FDR traitor of his class o Born rich Social Security Act o Old age pensions o Unemployment payments Federal and state programs o Assistance to Widows Blind Deaf Disabled Wagner Act o Guaranteed right to collective bargaining o National Labor Relations Board o Blacklisting outlawed- cannot blacklist a unionist Political Ideology o Liberals = good stuff o Conservatives not so great; think they dont need government help 1936: FDR reelected by landslide o Plans to pack the Supreme Court- no one likes it o Restrains federal spending o Slows recovery and go into recession (1937) Recovery? Not for these people: o 1934: dust storms and drought o Westward migration from Oklahoma o AAA drives off tenant farmers o WPA budget reduced

o 3/20/12

1939: unemployment is still 17% (gone from 25-17)

New Deal Continued New Deal Economics o John Maynard Keynes: economist that came up with idea that government should step in when economy is down Legacy of New Deal o More powerful national government o Public confidence renewed o Government ensured minimum level of well being o Government mediation among major interest groups Ex. Disagreement between labor and management o Increased regulatory function of government Ex. Social security, widows, disabled o Capitalism is firmly in place

War 60 million people killed = population of TX, OK, LA, Miss, AL, FL US Anti War sentiment o Isolationism Post war exhaustions Great depression o Pacifism o Neutrality Neutrality o The Nye Committee (1934-1937) Figured out that munitions manufacturers made profits during WWI o Neutrality Acts 1935: no arms sales and ship travel to other countries 1936: ban on loans 1937: all neutrality acts made permanent Opposing Views in US o Isolation Unnecessary war Nazi victory is not threat to US America 1st Committee o Internationalists Aid to Britain= US security Committee to Defend America by Aiding Allies Nazi Germany o Welcomes US neutrality o Withdrew from League of Nations Because they do not want to disarm o Saar Basin returned o Austria forced into union with Germany Germany o French and British are not scared about Germans (called appeasement) o Germans seized Czechoslovakia o Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact

So Germany does not have to fight a war on both sides o Germans invade Poland (1939) Britain and France Declare War on Germany o US is arsenal of democracy Make munitions and ships for Britain and France Blitzkrieg (Lightening War) Spring 1940 o Germany overruns Denmark Netherlands Belgium Luxemburg France Armistice Signing (ending WWI) in 1918 o Done in a railroad car o That car was made into a museum o 1940- Hitler makes French surrender The Blitz (1940-1941) o Bombing of London from the air Victory at Sea o 1952 o Germans want to isolate Britain and cut them off from all food and supplies o US send escort convoys to aid Britain o Maginot Line (France) o Dunkirk (1940) o Atlantic Charter (1941) between Churchill and Roosevelt 4 Freedoms Speech/expression Worship From want From fear

3/22/12 War Continued Developments o Relaxation of US neutrality o Germany attacked USSR (even though they had a peace pact): called Operation Barbosa Hitler made miss calculation and attacks during the summer = Russian winter Germans guns do not even fire it is so cold o Lend Lease (1941): US agrees to help British Giving them battleships in exchange for islands that US will use as bases China- Japan attacking USSR Fighting the War o 1st priority: defeat Germany o Release pressure in USSR by attacking Germany in North Africa and Italy o Eisenhower and D-Day Americans go ashore (Germans are weak enough) o Pressure on Germans from east and west Same situation from WWI

o Strategic bombing on a big scale on Germany A Nation at War o War Production Board- made sure factories were producing war material o Office of Price Administration- no price gouging by unions Holding prices and wages at a certain level o Rationing o Conservation of resources Toward Equality o A Philip Randolph President of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters- all black March on Washington to demand equal rights o FDR issues executive order 8802 Government Cannot discriminate against race or Defense industries ethnicity Womens Roles o Manufacturing o Military o Widening demographic- not just young, single women anymore Yalta Conference (1945) o Churchill o Roosevelt o Stalin Future from Yalta o United Nations o Post war division in Russia o Poland in the USSR sphere of influence o Promise of future elections (in lands that were freed from Germany)

WWII (On Pacific) Japan o Militarists dominate government o Withdraw from League of Nations o Already at war with China o Axis power (Germany, Japan, Italy) Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere- Japanese vision o Asian area- others get out Japan o Pearl Harbor- Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese Americans o After Pearl Harbor, US issues executive order 9066 Round up Japanese Americans about 100,000 locked up Thought that they were a security threat Racism was a factor Rep. Jeanette Rankin (R, MT) o 1st woman in House o Pacifist o Voted against WWI and WWII (only one to vote against WWII) Japans Early Successes o US, Britain, Holland, French colonies o Doing good thus far Japanese Objectives

o Need source of oil o Isolate Australia for their needs o Finish of US navy Japanese Setbacks o Battle of Coral Sea Ships out of range o Battle of Midway Turing point of the war Air war Carriers prevail US wins Japan planned on this being a short war and do not have the manufacturing to keep the war up US Pacific Offensive o Ocean Operations 1st landing at Guadalcanal Land on series of islands o Cannot just attack Tokyo US Objectives o Seizing naval/air bases- leap frog o Preventing Japanese reinforcements o Destroy Japanese naval capabilities The Atomic Bomb o Hiroshima o Nagasaki o Killed 100,000

Andrew Carnegie Vertical integration: process of following production from raw material to finished good Carnegie did not think that long run trusts and pools were the most effective way to grow market share and increase profits Homestead Strike o State sent troops to restore peace o Pinkerton agents brought in to end strike o Violence erupted and some Pinkerton agents were killed New York Central and Pennsylvania Railroad bought lines in each others territory o JP Morgan said no because he was responsible for American railroad securities in Europe Carnegie family did have support from friends and family when they first got to the US Carnegie rewarded employees with shares of ownership in the company Carnegies managerial style o Reinvesting profits into the company o Keeping records to determine efficiency o Allowing productive employees to become partners Carnegie believed in running machines at full power Carnegie was frustrated with Pennsylvania Railroad monopoly because they were able to charge high rates o Made it hard for Carnegie to hold down costs Major change in Andrew Carnegies fathers life was change from hand to machine production