GENDER AND SCIENCE An Introduction ?

Through the ages many people have come to believe that science and manhood is one. Self-Evident and Nonsensical Myths all over the place ? People thought when women engage in science, a new form of science will emerge. ? Hard is masculine, soft is feminine. These are real ? Science bears the imprint of its genderization. ? The two divisions of the world: ? Knower ? Nature The real significance of system beliefs THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBJECTIVITY Objectivity: as defined ? Objectivity is a function of the child's capacity for distinguishing self from not-self, "me" from "not me."--Friend and Piaget. After half a century's clinical observations of children and adults, the developmental picture that has emerged is as follows: ? ? ? ? Distinguishing internal environment from the external. Distinguishing self from others through past experiences. Distinguishing self from the environment. Achieving objective thought and perspective.

The Magical Tie Along with the emergence of the mother as a separate being comes the child's painful recognition of his/her own separate existence. The child discovers dependency and need--a primitive form of love.

They remain together for a long time tied to the self by a network of magical ties. Breaking the Tie To be able to do free himself from the complications brought about by situations, the child needs to give up this attachment to his mother and let go of the magical bond that have kept them connected. Independency ? By being independent, the child learns to tolerate limits and realize the separateness of self from mother. They live a life of their own. Emotional Growth Continues ? Emotional growth would never end with the acceptance of one's separateness, perhaps it is far to say it begins there. ? Because of the mother, the child gains enough confidence to face the environment where he is in. ? By the world accepting him, isolation transcends to love for one another. ? The last step to world relation. Cognitive and Emotional Development WINNICOTT DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER Development through parents ? Our conceptions of male and female are provided by our perceptions and experiences with our parents. Although developmental processes are equally relevant to children of both sexes, their implications for the two sexes are bound to differ. ? The basic fact for most of us is that, our mothers provide the emotional context out of which we forge the discrimination between self and other, inevitably leads to a skewing of our perceptions of gender. ? As long as our earliest and most compelling experiences of merging have their origin in the mother-child relation, it appears to be inevitable that the experience will tend to be identified with "mother", while delineation and separation are experienced as a negation of "mother", as "not mother".

? Although there is an entire world that exists beyond the mother, in the family constellation, it is most familiar that the father toward whom the child turn for protection from the fear of reengulfment, from the anxieties and fears of disintegration of a still very fragile ego. It is the father who comes to stand for individuation and differentiation-for objective reality itself; who

indeed can represent the "real" world by virtue being in it. Sigmund Freud ? Thus, it is for all of us-male and female alike-our earliest experiences incline us to associate the affective and cognitive posture of objectification with the masculine, while all the processes that involve a blurring of the boundary between subject and object tend to be associated with feminine. Development through Culture and Beliefs ? In a culture that validates subsequent adult experiences that transcend the subject-object divide, as we find for example in art, love and religion, these early identification can be counteracted-provided, is, that such experiences are validated as essentially human rather than as "feminine" experience. ? The genderization of science? ? It is important to emphasize the system of beliefs about the meaning of masculine and feminine. It is crucial to make a vigilant effort to distinguish between belief and reality even or specially, when the reality that emerges is so influenced by our beliefs. It is important to recognize that, although children of both sexes must learn equally to distinguish self from other and have essentially the same need for autonomy, to the extent that boys rest their sexual Identity on an opposition to what is both experienced and define as feminine, the development of their identity is likely to accentuate the process of separation. They undergo a twofold "disidentification from the mother"(Green 1968): ? For the establishment of self identity ? The consolidation of a male gender identity

