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Boundary Conditions in Fluid

Boundary Conditions in Fluid
Mechanics: Slip or No Slip?
Mechanics: Slip or No Slip?
March, 2011
Suman

Chakraborty
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, India
E-mail: suman@mech.iitkgp.ernet.in
http://www.stanford.edu/~sumancha/
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Macroscopic vs. Microscopic
Viewpoint: the Continuum
Hypothesis
Molecular Approach:

Direct analysis of dynamics of individual molecules
Microscopic Approach:

Statistically-averaged

behavior of many
molecules
Macroscopic Approach: Gross or averaged effect of many molecules
that can be captured by direct measuring instruments (treats the

fluid as a
continuous medium disregarding the discontinuity in the underlying
molecular picture)
Continuum Hypothesis

works when: (a) there are sufficiently large
numbers of molecules in chosen elemental volumes so that statistical
uncertainties with regard to their respective positions and velocities do not
perceptibly influence the averaged fluid/ flow property predictions, as well
as the predictions in the local gradients of properties through well-known
rules of differential calculus, and (b) the system is not significantly deviated
from local thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Assessment of Continuum Considerations: Gas Flows
Assessment of Continuum Considerations: Gas Flows

When gas molecules collide with a solid boundary, those are
temporarily adsorbed on the wall and are subsequently ejected. This
allows a partial transfer of momentum and energy of the walls to

the
gas molecules.

If the frequency of collisions is very large, the momentum and
energy exchange is virtually complete and there may be no relative
tangential momentum between the fluid and the solid boundary. This
is known as No-Slip

Boundary Condition.

However, in a less-dense system, deviations from such idealization
are significantly more ominous. The extent of this deviation is not
merely dictated by the mean free path () in an absolute sense, but
also its comparability with the characteristic system length scale (L)
that describes the relative importance of rarefaction in the system.
The ratio of these two, known as the Knudsen number (Kn = /L),
appears to the single important decisive parameter that determines
the applicability of a particular flow modeling strategy as against the
extent of rarefaction of the flow medium.
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Gas Flows: Slip vs. No slip
The notion underlying the no-slip boundary condition is that there cannot be any
finite velocity or temperature discontinuities within the fluid
Such discontinuities would result in infinite velocity/temperature gradients and
hence infinite stress and heat flux thereby destroying the discontinuities in no time.
Thus, the fluid velocity must be zero at the wall and also the temperature of the
fluid must be the same as that of the wall.
However, the above boundary conditions are valid only if the fluid adjacent to the
solid wall is in thermodynamic equilibrium.
The achievement of thermodynamic equilibrium requires an infinitely large
number of collisions between the fluid molecules and the solid surface.
The no-slip condition holds good so long as Kn<0.001, beyond which the collision
frequency is not large enough to ensure equilibrium and a certain degree of
tangential-velocity slip and temperature jump occurs.
Kn
L

=
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Maxwell First Order Slip Model : A Simple
Maxwell First Order Slip Model : A Simple
Derivation
Derivation
i r
i w
t t
o
t t

( )

diffuse
specular
from top layer
from bottom layer
1 1
1
2 2
g w
U U U U

o o
(
(
= + +
(

( )
2
w
w
dU
U U
dn

o =
U

U
g
U
w

t: tangential
momentum
Subscript: iincident
rreflected
wwall
o=1diffuse
reflection
o=0specular
reflection
Eliminating U

, it follows:
2 3
4
g w
w w gas
dU
U
dn
T
T
U
s

o

o

=
c
c
+ +
(Tangential
momentum
accomodation

coefficient)
Add term in presence
of temp grad
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Summary: Slip Behavior of Gases
Summary: Slip Behavior of Gases
The first set of fluid molecules comes in contact
with the plate, these molecules tend to stick to
the solid.
Molecules of a fluid next to a solid surface are adsorbed onto the surface for
a short period of time, and are then desorbed and ejected into the fluid.
This process slows down the fluid and renders the tangential component of
the fluid velocity equal to the corresponding component of the boundary
velocity. However, this consideration remains valid only if the fluid adjacent to
the solid wall is in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium may result in a slip

between fluid
and the solid boundary in small channels where the mean free path may be
of comparable order as that of the channel dimension.
This phenomenon may be more aggravated by the presence of strong

local
gradients of temperature and/or density, because of which the molecules
tending to slip

on the walls experience a net driving force. Such phenomena
are usually termed as thermophoresis

and diffusophoresis, respectively.
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Slip Boundary Condition for Liquids??
Slip Boundary Condition for Liquids??

