2010

Strength of Materials
Tensile Testing of Metals

Laith Sabah Ibrahim

Heriot-Watt University
11/29/2010

Table Of contents

Pages

1- Summary/Abstract

2- Introduction

3- Theory

4-5

4- Equipment

5-8

5- Procedure

8-9

6- Results &

9-13

Discussion
7- Conclusion

14

8- Reference

14

9- Appendix

14-15
2

The stress and strain in an unknown specimen is measured by applying force

to it using a Hounsfield Testing. The UTS, Yield Strength, and Youngs modulus are
obtained by using the derived formulae and the graphed values. The values obtained are
analyzed and compared using tabulated data and graphs. The values calculated are almost the
same from the predicted values although there are lots of errors in the experiment. All of
these values agreed within the estimated experimental errors.

A tensile test, also known as a tension test, tests a materials strength. It's a
mechanical test where a pulling force is applied to a material from both sides until the sample
changes its shape or breaks. It's is a common and important test that provides a variety of
information about the material being tested, including the elongation, yield point, tensile
strength, and ultimate strength of the material. Our experiment was performed on (Mild
Steel) also have to prove that it is Mild Steel by *Young Modules Equation*.

Also, its a sample of material describes how it reacts when tension is applied to it. By
measuring the changes in the material as tension is applied, engineers can determine a variety
of things about the material, which is helpful in determining whether the material is a suitable
choice for the application they have in mind. Tensile testing systems use a number of
different units of measurements. The SI (International Systems of Units), recommends the
use of either (Pa) Pascal or

Newtons per square meter for describing tensile strength.

The late of 1800s, tensile test machine have been used commercially. First types of tensile
test machine were hand operated. But nowadays they are using computers and highly
sensitive electrical components. These more advanced machines enable scientists and
engineers to obtain extremely accurate measurements. Nowadays its being used for Safety
Factor which is a term that describes the structure capacity of a system that a load is being
applied on.

The objective of this report is to determine the yield stress, Young modules, behaviour of
mild steel bars when subjected to an axial tensile load and to find out how material deform
plastically.

In this experiment we did a simple mechanical test known as a tensile test to test the Ultimate
tensile strength (UTS), ductility, and deformation of a test specimen.
In the experiment, the miniature specimens of mild steel will be subjected to tensile loading
at room temperature, and at constant strain rate to find the Ultimate tensile strength (UTS),
ductility, and deformation of a unknown specimen. The collected data will give the
approximate values of the axial stress, Youngs modulus, and tensile strength of the material.
Different properties of the equipment, time variations and alignment of the specimen
(material) will affect the results. The material (specimen) used in the experiment is predicted
using the measured value of strain and the calculated Youngs modulus and Ultimate tensile
strength (UTS). The calculated values will then be compared to the graph values.
Equations used in order to find out the tensile stress, strain, UTS ultimate tensile strength,
youngs modulus and ductility:
When external forces are applied to the specimen, stress and strain are the result. Stress is
defined as the object's internal resisting forces, and strain is defined as the displacement
and deformation that occur.

Where,
A = cross-section area of the inner rod
F = tensile force applied over the rod.

Strain is defined as the amount of deformation per unit length of an object when a load is
applied.

Where,

Is the change in length i.e. (

Original length

The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand. It can be
obtained by dividing the maximum applied force sustained during the testing by the original
cross-sectional area of the original specimen.

Ductility is generally measured in terms of percentage elongation in the specimen gauge

length or the percentage reduction in cross sectional area of the specimen at the point of
4

failure. Ductile metals do not have a well defined yield point. The yield strength is typically
defined by the "0.2% offset strain"

4Computer

Specimen

Wire connectors

Vernier Calliper
Normal Vernier Calliper

Digital Vernier Calliper

Hounsfield Testing Device

The Hounsfield machine has two threaded rods move in the same speed and direction.
The operator can control the speed.

2- Thread roads

An Emergency Button
In case of any mistakes happened

This is how to set up the specimen into the machine.

