HAND-OUT SAMPLE Read and translate the text about radiation and nuclear chemistry.

Suggest your definitions to the terms in bald and give synonyms to the italicized words. Text. RADIATION AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY None of the naturally occurring elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 has any stable isotopes. All of them eventually decay into a stable isotope of lead. In addition to these radioactive isotopes that are found naturally, there are numerous radioactive isotopes of the other elements that can be produced by bombarding stable nuclei with high-energy particles, such as protons, alpha particles, and neutrons. For example, if the normally stable nuclei of beryllium are bombarded by protons (hydrogen nuclei), some of the beryllium nuclei are changed to lithium nuclei, and helium nuclei (alpha particles) are given off. This reaction can be represented as follows: H + Be Li + He Note that this lithium nucleus is not the stable isotope found in nature (Li), but the unstable, or radioactive, isotope of mass number 6. Thus, a radioactive isotope of lithium has been produced from a stable isotope of beryllium. Since both a proton and a beryllium nucleus have positive charges, they repel each other. The proton must therefore have a high kinetic energy in order to overcome the repulsive forces and collide with, or interact with the beryllium nucleus. This is true of all bombardments of nuclei with protons and alpha particles, which are positively charged. These particles are given sufficient energy by being injected into a particle accelerator. There are various types of accelerators, but they all use electric and magnetic forces to gradually increase the speed of the particles before directing them toward the target material. Any change in the nucleus of an atom that converts it from one element to another is called transmutation when the change is brought about by bombarding the nucleus with high energy particles, the process is called artificial transmutation. In nuclear equations, the symbols represent atomic nuclei. The superscript indicates the mass number and the subscript indicates the atomic number (number of protons). When writing nuclear equations, it is necessary that the sum of the mass numbers of the reactants be equal to the sum of the mass numbers of the products. In a nuclear reaction, if all but one of the elements of the reaction are known, the unknown element can be predicted using mass numbers and atomic numbers. In nuclear reactions, mass is converted to energy. There are two basic types of nuclear reaction fission and fusion. Fission reactions involve the splitting of a heavy nucleus to produce lighter nuclei. Fusion reactions involve the combining of light nuclei to produce a heavy nucleus. In both types of reaction, the total nuclear mass of the product is less than the total nuclear mass of the reactant. In other words, nuclear reactions involve some loss of mass. In reality, this mass is not lost; it is converted to energy. Nuclear reactions involve energies much greater than those found in ordinary chemical reactions. V. Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the text. 1. From what isotope was a radioactive isotope of lithium produced? 2. What forces do various types of accelerators use to increase the speed of the particles before directing them toward the target material? 3. What is transmutation? 4. What is artificial transmutation? 5. What does a superscript indicate in nuclear equations? 6. What does a subscript indicate in nuclear equations? 7. What are two basic types of nuclear reaction? VI. Match words with their definitions and suggest their possible translation. 1. particle a) the act or process of splitting or breaking into parts 2. to repel b) an extremely small piece of matter 3. accelerator c) to undergo radioactive disintegration 4. reactant d) a quantity of electricity 5. fission e) to exert an opposing force on something 6. fusion f) to force or drive (a fluid) into something 7. charge g) the positively charged central region of an atom 8. to decay h) a reaction in which two nuclei combine to form a nucleus releasing energy 9. nucleus i) a machine for increasing the kinetic energy of subatomic particles 10. to inject j) a substance that participates in a chemical reaction

Match the words from column A with the words from column B to build collocations; use them in the sentences of your own A B 1. stable a) forces 2. repulsive b) reaction 3. particle c) energy 4. artificial d) increase 5. mass e) charged 6. nuclear f) transmutation 7. positively g) nucleus 8. kinetic h) number 9. heavy i) isotopes 10. gradually j) accelerator Correct the mistakes. 1. 'Could you help me lift this box?' 'Of course I could.' 2. I could go to Emma's party last Saturday. 3. Need I to book a table in advance? 4. May these flowers be from your fianc? 5. Although she was exhausted, she could finish the race. 6. You should to brush your teeth twice a day. 7. I must have my car repaired last month. 8. The bus can be late today because there is a lot of traffic. Cross out the unnecessary word. 1. They shouldn't to have called the police. 2. Paul was been able to change the flat tyre by himself. 3. She needn't to have bought such an expensive dress. 4. The Prime Minister is to will give a speech at the conference tomorrow. 5. Jennifer is likely that to look for another job. 6. How about we driving to the coast? 7. That can't to have been Paul. He's on holiday in Jamaica. 8. Would you mind if my staying here for a couple of days? 9. They might have been forgotten about our meeting. 10.Jack has had to see the General Manager yesterday.

Listening
Listen to the report and decide, whether the following statements are true or false. T 1. In a nuclear energy facility a chain reaction of splitting atoms releases heat. 2. In a nuclear reactor, metal rods with enriched lithium pellets inside are placed into bundles creating a fuel assembly 3. The two most common types of nuclear reactors are water boiling reactors and propelling water reactors. 4. The steam from the turbine is cooled in a condenser. 5. To prevent overheating the control rods are made of a material that emits small atomic particles are inserted into the nuclear fuel bundle. 6. When an operator wants to produce less heat the control rod is lowered into the bundle Listen to the report again and fill in the spaces with a suitable word or word group. In a nuclear energy facility a chain reaction of splitting atoms (1)___________ heat. This reaction takes place in a reactor. The two most common types of nuclear reactors are (2)___________ and pressurized water reactor. In a water boiling reactor the heat from (3)___________ atoms causes the water to boil producing steam that drives a turbine. In a pressurized water reactor the water in a reactor (4)___________ is under pressure to keep it from boiling, even when it reaches very high temperatures. To prevent (5)___________ the control rods are made of a material that absorbs small atomic particles are inserted into the nuclear fuel bundle. With this level of control the operator of a nuclear energy facility is able to ensure that it continues to generate clean, safe and (6)___________ energy. F