Because of sufficient intermolecular forces of attraction between the
molecules of the solid surface and a dense medium such as the
liquid, it is expected that the liquid molecules would remain
stationary relative to the solid boundary at their points of contact.

Only at very high shear rates (typically realizable only in extremely
narrow confinements of size roughly a few molecular diameters), the
straining may be sufficient enough in moving the fluid molecules

adhering to the solid by overcoming the van der

Waals

forces of
attraction.

Another theory argues that the no-slip boundary condition arises due
to microscopic boundary roughness, since fluid elements may get
locally trapped within the surface asperities. If the fluid is a

liquid
then it may not be possible for the molecules to escape from that
trapping, because of an otherwise compact molecular packing.
Following this argument, it may be conjectured that a molecularly
smooth boundary would allow the liquid to slip, because of the non-

existence of the surface asperity barriers.
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Continuum picture Molecular picture
No-Slip Boundary Condition, A Paradigm
0 =
slip
v
t
0 =
slip
v
?
+

t
n
Slip or No-Slip?
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What Happens for Carbon
What Happens for Carbon
Nanotubes
Nanotubes
?
?

Researchers have demonstrated that the rate of liquid flow through
a membrane composed of an array of aligned carbon nanotubes

might turn out to be four to five orders of magnitude faster than that
predicted from classical fluid-flow analysis.

They attributed this phenomenon to an apparently frictionless
interfacial condition at the carbon-nanotube

wall.

Such observations were contrary to the common consensus that
fluid flow through nano-pores having chemical selectivity is rather
slow.

However, from fundamental physical considerations, water is likely
to be able to flow fast through hydrophobic single-walled carbon
nanotubes; the primary reason being the fact that the process
creates ordered hydrogen bonds between the water molecules.
Accordingly, ordered hydrogen bonds between water molecules and
the weak attraction between the water and smooth carbon nanotube

graphite sheets, as well as the rapid diffusion of hydrocarbons are
qualitatively attributed to the fundamental scientific origin of

reduced
frictional resistances encountered in such systems.
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
: slip length, from nano-

to micrometer
Practically, no slip

in macroscopic flows

t

=
s
slip
l v
0 / / ~ R l U v
s
slip

: shear rate at solid surface

s
l
~ R U /

(1823)
Slip Boundary Condition
Need to address:
1.

Apparent Violation

seen from
the moving/slipping contact line
2.

Infinite Energy Dissipation
(unphysical singularity)
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Slip at High Shear Rates
Slip at High Shear Rates
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Liquid Slip: Role of Surface Characteristics
Manufacturing
Process
Surface
Characteristics
Fluid Flow
?
LETS TRY TO ANSWER
Recent studies have demonstrated that the intuitive assumption of no slip
at the boundary

can fail greatly not only when the fluidic substrates are
sufficiently smooth, but also when they are sufficiently rough!!
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Linking Through the Friction Factor..

For fluid flows through microchannel the friction factor (f)
has been experimentally obtained

Higher

W. Peiyi et al (Cryogenics 23, 273,1983); C. Y. Yang et al (Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer 39, 791,1996); W. Qu et al (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 43, 353, 2000);
D. Pfund et al (AIChE J. 46, 1496, 2000)

Lower

B. X. Wang et al (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 37, 73,1994); X. F. Peng et al
(Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 39, 2599,1996); S. B. Choi et al (ASME-DSC 32,
123,1991)
than the classically predicted value

(fRe~24 for parallel plate)
THIS CHALLENGES THE CLASSICAL THEORY WHICH
STATES THAT THE PRODUCT OF FRICTION FACTOR AND
REYNOLDS NUMBER IS A CONSTANT FOR FULLY
DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW, INDEPENDENT OF THE
SURFACE ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS
[Ref: S. Chakraborty

and K. D. Anand, Physics of Fluids 20, 043602 (2008)]
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Preliminary Investigations with Simple Experiments!
Preliminary Investigations with Simple Experiments!
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
2D & 3D profile of 10 2D & 3D profile of 10
m m

10 10 m scan area m scan area
of microchannel of microchannel
surface, processed by surface, processed by
Up milling at 12 Up milling at 12
mm/min feed rate mm/min feed rate
577.08 nm
0.00 nm
AFM Imaging and PSD Analysis
Due to the multi-scale
nature of roughness , a
surface profile is
considered to be
composed of a
superposition of spatial
waves of increasing
frequency.
L
dx e x Z
f P
L
fx i
}
=
0
2 2
) ) ( (
) (
t
P(f)

is the power of surface roughness wave of
frequency f
Z(x)

is the height variation function
L

is the total scan length
X

is the spatial variable
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N e f P n ACF
L N
L f
N fn i