Hands Gloves

Safety Glasses

lab Coat

Safety shoes

1- The (Steal specimen) is our workpiece to start the experiment

2- Will use the (Tensile Testing Machine) to plot the force extension, so based
on that stress strain and Youngs modules to find what type of steel.
3- Dimensions should be taken before performing the experiment such that:
Outer Dimension =10.92 mm
Inner Dimension = 4.24 mm
Total length = 99.03 mm

Outer Diameter

Outer Diameter

Inner
Diameter

4- The diameter of the holder is adjusted exactly same as the diameter of the
workpiece, different machine will have different holders, so will have
different specimen.
8

5- We place one end of the specimen in one of the holders, fix it in the machine
and fix the other end of the specimen in the second holder and tied it properly
in such away it is fixed.
6- The machine is already connected to a PC where we have an interface
programme to record the data.
7- Before start with the test, the extension movement and the force increment
should be zero.
8- We press the (TEST MODE) button to start the test.
Test Mode will make the machine automatically log all the data and
automatically stopped the machine after the specimen breaks.
*The machine will knows how the specimen breaks when the force decrease
or dropped to zero*.
9- The *LED* screen showed the extension movements and force increment,
which will increase till the material start to deform.
10- After while we reached to 8000 Newton for 1.3 mm of extension only.
11- Now the force will be decreasing from 9706 to down, and will be able to see
the deformation on the material.
12- The machine will stop working when the specimen breaks and the graph will
be shown on the screen,
13- Measurements of the specimen after the test:
Total length =101.9 mm
Inner Diameter =

Original
length

Original
Diameter

(
99.03

Original
Area

Length
after
fracture

Area
after
fracture

101.9

0.0143

4.24

14.119

Maximum
force
N

9718

A- The engineering stress is

=

= 688.264

Stress
=F/A

688.26
4

Strain

Youngs
Modulus

Area
After
fractu
re

2.898%

237.496

0.014
3

B- The Engineering Strain is

x 100 =2.898%

C- Youngs Modules
E=

= 237.496

D- Limit of proportion
Load at limit of proportionally /Original area of cross-section
8210/14.119 = 581.486
E- Elastic limit =
Load at limit of proportionally /Original area of cross-section
8210/14.119 = 581.486
F- Yield strength
Yield load/Original area of cross-section
9643.601/14.119 = 683.023

G- Ultimate strength =
Maximum tensile load/Original area of cross-section
9718/14.119 = 688.292
H- Reduction of Area (Ductility)
Original area - area at fracture/Original area of cross-section
(14.119 -0.0143)/ 14.119
= 0.999 x 100 = 99.898 %

10

Product Code: METAL

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0

0.5

1.5

mm

2.5

3.5

Graph 1- shows the relationship between the force and elongation.

Stress Vs Strain
800
600
400
200
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Graph 2- shows the different points formed by the stress and

the strain in the thin plate.

Change in length:

11

Error Calculations:

2.87
3.13 2.87 = 0.26
0.26/3.13= 0.0830
0.0830x 100= 8.307 %

Error Analysis:
One of the sources of error is the material properties like stability, as well as the specimen
connected to the tensometer. The material extracts and contacts which might affect the
readings.
Another source of error is the thermal drift due to temperature and time variation, because the
experiment is carried on without waiting for the equipment to neutralize.
Also the alignment of the specimen may create variations between the measured and
calculated results.
The error percentage could be around 5 - 10 % because there are many possible errors that
can happen during the experiment.

Errors Occurred Due To:

Measurements.
Time Variation
The stability of the specimen.
Calculations.

12

This curve is typical of class of steel known as mild steel.

The relationship between stress and strain is linear up to proportional limit.
Before point (A) the material is called Hookes Law.
At Point B= called elastic limit of the material is a stress that lies between the
proportional limit and the upper yield point (point C).
Till this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent deformation;
the unloading will be along the linear portion of the diagram, the same path
followed during loading. This part of the (stress Strain diagram) called
ELASTIC RANGE.
At point C= a peak value (upper yield limit), is quickly reached after that,
followed by levelling off at the lower Yield point (Point D). At this stage of
loading, the test specimen continues to elongate as long as the load is not
removed, even though the load cannot be increased. This constant stress
region is called the PLASTIC RANGE.

13

The stress and strain in an unknown material are measured by applying force to it
using a Hounsfield Testing Device. To evaluate the approximate value of Youngs
modulus and UTS the formulae and the graph should be used.
The strength of material is determent by value of young modules that range between
200 GPa to 210 GPa therefore, the specimen in the experiment is mild steel.
After analyzing the experimental results the possible specimen material can now be
predicted. The measurements are compared by tabulating and graphing its values.
The experiment value is different from theoretical value in order to achieve the
accurate results, the experiment should be carried out carefully with taken accurate
measurements, temp of the room, tensile machine to be calibrated as well as
measuring device (Caliber).

http://www.instron.us/wa/applications/test_types/tension/d
efault.aspx
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tensile-test.htm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6948422/mecheng-4l-labb1-i
Heriot-Watt University (Civil Engineer Notes *2010 2011* 2nd
year).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young's_modulus

