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c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
(1)
(2)
where t is time, u
i
is the i-th component of the Reynolds-averaged-velocity, x
i
the i-th axis
(with the axis x
3
vertical and oriented upward), is the water density, p is the Reynolds
averaged pressure, g is the acceleration due to the gravity, is the viscosity which is
equal to zero in this study and S
m
is the mass exchange between the two phases. It should
be noted that the unsteady solver will be used to get the velocities and other solution
variables now represent time-averaged values instead of instantaneous values. The term
appeared
( )
i j
u u ' ' is called Reynolds-stress. This term is obtainable from the Boussinesq
hypothesis which links Reynolds-stresses to the mean rate of deformation. However, in this
work due to the large scale of the phenomenon, this term is disregarded.
2D Shallow Water Numerical Model
Since the 17th century, Newton (16431727) and Leibniz (16461716) shaped the world
of modern mathematics by introducing calculus. With deferential in calculus, people
started to think about deferential equations. The SWEs also called Saint-Venant
equations in its one-dimensional form and after Adhmar Jean Claude Barr de Saint-
Venant, are a system of hyperbolic partial differential equations that depicts the flow below
a pressure surface in a fluid. The non-linear SWEs are regularly used for modeling flows in
which the depth D is much less than the wavelength L, like oceanographic or atmospheric
fluid flow. Models of such systems lead to the calculation of areas eventually affected by
pollution, coastal erosion, and polar ice-cap dissolving. The most frequently used SWE
form in dam-break investigations, which is derived from the Navier-Stokes equations, is as
follows:
0
t x y
U E F S + + + = (3)
h
U uh
vh
(
(
=
(
(
(4)
2
2
2
uh
gh
E u h
uvh
(
(
(
= +
(
(
(5)
5
2
2
2
vh
F uvh
gh
v h
(
(
(
=
(
(
+
(
(6)
0
bx
x
by
y
S ghb
ghb
t
(
(
(
(
= +
(
(
+ (
(7)
The vector E and F are the so-called ux vectors and S represents the topographical and
frictional source terms, where g is the gravitational acceleration. u and v are the depth-
integrated velocity components in the x and y directions, respectively, b is the bottom
elevation and h is the water depth.
GEOMETRY and MESH GENERATION
Different grid sizes were inspected to investigate the sensitivity and the precision of the
results. To obtain sound data of the shock propagation and the flow depth, the channel was
discretized by diminutive cells. Around 70 longitudinal, 20 latitudinal and 22 altitudinal
segments are created in the specified channel, as a result the three-dimensional flow
domain was splitted into a total number of 39048 hexahedral non-overlapping cells which
extent from 0.025m to 0.1m. Out of various possible meshing schemes, the chosen form is
suitable for the accuracy, computational costs and the CPU time of the convergence. Due
to the elimination of turbulence terms in equations (1) and (2) and neglecting the wall
functions, a regular unstructured grid is sufficed to model the fluid flow. Figure 1 and 2
respectively show the geometric layout and the plan view of meshing form.
Figure2: Schematic representation of the computational domain.
6
Figure 3: Meshing form used to perform the computations.
SOLUTION METHODOLOGY
The governing equations (1) and (2) are a set of convection equations with velocity and
pressure coupling based on the control volume technique. The general purpose code
FLUENT was employed for all the numerical simulations presented in this investigation.
The code employs the FVM in conjunction with a coupled technique, which solves all the
transport equations simultaneously in the whole domain through a false time-step
algorithm. Convection terms are discretized using the third order Monotone Upstream
Centered Scheme for Conservation Law (MUSCL). The linearized system of equations is
preconditioned in order to reduce all the eigen-values to the same order of degree.
Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) technique is engaged to deal with the
problem of velocity and pressure coupling. PISO methods incorporate pressure impact
through momentum equations into continuity equation to attain correction equations for
pressure. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) method was employed to simulate the air-water
interaction. The VOF method was developed by Hirts and Nicholas [10] and the
formulation relies on the fact that two or more phases are not interpenetrating. For each
extra phase that added to the system, a variable is introduced in the volume fraction of the
phase in the computational cell. In each control volume, the volume portions of all phases
sum to unity. Outflow boundary condition was chosen as the outflow basin with two
separate outlets with the same group ID. Symmetry boundary condition, in which all the
normal components and gradients are kept zero, was chosen as the upper surface boundary.
The sides and bottom surfaces are defined as wall boundary condition. A pressure based
solver is used to solve the equations since the flow is incompressible.