=
=
2 /
/ 2
) / ( 2
) ( ) (
t
2
1 .
) , ( N Z Y X Z
N
m n
m n a
=
= c
The correlation length, The correlation length, l l, also known as the , also known as the
independent length, was determined as the independent length, was determined as the
distance at which the ACF fell to 1/e times distance at which the ACF fell to 1/e times
its maximum value its maximum value.
Auto Co Auto Co- -Relation Function (ACF) Relation Function (ACF)
was deduced was deduced
from the Inverse Fourier from the Inverse Fourier
Transform of P(f) Transform of P(f)
Auto Correlation Function and Arithmetic Roughness
Arithmetic Surface Arithmetic Surface
Roughness: Roughness:
Z
= Mean pixelated height from Scan profile = Mean pixelated height from Scan profile
Correlation lengths were found to be Correlation lengths were found to be
independent of the length of independent of the length of
scanning scanning a a

fractal nature of the fractal nature of the
surface? surface?
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0 , 0 | c
a
0 , 1
f
D
) 10 (
3
O
D
D
f
h
a
c
)] ( ) ( 1 [
0 exp f
h
a
t
D
D
C C
c
| + + =
) ln(
h
a
D
A
c
| =
q
f
D B ) 1 ( =
A Modi f i ed Consi der at i on on Poi seui l l e Number f or
Mi cr ochannel s
The fit t ing
funct ions can be
chosen as,
&
Also,
Dependence on
average relative
surface roughness
Dependence on
surface topology
) ( 2
] ) 2 ( [
0
*
W H
W D W H D
D
f f
f
+
+ +
=
] ) 1 ( 96 . 7
) ln(
24
1 [
5 . 1 *
0 exp
=
f
h
a
t
D
D
C C
c
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Exploring the Science: Revisiting the
Continuum Considerations
Continuum Hypothesis assumes:

The local properties such as density and velocity are
defined as averages over elements large compared to
the microscopic structure but small in comparison with
the scale of the flow to permit the use of differential
calculus.

The flow must not be too far from thermodynamic
equilibrium.
The former condition is more commonly satisfied. It is
usually the later one which restricts the validity of the
model
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Hydrodynamics over Slipping Surfaces
[Ref: S. Chakraborty, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 094504 (2007)]
Confining rough surfaces made of
hydrophobic materials may trigger the
formation of tiny bubbles adhering to the walls
in tiny channels at certain locations. This
incipient vapor layer acts as an effective
smoothening blanket, by disallowing the liquid
on the top of it to be directly exposed to the
rough surface asperities. In such cases, the
liquid is not likely to feel the presence of the
wall directly and may smoothly sail over the
intervening vapor layer shield. Thus, instead of
sticking

to a rough channel surface, the liquid
may effectively slip

on the same.
There may also be effective stick-slip motion due to the random surface
inhomogeneities

that are directly exposed to the liquid being transported,
over the remaining fraction of the interface. Relative contribution of
these two effects is stochastic, due to uncertainties in surface

characteristics and thermodynamic conditions
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Apparent Slip and Stick
( )
2
,
eff
0
2
s
h dK
l S K K
l t

=
}
Ex: For the surface with a
Gaussian form, i.e., of the form
2
2
exp( )
x
l

( )
( )
2
exp
4
K
S K t

=
Nature Materials
2,

221227 (2003)
,
eff
w s
w
u
u l
y
| | c
=
|
c
\ .
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
A Generalized Proposition For The Friction
Factor
Generalized slip Generalized slip- -

based stochastic based stochastic
boundary condition boundary condition
Uncertainties Uncertainties
associated with the associated with the
production, density production, density
and size and size
distribution of the distribution of the
nanobubbles nanobubbles
Implications of Implications of
surface roughness surface roughness
elements and elements and
hydrophobicity, hydrophobicity,
within a within a
continuum continuum- -based based
framework framework
Stochastic formalism of the Navier-Stokes equations
Generalized treatment of surface conditions for
microchannel liquid flows
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Quantitative fitting of Simulation data on Friction Factor
Stokes Stokes

flow scaling for flow scaling for
the the nanobubble nanobubble- -

dispersed layer dispersed layer
2 3
3 2
0 0 1 0 2 0 3
1
~
h h h h
l
dp
uD a z a z D a z D a D
dx q
(
+ + +

2 3
0 1 2 3
4
Re ~ f
a a a a k k k ( + + +

where where
h
D z
0
= k
Stick Stick- -slip scaling for slip scaling for
liquids directly liquids directly
exposed to the surface exposed to the surface
roughness elements roughness elements
0 0
1
Re ~
s
h
f
l
c d
D
(
+
(

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
( )
2
3 1
8
48
1
Re
h
h
H K
D
D l
f f
o
o

c
t

(
(

(
+
(
| |
(

|
(
\ .