DIA mm
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

DIA/2
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

Area mm
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

Original length
mm
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

Elongation
mm
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15

14

Force N
6.666
12
16.666
22.666
27.333
30
32.666
34
35.333
36.666
38
40
42.666
44.666
46.666
49.333

Stress N/
mm
0.47211056
0.849884
1.18034722
1.60528922
1.93582327
2.12470999
2.31352589
2.40800466
2.5024126
2.59682055
2.69129932
2.83294665
3.02176255
3.16340988
3.30505721
3.49394393

Strain mm
0
0.01009795
0.0201959
0.03029385
0.0403918
0.050489751
0.060587701
0.070685651
0.080783601
0.090881551
0.100979501
0.111077451
0.121175401
0.131273352
0.141371302
0.151469252

young
modulus mm
84.16401217
58.44489278
52.99059722
47.92614468
42.08200608
38.18474474
34.06638588
30.97674002
28.57368213
26.65193719
25.50424611
24.93709544
24.09788313
23.37855829
23.06701785

4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68

51.333
55.333
56.666
60.666
69.333
76.666
85.333
95.333
106.666
120.666
136.666
154
176
195.333
218
241.333
266
289.333
318.666
350.666
383.333
418.666
452.666
490
528
566.666
605.333
645.333
689.333
731.333
779.333
826
874
924.666
971.333
1027.333
1080
1128.667
1184
1240.667
1298.667
1358
1412
1477.333
1538.667
1602.667
1666
1723.333
1792.667
1858
1920.667
2000
2073.333

15

3.63559127
3.91888593
4.01329388
4.29658854
4.91041726
5.42976721
6.04359592
6.75183259
7.5544772
8.54600853
9.67918719
10.9068446
12.4649653
13.8341992
15.4395593
17.0920879
18.8390953
20.4916239
22.5690945
24.8354518
27.1490485
29.6514611
32.0594658
34.7035965
37.3948958
40.1333637
42.8719024
45.7048491
48.8210904
51.7956844
55.1952204
58.5003484
61.8998844
65.4882363
68.7933643
72.7594896
76.4895597
79.9363351
83.855221
87.8685857
91.9763583
96.1785389
100.003017
104.63014
108.974038
113.506753
117.992228
122.052761
126.96325
131.590372
136.028679
141.647333
146.841045

0.161567202
0.171665152
0.181763102
0.191861052
0.201959002
0.212056952
0.222154903
0.232252853
0.242350803
0.252448753
0.262546703
0.272644653
0.282742603
0.292840553
0.302938503
0.313036454
0.323134404
0.333232354
0.343330304
0.353428254
0.363526204
0.373624154
0.383722104
0.393820055
0.403918005
0.414015955
0.424113905
0.434211855
0.444309805
0.454407755
0.464505705
0.474603655
0.484701606
0.494799556
0.504897506
0.514995456
0.525093406
0.535191356
0.545289306
0.555387256
0.565485207
0.575583157
0.585681107
0.595779057
0.605877007
0.615974957
0.626072907
0.636170857
0.646268807
0.656366758
0.666464708
0.676562658
0.686660608

22.50203769
22.82866316
22.07980516
22.39427176
24.31393107
25.60523078
27.20442292
29.07104265
31.17166154
33.85244897
36.86653489
40.00388233
44.08591114
47.24140514
50.96598515
54.6009504
58.3011126
61.49350034
65.73580662
70.27013688
74.68250759
79.36173495
83.54865512
88.12044009
92.58041339
96.93675634
101.0858214
105.2593304
109.8807405
113.9850361
118.8257103
123.2614788
127.707199
132.353062
136.2521374
141.281809
145.6684826
149.3602879
153.781158
158.2113826
162.6503351
167.0975563
170.7465304
175.6190291
179.8616502
184.2717007
188.464038
191.8553169
196.4557906
200.4829931
204.1048494
209.3632144
213.8480684

4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.1
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.2
1.21

2142.667
2226
2298.667
2381.333
2463.333
2544.667
2628
2709.333
2794
2880.667
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3138.667
3224.667
3319.333
3406.667
3491.333
3582
3672
3769.333
3860.667
3946
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4139.333
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4326.667
4414.667
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4612
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5571.333
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5854.667
5954
6052.667
6147.333
6238.667
6336.667
6436.667
6525.333
6624.667
6711.333
6810.667
6912

16

151.751533
157.653481
162.800025
168.654734
174.462275
180.222647
186.124595
191.884896
197.881324
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286.646962
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299.678517
306.43042
312.662903
319.745269
326.638749
332.682345
339.717543
346.941557
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373.996198
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428.672068
435.376661
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455.868356
462.148007
469.183205
475.321209
482.356407
489.533182