The Effects for Males ? need to switch his identification from the mother to the father ? sense of gender identity tend to be more fragile than girls The Effects for Females ? her sense of self-identity may be comparatively more vulnerable ? continues to look toward her mother as a model for her gender identity ? to persist-her need for "disidentification" is not so radical ? It seems appropriate to suggest that boys may be more inclined toward excessive and inadequate delineation: growing into men who have difficulty loving and women who retreat from science. Interaction between gender development, a belief system that equates objectivity

with masculinity, and a set of cultural values that elevates what is defined as scientific and masculine, the structure of this network is such as to perpetuate and exacerbate distortions in any of its parts, including the acquisition of gender identity. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTISTS Not all men become scientists So why is science related to males? Science is characterized as: ? Masculine ? Objectivist ? Autonomous of psychological as well as social and political forces ? The actual measurement of personality differences between scientists and non-scientists has proven to be extremely difficult. Fact: Scientists, particularly physical scientists score unusually high on "masculinity tests." On the average, their responses differ greatly from those of women. Studies show that scientists tend overwhelmingly to have been loners as children, to be low in social interests and skills and avoid interpersonal contact. (Roc1953, 1956)

WITCHCRAFT AND SEXUALITY Witchcraft ? Witchcraft- (n.) practice of magic (Webster's Universal English Dictionary 2007 Gedes and Grosset ) ? Often viewed as: ? -anomalous ? -embarrassing Alchemists and Witches -emphasizes power of love and kinship(blood relation) between sexual intercourse -God was immanent in the material world *In the 17th century cosmology, witches are known to represent invitation of Satan that is born of unbridled sexuality.

*In 17th century England... -witch mania is in its peak -there are economic and social upheavals *After two centuries, when modern science is being born, witches still has the dangerous female sexual power So, the men (known as the mechanical philosophers) called on God, because of their anger with alchemists MORE AND GLANVILL (More, Henry and Glanvill, Joseph) *According to More and Glanvill... -chastity is a must -what the witches/alchemists known to be the signs of God, where in fact, are the signs of devils -alchemists are threatening because... :of their religious and political radicalism :commitment to a science steeped in erotic sexual imagery :symbolic equality of women before God (not a masculine science) *Because of this, it strengthens the argument for: -getting rid of women, sexuality and the mutual unrealistic inquiries of alchemists from science SHIFTING IDEOLOGIES OF GENDER 17TH CENTURY The 17th century was a time of dramatic, social, economic, and political (as well as intellectual) upheaval. *In Europe, by the end of 17th century, the variety of male and female roles that had previously been acceptable was reduced. Men and women are then defined differently. Thus, severe reduction of the economic, political and social options available to women of all classes, and especially to women of the middle and upper and middle classes *During this century, James I seek to legislate new restrictions on behavior, especially condemning the "insolencies" of women, like: wearing of broad-rimned hats, printed doublets, their hair cut short (Kelly 1983 p.34), warning women to stop from offending modes like crossdressing. "By the late 17th century, women's economic function had gradually shrunk to that of a housewife... By the end of the 18th century this financial dependence seems to have been

accepted as a natural state" Ruth Perry 18TH CENTURY *By the early 18th century, revised sexual ideology deprived the virginal daughters of the respectable middle class of passion and desire. 19TH CENTURY *From, the fearful view of women with insatiable lust... "Angel in the house"--a pure desexualized and harmless dependent that upholds the value of new age. Science: Agent of Change *The scientific revolution did not initiate or effect this transformation. It offered deanimated, desanctified, and increasingly mechanized conception of nature. *The ideology of modern science gave men a new basis for masculine self-esteem and male prowess. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCIENCE ? This thematic pluralism presents the historian of science with a special opportunity. Although it may be idle to ask what science would have looked like had it developed in conjunction with a different gender ideology, we can begin to examine the ways in which a commitment to a particular ideology has influenced the course of scientific development. HOW? By attending to the language employed in the debates pertaining not only to the values and goals of science but to substantive issues of method and theory as well.