=
( )
( )
3
2
1
3 3
3 3
k
k
k k

O
= + +
) 2537 . 0 9564 . 0 7012 . 1 9467 . 1 3553 . 1 1 (
5 4 3 2
a a a a a f
K H
+ + =

v
l
q
q
= O
0
h
z
D
k =
Hartnett Hartnett- -Kostic polynomial correction factor that accommodates Kostic polynomial correction factor that accommodates
a non a non- -infinite extent of the rectangular microchannel into account infinite extent of the rectangular microchannel into account
is the mean nanobubble surface layer thickness is the mean nanobubble surface layer thickness
0
z
The Friction Factor: A Weighted Averaged Combination
Key inputs to the model:
Average relative surface roughness
Surface correlation length
Average relative thickness of the
nanobubble

layer
Fractional surface occupancy of
nanobubbles

()
[Ref: S. Chakraborty, App. Phys. Lett. 90, 034108 (2007), S. Chakraborty

et al.,
J. App. Phys. 102, 104907 (2007)]
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
The Mesoscopic

physics of Superfluidic

Transport in Narrow fluidic
Confinements: The Rough makes it Smooth!

Nanobubbles

are formed when the driving force required to minimize the
area of liquid-vapor interface is smaller than the forces that pin the contact
line of the substrate.

Rough surfaces made of hydrophobic materials and narrow confinements
trigger the nanobubble

formation

Thermal fluctuations lead to nanobubbles

of sizes with an order governed
by the surface free energy scale

The above leads to a decrement in viscosity near the wall. With the bulk
phase viscosity still being employed for the continuum fluid flow
calculations; this decrement in effective viscosity needs to be compensated
with a consequent enhancement in the local shear strain rate, in

order to
achieve continuity in the shear stress (rate of momentum transport). This
can be well captured by a phase field model

Relative contribution of stick-slip is stochastic, due to uncertainties in
surface characteristics and thermodynamic conditions

The EDL electrodynamics amplifies this tendency of slippage to a large
extent, by pumping the layer of fluid even more effectively along with the
movable charges.
Ref: S. Chakraborty, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 097801 (2008)
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Confinement induced Hydrodynamic
Confinement induced Hydrodynamic
Interactions: The Basic Physics
Interactions: The Basic Physics

Nanobubbles

may be nucleated when the driving force required to minimize
the area of liquid-vapor interface is smaller than the forces that pin the contact
line of the substrate.

Hydrophobic units are not thermodynamically favored to form hydrogen
bonds with water molecules. Hence, these give rise to excluded volume
regions encompassing the locations characterized with sharply diminishing
number density of water molecules. Loss of hydrogen bonds close to any such
hydrophobic surface effectively repels liquid molecules, thereby

favoring the
formation of liquid-depleted regions.

Close to small hydrophobic units, water molecules can structurally change and
reorganize without sacrificing their hydrogen bonds. However, close to larger
hydrophobic units, persistence of a hydrogen bond network is virtually
impossible, thereby forming persistent vapor layers. Such interfacial
fluctuations can destabilize the liquid further away from the solid walls, leading
to a pressure imbalance. This effectively gives rise to an attractive potential
between the two surfaces.

In confined fluids, long-ranged interactions can also trigger separation-induced
phase transitions. Such separation-induced cavitation

physically originates
from an increase in the local molecular field due to the replacement of
polarizable

fluids by solid walls.
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Can the effect of slip be captured by Extended
Can the effect of slip be captured by Extended
Navier
Navier