0.696758558
0.706856508
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1.151166313
1.161264263
1.171362213
1.181460164
1.191558114
1.201656064
1.211754014
1.221851964

217.796439
223.0346322
227.0716401
231.9705319
236.6712199
241.1817391
245.7589155
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284.4432171
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300.4187391
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315.5641965
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383.8240097
386.4632743
389.1779596
391.1668134
393.756041
395.5551206
398.0646252
400.6485207

4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
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4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
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4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
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14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
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99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.3
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.4
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.5
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.6
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.7
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74

6998.667
7091.333
7183.333
7276
7366
7449.333
7544
7634.667
7715.333
7803.333
7892
7971.333
8052
8129.333
8210
8285.333
8356.667
8429.333
8498
8562
8629.333
8684.667
8752
8810.667
8863.333
8923.333
8976
9024
9075.333
9123.333
9170.667
9215.333
9254.667
9299.333
9341.333
9380.667
9413.333
9442.667
9478
9508
9536
9560
9582.667
9605.333
9624
9638.667
9652.667
9665.333
9676
9686
9692
9698.667
9702

17

495.671257
502.234203
508.74998
515.312997
521.687126
527.589075
534.293739
540.715108
546.42817
552.660653
558.940375
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615.079958
619.848728
624.00374
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639.112765
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671.26671
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681.606965
682.645736
683.637267
684.53432
685.289796
685.998032
686.422974
686.895156
687.131211

1.231949914
1.242047864
1.252145814
1.262243765
1.272341715
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1.686357669
1.69645562
1.70655357
1.71665152
1.72674947
1.73684742
1.74694537
1.75704332

402.3469225
404.3597811
406.3025041
408.2515684
410.0212392
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413.3680389
415.0931565
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406.6237214
404.8048337
402.9797534
401.1209094
399.2014616
397.2771062
395.2120184
393.1978456
391.0724359

4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
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4.24
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4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
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4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
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14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
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99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.8
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.9
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.1
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.2
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27

9706.667
9710
9712.667
9714
9715.333
9718
9716
9718
9716
9715.333
9713.333
9712
9708.667
9704
9704
9699.333
9691.333
9685.333
9682
9675.333
9669.333
9660.667
9653.333
9644
9636.667
9626.667
9615.333
9606.667
9593.333
9583.333
9572.667
9559.333
9546.667
9531.333
9520
9506.667
9492.667
9476.667
9459.333
9448.667
9434
9418.667
9402
9386
9371.333
9352.667
9338.667
9322
9306
9290
9272.667
9256
9239.333

18

687.461745
687.6978
687.886687
687.981095
688.075503
688.26439
688.122742
688.26439
688.122742
688.075503
687.933856
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687.272858
687.272858
686.942324
686.375735
685.950793
685.714738
685.242556
684.817614
684.203857
683.684436
683.023438
682.504089
681.795852
680.993136
680.379379
679.435016
678.726779
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677.027011
676.129959
675.043948
674.241304
673.297012
672.305481
671.172302
669.944644
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667.064529
665.884111
664.750933
663.712162
662.390167
661.398636
660.218218
659.085039
657.951861
656.724274
655.543856
654.363438

1.76714127
1.77723922
1.787337171
1.797435121
1.807533071
1.817631021
1.827728971
1.837826921
1.847924871
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1.928708472
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1.969100273
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1.989296173
1.999394123
2.009492073
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2.140765425
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2.171059275
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2.191255175
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2.211451075
2.221549026
2.231646976
2.241744926
2.251842876
2.261940826
2.272038776
2.282136726
2.292234676

389.0247807
386.947234
384.8667719
382.7571228
380.6710451
378.6601251
376.4905811
374.4990248
372.37593
370.3267232
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355.8732411
353.8005575
351.8462719
349.7915998
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343.681572
341.6152076
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337.5912161
335.5161707
333.5543062
331.4504907
329.4819262
327.5097813
325.4659462
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321.3923184
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317.5076338
315.5374964
313.5197786
311.4770805
309.6720111
307.7532135
305.8305571
303.8825048
301.9737837
300.1251844
298.1659012
296.3724295
294.5108564
292.6869571
290.8793427
289.0462438
287.2500356
285.4696531

4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

2.28
2.29
2.3
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.4
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49

9222.667
9203.333
9186
9168.667
9151.333
9132.667
9116
9098
9078
9060.667
9041.333
9026
9008.667
8986.667
8966.667
8949.333
8932.667
8912.667
8892
8874
8854.667
8834.667