Violence Against Women I.What is VAW? II.Forms of VAW a. Tradition-Based b. Gender-Based and Poverty c. Community-Based III. International Approaches within the International Development Course. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN a technical term used to collectively refer to violent acts that are primarily or exclusively committed against women. Similar to a hate crime, this type of violence targets a specific group with the victim's gender as a primary motive. The United Nations General Assembly defines "violence against women" as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life." Rooted in Tradition: Community-Based Violence Female genital mutilation Honour killings Dowry Killing Bride burnings Stove deaths Acid Attacks Gender-Based Violence and Poverty "Women compromise more than two-thirds of the 2.5 billion people defined as poor." Why are women more vulnerable to poverty than men? Feminisation of Poverty Women Migrant Workers '3D Jobs' Dirty, Dangerous, Degrading

POVERTY is not only a matter of lack of income. 'Poverty has various manifestations, including lack of food and productive sources sufficient to ensure a livelihood; hunger and malnutrition; ill health; limited or lack of access to education and other basic services; increasing morbidity and

mortality from illness; homelessness and inadequate housing; unsafe environments; and social discrimination and exclusion. It is also characterized by lack of participation in decision-making and in civil, social and political life.' Beijing Platform of Action (UN 1995) Domestic Violence Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Sexual Violence (Passion Out of Control) Violence during Pregnancy Societal and Community Factors of IPV

Women's Empowerment and International Approaches WID and GAD Micro Credit Programmes Gender Sensitive Budgeting Gender and Trade Activism International and National Agendas - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) - Say NO to Violence Against Women (UNIFEM) Legal Responses Role of Health Sector Community and Prevention Activities

I. Making Love or Making War: Eroticizing Violence II. SEX, GENDER and TRANSFORMATION: From Scoring to Caring III. Sex, Power and Choice: Redefining Politics and Economics

Culture, Society, Economy and Politics: Sexuality and Violence I. Cultural Evolution II. Social Structure III. Economical Effects IV. Politics and Power Culture ? Boys at early childhood are introduced with toy guns, sword, military tanks and the likes. ? Media - greatest homogenizing institution - justifies the unjustifiable i.e. violent and sexually, aggravating T.V. commercials, videos etc. Society ? Men go to war. Prohibit them of "soft emotions." ? Socially constructed connotations and beliefs i.e. men are violent by nature Economy ? Feudalism - abuse; child labor; forced labor ? Capitalism - gives progress to private sectors. and leave the whole public masses in poorness; rich becomes richer and poor becomes poorer. ? Communism - government owned corporations ruled by small groups of elite men; deprived most women and men life choices (this definition was corrected by Ma'am JJ, don't consider these as reliable information) Politics ? Power - root cause of violence ? Politics is most often governed by elite men who use only the public masses to back them up.

GETTING OUT OF PRINCE CHARMING'S SLIPPER: SEX, FEMININITY AND POWER PSYCHOLOGICAL PUNCH cognitive development external factors si Don Juan at ang Ibong Adarna concept of CULTURE and VANITY RELIGION AND BELIEFS PUBLIC PERCEPTION no free expression allowed rape is simply rape BOTTOMLINE

THE IMAGE OF A WOMAN -Household Nun VS. Sexual Vampire -Male Dominance

RECLAIMING WOMEN'S SEXUALITY During the 1970's, the struggle for equal employment opportunities and the view of women's bodies as merely bargaining chips for obtaining a few privileges from men was gradually put at issue. In the US and other Western nations, women in feminist consciousness-raising groups began to openly speak, talk and write about sex and about their own sexual experiences. Also, during this period, women were fighting for rights rather than privileges.

FEMINISM AND MOTHERHOOD - It is truly a testimony to women's innate strength of heart,mind, and soul that throughout recorded history so many women have transcended this massive socialization for low-esteem, passivity, and powerlessness, somehow finding the will and the way to express at least some part of what they are and can be. - Many women think any challenge to male dominance is unfeminine. - Many women have internalized the view that women should not dominate others, they have also often internalized a value system in which the power to dominate others is most highly valued.

- Some women have themselves been controlling and abusive when their social roles permitted it. MASOCHISM Men and women are profoundly influenced of they are taught. In men, the choice to endure pain is considered valor, whereas in women, it is considered masochism.