Stokes Equation, despite using No
Stokes Equation, despite using No
-
-
Slip Boundary
Slip Boundary
Condition?
Condition?
Hypothesis based on:
continuum-based interpretation of experimentally observed thermophoretic

motion
reordering of Burnett terms in Chapman-Enskog

expansion of the viscous stress
the velocity/thermal creep coefficients introduced by Maxwell
( )
( ) ( )
deviatoric
j
i k
v v v
ij ij
i j k
U
U U
x x x
t o
| |
c
c c
|
= +
|
c c c
\ .
Fluids mass velocity
Fluids volume velocity
(featured in
continuity equation)
(volumetric flux density)
Brenners modification
( )
//
i i
v
i
T
q k P U
x
c
=
c
Fourier law in compressible limit
Modified Newtons viscosity law
Subscript v refers to volume-velocity (which is physically an Eulerian

flux density of
volume, as a combined consequence of the local advective

and diffusive mechanisms)
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Chakraborty
Chakraborty
-
-
Durst Hypothesis
Durst Hypothesis
Salient Features
Constitutive relationship based on the upscaled

analogy of molecular transport
Transport coefficients for diffusion are gross volume-averaged manifestations
of the transport phenomena sub-continuum length scales
Local density and temperature gradients give rise to an additional diffusive
transport of mass
Assumptions:
compressible flow of ideal gases
Prandtl

and Schmidt numbers close to unity
strong local gradients in density and temperature
continuum

hypothesis remains valid
Phoretic

mass flux:

(analogy from the kinetic theory of gases)
1
fp
i
i fp i
u
u C
x u x

(
c
c
= +
(
c c
(

fp
u
is the statistical averaged fluid particle velocity
C
1

= -D

where D is the self diffusion coefficient
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Constitutive viscous behaviour

of the fluid in terms of the advective

and phoretic

fluxes
ij
III
ij
II
ij
ij
t t t t + + =
1
1 1
2
j I
ij j
i i i
U
T
U
x x T x

c | |
c c
= +
|
c c c
\ .
II
i
ij i j
j
U
U u
x
t
c
= +
c
( ) 1
k III
ij ij
k
U
x

t o

c
=
c
Term Value Physical meaning
the transfer of molecular
momentum originating
from the interaction between
the normalized advective

flux
components U
j
exchange of momentum between
the

j-th

component
of the phoretic

velocity and the i-

th

component of the normalized
bulk advective

flux density
volumetric dilation of the fluid
elements
I
ij
t
II
ij
t
III
ij
t
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Using Stokes Hypothesis and necessary manipulation, stress tensor can be obtained as
, , , net j net i net k
ij ij
i j k
u u u
x x x
t o
| |
c c c
= +
|
|
c c c
\ .
where
net
= + u U u
net
u represents a sum of the advective

and phoretic

flux densities
associated with the transport of linear momentum
Net heat flux can be represented as a sum of conductive and phoretic

components as:
( )( )
//
1 1
2
i p
i i i
T T
q k C T D
x x T x

| |
c c c
= +
|
c c c
\ .
Using
1
1
2
i
i i
T
u C
x T x

( c c
= +
(
c c

and with the help of ideal gas equation one obtains:
// p
i i
i
C
T
q k p u
x R
c
= +
c
Towards Extended Constitutive Relationships
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India - - 721302 721302
Summary: Slip or No Slip?
Summary: Slip or No Slip?

Slip or no-slip is just a paradigm that needs to be justified from flow physics/ scale
issues

For gases, if the frequency of collisions between the molecules and the solid
boundary is very large, the momentum and energy exchange is virtually complete
and there may be no relative tangential momentum between the fluid and the solid
boundary, giving rise to a no-slip boundary condition. However, in rarefied systems
(high Kn) such collisions may be infrequent, giving rise to interfacial discontinuities in
velocity or temperature. Such discontinuities may be aggravated by strong local
gradients of density or temperature.

Because of compact molecular arrangements, slip in liquids may occur only at high
shear rates or on ultra-smooth surfaces.

However, there may be apparent slip of liquid on a solid substrate because of the
formation of an intermediate vapor layer of nanometer scale. The

vapor layer, in
effect, acts like a shield, preventing the liquid from being directly exposed to the
surface irregularities. In such cases, the liquid is not likely to feel the presence of the
wall directly and may smoothly sail over the intervening vapor layers, instead of
being in direct contact with the wall roughness elements.

Such conditions could be termed as apparent slip, since the no-slip boundary
condition still remained to be a valid proposition at the walls.

It is only the apparent
inability to capture and resolve the steep velocity gradients within the ultra-thin vapor
layers that prompts an analyzer to extrapolate the velocity profiles obtained in the
liquid layer above the vapor blanket, to mark an apparent deviation from the no-slip
boundary condition at the wall.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENT
HEARING WITH MINIMAL ADHERENCE
TO SLEEP

BOUNDARY CONDITION!!