653.183091
651.813786
650.586199
649.358613
648.130955
646.808961
645.628543
644.353717
642.937243
641.709657
640.340352
639.254413
638.026826
636.468705
635.052232
633.824575
632.644227
631.227754
629.764041
628.489215
627.119981
625.703508

2.302332626
2.312430577
2.322528527
2.332626477
2.342724427
2.352822377
2.362920327
2.373018277
2.383116227
2.393214178
2.403312128
2.413410078
2.423508028
2.433605978
2.443703928
2.453801878
2.463899828
2.473997778
2.484095729
2.494193679
2.504291629
2.514389579

283.7049187
281.873883
280.1197883
278.3808806
276.6569332
274.9076883
273.2333102
271.5333981
269.7884543
268.1371616
266.4407775
264.876002
263.2658191
261.533178
259.8728204
258.3030767
256.765401
255.1448346
253.5184269
251.980919
250.4181119
248.8490699

4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

2.5
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.6
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.7
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79

8815.333
8795.333
8772.667
8753.333
8734.667
8715.333
8696.667
8674
8651.333
8632.667
8610.667
8590.667
8568.667
8547.333
8526.667
8504.667
8482.667
8459.333
8435.333
8416.667
8395.333
8373.333
8349.333
8326.667
8301.333
8279.333
8254.667
8232.667
8208
8183.333

624.334203
622.91773
621.312441
619.943136
618.621141
617.251837
615.929842
614.324482
612.719122
611.397128
609.839007
608.422534
606.864413
605.353461
603.889819
602.331698
600.773578
599.120978
597.42121
596.099216
594.588263
593.030143
591.330375
589.725086
587.930839
586.372718
584.625782
583.067661
581.320654
579.573646

2.524487529
2.534585479
2.544683429
2.554781379
2.564879329
2.57497728
2.58507523
2.59517318
2.60527113
2.61536908
2.62546703
2.63556498
2.64566293
2.655760881
2.665858831
2.675956781
2.686054731
2.696152681
2.706250631
2.716348581
2.726446531
2.736544481
2.746642432
2.756740382
2.766838332
2.776936282
2.787034232
2.797132182
2.807230132
2.817328082

247.3112646
245.7671028
244.1609961
242.6599556
241.1891797
239.7115662
238.2637979
236.7181069
235.1843979
233.7708785
232.2782956
230.8508946
229.3808504
227.9397461
226.5273059
225.0902191
223.6639375
222.2132976
220.7560539
219.4487187
218.081762
216.707657
215.2920846
213.9211547
212.4919378
211.1581465
209.7662723
208.4519511
207.0797997
205.7174845

19

4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24
4.24

4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944
4.4944

14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957
14.11957

99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03
99.03

2.8
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.9
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.1
3.11
3.12
3.13

8160
8135.333
8108.667
8084
8059.333
8034
8008
7982.667
7956.667
7932
7904.667
7877.333
7849.333
7823.333
7798
7768
7739.333
7712
7684
7655.333
7622.667
7592
7563.333
7534
7500
7466.667
7435.333
7397.333
7351.333
7307.333
7248
7124.667
7102
0

20

577.921118
576.17411
574.285526
572.538519
570.791512
568.997336
567.15592
565.361744
563.520329
561.773322
559.837498
557.901604
555.918542
554.077126
552.28295
550.15824
548.127938
546.192115
544.209052
542.17875
539.865224
537.693275
535.662973
533.585502
531.177498
528.816733
526.597544
523.906244
520.648356
517.532114
513.329934
504.595039
502.989679
0

2.827426033
2.837523983
2.847621933
2.857719883
2.867817833
2.877915783
2.888013733
2.898111683
2.908209633
2.918307584
2.928405534
2.938503484
2.948601434
2.958699384
2.968797334
2.978895284
2.988993234
2.999091184
3.009189135
3.019287085
3.029385035
3.039482985
3.049580935
3.059678885
3.069776835
3.079874785
3.089972736
3.100070686
3.110168636
3.120266586
3.130364536
3.140462486
3.150560436
3.160658386

204.3983153
203.0552389
201.6719705
200.3480195
199.0333922
197.7116005
196.3826951
195.0793503
193.7688131
192.4996957
191.1748533
189.8590923
188.5363465
187.2705045
186.0291856
184.6853239
183.3821275
182.1192093
180.8490687
179.5717781
178.2095106
176.9028739
175.6513385
174.3926479
173.0345645
171.7007247
170.4214208
168.9981609
167.4019697
165.8615058
163.9840753
160.6753912
159.6508586
0