RESACRALIZING THE EROTIC --The connection between sex and spirituality is rediscovered. --Some books explore this connection. --Most invoke the ancient goddess as the source of erotic power. --Their focus is on resacralizing both woman and the erotic. --Lorde describes erotic as "a resource within each of us that lies in a deeply female and spiritual plane. --Noble writes in a passage where she speaks of the ancient link between woman's sexual power and shamanic or healing traditions. --Gadon speaks of "reclaiming the mystery of our erotic natures." --Heyward writes of the erotic as "life-force," "creative energy," "nurse-maid wisdom," and of "probing the Sacred-exploring divine terrain-through sexual experience." --Artists of the prehistoric Goddess-worshiping societies and writers see woman's body as both the immanent and transcendent symbol of the power to give life, love and pleasure.

Evolution of Sexuality I. Why did the primates evolve from being quadruped to bipeds? II. Why did the primates lose their fur? III. Why did we learn to handle weapons? IV. Why has our sex life become so involved and confusing? V. What is real between clitoral and vaginal orgasm?

I. Quadruped to Bipedal Desmond Morris To increase their prey-killing prowess, they became more upright fast, better runners. Elaine Morgan Human lived in the sea during this period. The support of the water in the shallows helped us develop bipedalism. If humans are really adapted to a marine life, why do they still not live one? We are not. So, we do not. From Other Authors: Tarzanists "This enables the apes to hold weapons while running." Robert Ardrey "We learned to stand erect in the first place as a necessity of the hunting life."

II. Why did the primates lose their fur? Desmond Morris "Apes would experience considerable overheating during the hunt, and loss of body hair would be of great value for the supreme moments of the chase." "If the climate was too intensely hot, it would cause damage to their skin." Elaine Morgan "Fur coating was essential to protect animals from the sun especially those in the savannahs. Primates once lived in the seas so they didn't need fur." From Other Author:

Tarzanists "It was the stay at home female who became nakedest, and over-heated hunter who kept the hair on his chest." Alfred Wallace "Human nakedness had to have been an act of God." Charles Darwin "Proposal of another mechanism, the Sexual Selection (The Descent of Man)."

III. Why did we learn to handle weapons? Desmond Morris "Their hands became strong efficient weapon-holders."

IV. Why has our sex life become so involved and confusing? Desmond Morris "To make sex sexier. Women were given spherical breasts for sexual attraction." Elaine Morgan "Women breasts were made spherical for their children to use as floaters." (Aquatic- Ape Theory)

*The most common explanation for big penises in humans is that we evolved them under conditions of furious "sperm competition". Sperm competition has been documented in many primates where females have numerous heterosexual liaison. The rate by whom a female becomes pregnant thus not her exclusive mate; at any one time she may be carrying the sperm of several males sperm that compete to reach and fertilize the ovum. A male's success in sperm competition relates to the amount of semen that he can produce. Some sperm in geared at fertilization, some is geared to blocking the sperm of other male and some is geared to attacking it.

V. What is real between clitoral and vaginal orgasm? FIELD OF BEHAVIORAL EVOLUTION THE PROBLEM OF FEMALE SEXUAL RESPONSE Do women experience orgasm?

Orgasm - It is the peak of the plateau phase of the sexual response cycle, characterized by an intense sensation of pleasure. Masters and Johnson - They go into minute detail about the physical manifestations that take place in various parts of the body before, during and after its occurrence; they note, film and measure such phenomena and most of which are paralleled by similar reactions in the male.

Kinsey - He stated that 14% of women claimed that, unlike men, they were capable of multiple orgasm

E. Bergler and W.S Kroger - Declared: "The 14% belonged obviously to the nymphomaniac type of frigidity where excitement mounts repeatedly without reaching a climax."