Regarding the CFL condition (which is a very limiting constraint on the time step t and
was named for its originators Courant, Friedrichs, and Lewy) with a value of 0.25, a set of
5600 time steps of 0.0025 seconds with the maximum 40 iterations per time step, was
conducted to solve the transient current. Using an ordinary unstructured grid has
considerably enhanced the acceleration of convergence.
Calibration and Validation
Although the CFD package FLUENT is widely used for engineering applications and
scientific investigations but validation of the numerical models is always essential. The
7
numerical results for the dam-break flow are validated by comparing thenumerical results
with the measurements made at laboratorial scale by Soares Frazao et al. Figure 2 depicts
the wave front tracking of a 2D model while Figure 3 shows results of the computed 3D
model.
Figure 4: Computed (2D Shallow-Water model) positions of dam-break front, at interval of 0.1 s
Figure 5: Computed (3D NS model) positions of dam-break front, at interval of 0.1 s
Due to elimination of the vertical coordinate from the flow equations in SWEs, The 2D
model couldnt model the secondary currents. Consequently, as depicted in the previous
figures, discrepancies in the numerical results between the 3D and 2D models are
inevitable.
In the following figures, water depth profiles are compared to the experimentally measured
ones.
Figure 6: Experimental and computed (2D and 3D numerical models) flow profiles, t=5(s).
8
Figure 7: Experimental and computed (2D and 3D numerical models) flow profiles, t=7(s).
Conclusions
The evaluation of the results with experimental data permits to illustrate a conclusion on
efficiency of a considered method. Discrepancies have been noted, between models using
different mathematical schemes and equations. As the gateway is detached instantaneously
a shock wave is made and propagates in through the downstream channel and a reflective
negative wave front is generated, which starts traveling upstream into the reservoir. Flow
regime transforms from subcritical to transcritical, and reaches to supercritical flow at
various section as the dam-break flow propagates downstream.
The comparison of the water depth profile of the experiments and the numerical results
show a good match. The 3D, NS model has captured the shocks outline precisely
(particularly at the time step t=7s); however, the 2D, SWE results seems more realistic and
depicts the shock propagation properly. Concerning Figures 6 and 7, a hydraulic jump is
noticeable at the inlet of the channel in both experimental and the 3D model, yet, due to
elimination of the vertical coordinate (x
3
) from the flow equations in SWEs and
consequently vertical description of the different variables of flow, this is omitted in the
2D model. Also, a temporal fluctuation of water depth at the tip of the 90
o
is shown at both
figures. At this location, there is no reflective wave front in the 3D model, but progressive
shock fronts from the upstream side originate the formation of peaks. The simulated 3D
model produced a good match with the photographed water depths at the time step t=7s;
though, the model underestimated less water than the reality passes the bend at the time
step t=5s and this led to lower depth before the bend.
Even if the water depth is to some extent underestimated, nevertheless, the time of
appearance of inundation peaks are depicted precisely. Eventually, it can be concluded that
both 2D SWE and 3D NS models are capable of capturing the dam break shocks
reasonably well but considering the accuracy and CPU time and over all evaluations, a 2D
model with the SWE as governing equations is more appropriate than a 3D NS model in
numerical simulations of the dam-break phenomena.
9
References
[1] Qing, D. : The River Dragon has come!: Three Gorges dam and the fate of Chinas Yangtze River and its
people, ME Sharpe, 1997.
[2] McCully, P. : Silenced rivers; The ecology and politics of large dams, Zed Books, London & New Jersey,
1996.
[3] The digital library of National Performance of Dams Program (NPDP). http://npdp.stanford.edu
[4] Soares Frazaol, S. and Zech, Y. : Dam Break in Channels with 90 Bend, JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC
ENGINEERING / NOVEMBER 2002
[5] Ying, X. , Wangm SSY. and Khan, AK. : Numerical simulation of flood inundation due to dam and levee
breach, Proceedings of ASCE world water and environmental resources congress 2003, Philadelphia, USA.
[6] Duff , I. S. and Reid, J. K. : The Multifrontal Solution of Indefinite Sparse Symmetric Linear, ACM
Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS), v.9 n.3, p.302-325, Sept. 1983 DOI
10.1145/356044.356047
[7] Toro, EF. : Shock-capturing methods for free-surface shallow flows. New York, Wiley, 2001.
[8] LeVeque, RJ. : Balancing source terms and flux gradients in high resolution Godunov
methods: the quasi-steady wave-propagation algorithm, J Comput. Phys. 1998, 146:346-365.
[9] Kurganov, A. , Levy, D. : Central-upwind scheme for the saint-venant system. M2AN Math Model
Numer Anal 2002,36:397-425.
[10] Hirt, C.W. and Nicholas, B.D. : Volume of Fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries, J.
of Computational Physics, 39, pp. 201-225, 1982.