Feminist Anne Koedt The Myth of Vaginal Orgasm The vagina is not a highly sensitive area and is not constructed to achieve orgasm. It is the clitoris which is the center of sexual sensitivity and which is the female equivalent of the penis. Men have orgasms essentially by friction with the vagina, not the clitoral area, which is external and not able to cause friction the way penetration does. Women have thus been defined sexually in terms of what pleases men; our own biology has not been properly analyzed. Instead, we are fed the myth of the liberated woman and her vaginal orgasm - an orgasm which in fact does not exist.

Vagina or Clitoris? In many primates and other quadrupeds the pressure comes not only from behind, but from above downward so that it is applied to the ventral wall of the vagina. Some animals even have bone in their clitoris, just as others have bone in the penis but even in

this species, clitoris have no immediate relevance to the sex act. Leonard Williams He believes that clitoris may have closer correlation with urination than with sex *If we eliminate this organ as, in most quadrupeds, sexually irrelevant, we are left with only one possibility that the center of gratification lay originally in the vagina.

According to Kinsey and Masters and Johnson: The clitoris is richly endowed with highly sensitive nerve endings, the inner walls of the vagina for most of their length have no nerve endings at all. The surface is totally numb.

In most fairly advanced quadrupeds the trigger of the sexual experience lies in the muscular tissues below the horizontal vagina. Vigorous friction of the lower or ventral wall is required.

Vaginal Orgasm is a learned response. It will happen because she would begin to know how to help it happen.

Clitoris is a vestigial organ; a homologue of penis, serving no more useful function than a man's nipples. However, when the normal sexual mechanism began to malfunction the clitoris was there, and it began to serve a purpose, supplied with nerve endings. Desmond Morris He states that in a man or woman in a really high state of arousal, orgasm may be induced by merely palpating the earlobes. So if that's the case the clitoris would have a similar effect sooner, because though it was no more originally designed for the purpose than the earlobes, it is much more sensitive and more strategically placed.

SIGMUND FREUD OR PHYLLIS FREUD? Who is Sigmund Freud? Who is Gloria Steinem? What are the differences between Freud's and Steinem's analysis? Sigmund Freud Was born on May 6, 1856 in Frieberg, Moravia. He was the oldest of eight children, and his father was a wool merchant. When Freud was 4 years old, his family moved to Vienna, the capital of Austria Freud wrote many works. His most important writings include The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Totem and Taboo (1913), General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1920), The Ego and the Id (1923), and Civilization and Its Discontents (1930). ID -most basic part and is present at birth -functions with the pleasure principle -can be irrational and illogical EGO -works to maintain and control the Id -makes the person have rational and realistic thoughts SUPEREGO -conscience -operates on idealism -goal is to inhibit the desires of Id and convince the Ego to work towards more goals Gloria Steinem A feminist, political activist, and writer, Gloria Steinem is a well-known public figure. Born on 25 March 1934, she grew up in Toledo, Ohio. Despite a difficult childhood, Gloria Steinem entered Smith College on scholarship, where her political activism began. Upon graduation, she spent two years studying in India,

then returned to the United States to become a journalist. *fashion *physical charms and vanity *decision-making *social interests *menstruation *womb envy vs. penis envy *penis envy vs. clitoris envy *skill of weaving *libido in men and women SIGMUND FREUD

representation of the penis in clothes of women

physical charms as a belated compensation of her original sexual inferiority

women have but little sense of justice, and this is no doubt connected with the preponderance of envy in their mental life; for the demands of justice are a modification of envy

social interests are weaker than those of men and that their capacity for the sublimation of their instincts is less

did not explore the impact of menstruation

education- assuaging their womb envy by attaching themselves to a woman and raising the fruits of her womb

When the woman sees the male genitals, she notices that it is strikingly visible and of large proportions and at once recognizes it as the superior counterpart of their own small and inconspicuous organ. This is said to be the root of penis-envy in women

Freud proposes that the skill

of weaving is feminine. This is associated with the pubic hair that is said to conceal the inferiority of the female genitals

PHYLLIS FREUD she asserts that the female genitals have its representations in men's clothes

men value their physical charms as a late compensation of their sexual inferiority Men's lack of first hand experience with birth and non-birth, with choosing between existence and non-existence, conception and contraception, as women would do so wisely for all their fertile years. This severely inhibited their potential for developing a sense of justice and ethics Men have lessened ability to make life-and-death judgments, which explained their absence from decision making positions If so, they were trained to think like a woman Women's ability to menstruate was the most obvious proof of their superiority. Only them can bleed without injury or death Penis envy- the woman treats father as love-object and later desires for a son

With the sight of the female genitals, males realize that their penises were endangered and grotesque compared to the compact, well-protected,

aesthetically perfect clitoris

Phyllis proposes that the skill of weaving is masculine. The pubic hair is needed to conceal the extension of the clitoris and the low hanging testicles.

I. The Longest War II. Sex Differences: Real and Imagined III. Sexuality THE LONGEST WAR 1. The bitter half; themes of Misogyny ? Controlling Female Sexuality ? Keeping women in their place ? Justifying Female Inferiority 2. The Female Paradox: Attitudes vs. Reality ? Cultural Consistencies ? An American Dilemma The Bitter Half: Themes of Misogyny ? MISOGYNY- the hatred of women by men 1. Controlling Female Sexuality Men have thought of women as not only seductive but unclean. Throughout history men have reacted to menstruation with a mixture of awe, pity, disgust, and fear. Many cultures warned men about the horrible things that may happen to those who yield to female sexual mysteries: they turn weak, they die, their penises fall off, they lose magic powers. Female sexuality has always been subjected to rituals and taboos that define when a woman can make love and with whom. 2. Keeping Women In Their Place Women have served as a currency of exchange and negotiation. Often, like slaves, women have been regarded as men's property, to be bought and sold, punished and raped, traded or married off in political allegiances "Three dependencies" of Manu code of India and China's principle stated that a woman was first subject to her father, then to her husband, finally to her sons. A woman must learn to be passive and docile, modest and chaste, "to submit to injustice and to suffer the wrongs inflicted on her by her husband without complaint. " If we have come to think that the nursery and the kitchen are the natural sphere of a woman, we have exactly as English children come to think that a cage is the natural sphere of a parrot because they have never seen one anywhere else." - George Bernard Shaw

3. Justifying Female Inferiority

Historically, men's perception that women were easily overcome by lust, vanity, and greed, fit their general view that females were animal-like by nature. According to Plato, the problem for women is that they are governed by their wombs, not their brains. Stephanie Shields on her psychological research on women shows that men had larger heads and larger brains and were therefore more intelligent. The sexes have fundamentally different metabolisms: men are active, creative, and "catabolic", while women are passive, conservative, and "anabolic Men thinks more, women feels more. He discovers more but remember less; she is more receptive and less forgetful. The Female Paradox: Attitudes vs. Reality Women are supposed to be sexy and seductive, but then men complain that they are insatiable and immodest. Women are excluded from direct participation in the political machinery of society, but then men complain that they are sneaky, manipulative, and indirect in getting what they want. Women are often deprived of education and professional training, but then men complain that they are dumb. Women are disparaged as inferior, weak, and passive, yet when women seek equality in an strong and active manner, men panic. 1. Cultural Consistencies Men have always been primarily responsible for fighting the wars, women for tending the children. A cross-cultural study of 110 societies found that boys are typically trained to be self-reliant and to achieve, while girls learn to be nurturing, responsible, and as we saw, obedient. In the United States, people tend to think that women are emotional and irrational compared to men, but in Iran women are considered the cold and logical sex. The Manus are convinced that only men enjoy playing with babies, and in the Philippine tribe is certain that it is the men who cannot keep secrets Men's work is universally regarded as more valuable than women's work, no matter how

arbitrary the division of labor. In some tribes men weave and women do not, and in others, women weave and men do not "Mother right" - the first form of human society, that women originally controlled the family and the state. Myths of Matriarchy - Women are often described as the original creators and rulers of the world; men eventually organized and rebelled, seizing power and banishing women from the men's inner sanctums. 2. An American Dilemma Women can overall, only 58% of what men do, even when the sexes matched for age, education, experience, skill, and tenure on the job. Women are running for and winning political office in increasing numbers, but there are eighteen women in Congress and none in the Senate. It is unusual to see women in the bastions of financial power and in high corporate echelons. In many states, when a woman marries she trades the rights of a "person" for the duties of a wife In almost every state in the union, men have the legal right to rape their wives and to administer an unspecified amount of physical punishment Male and female raters alike assign positive value to more masculine qualities than feminine ones. SEX DIFFERENCES: REAL and IMAGINED 1. Sex Differences In Ability A. Verbal Ability According to stereotype, women talk a lot but often have nothing worthwhile to say. Most psychologists believed that girls, from the time they first learned to talk, were superior on at least the simple measures. In the studies from the 1930s and 1940s, psychologists found that girls talk earlier than boys, use longer sentences, and excel verbally in other ways. From age two to age ten, boys are far more likely than girls to have reading problems, but otherwise they do not lag behind girls in linguistics competence. At the age of ten or eleven, however, girls edge ahead. Girls maintain its superiority in verbal tasks, or even increase it slightly during high school.

B. Quantitative Ability In the early grades the sexes do not differ in quantitative ability; they are equally able to master numerical operations and concepts. Around puberty, most studies report no difference in math ability, a few show that boys do better than girls. By adolescence, boys usually do better, though the magnitude of the difference varies. Many people believe that the sex difference in math ability is due to conditioned anxiety and cultural norms rather than to an inborn male advantage. C. Creativity The stereotype alleges that women are emotionally sensitive, aesthetic, and intuitive but why do these qualities not assure that women will become leading artists, musicians, novelists, poets, and creative scientist? Garai and Scheinfeld explained, "The male has an innate drive to act upon and transform the environment, and consequently to engage in exciting and challenging investigation of the numerous unfamiliar objects, shapes, and machines." D. Cognitive Style & Spatial Ability Female are more "global" in the way they perceive and solve problems, whereas males are more "analytic." Females are better at tasks that require "simple percept ual-motor associations" and at producing fast, accurate, repetitive responses, as in color naming; while males are better at "inhibitory perceptual-restructuring tasks" and at producing solutions to novel tasks or situations. Psychologist used two tests to measure the capabilities of men and women in cognitive style and spatial ability: 1. Embedded-figure test 2. Rod-and-frame test E. PhysicalAbility As a group males are stronger, heavier, and taller than females, at least after puberty. Males are more apt to suffer from prenatal problems, birth injuries, and childhood diseases of all types and are more vulnerable to a wide range of disorders and infections. Men are credited with stronger shoulders, women are credited with faster fingers.

 Most boys think of sex as an achievement while It is much easier for girls to ignore their genitals and to remain ignorant about them. They often need time to learn recognizing their own arousal. Girls are less likely to discover and practice masturbation. If they do, they usually discover it on their own and talk about it to no one, because for them, vagina and clitoris are untouchable. Most girls learn to think of it as a service to the male. The Mangaian Example Mangaian of both sexes love sex and their example suggests a high human capacity for sexual pleasure. (Marshall) When you treat sex as an exercise to be performed according to a set of directions, you are

WHO'S AFRAID OF MARIE CURIE SCIENCE: As the Branches of science Exact Sciences (Branches) Biology Chemistry Psychology SCIENCE: ? In intellectual concept IT IS A THOUGHT WITH A VERIFIABLE RESULT Facts are the things that let the science move around. They only consider it a field of science if it is proven by the existing law, hypotheses or theories. "MAN OF SCIENCE" ? Physicist ? Chemist ? Psychologist ? Biologist ? Zoologist ? Doctors ? Nurse MAN OF SCIENCE Are consider those people with a high intellectual ability to prove their idea to other people. Biases in Companies *Not hiring of Women *Prohibition from using many scientific facilities *Gender Schemas -Unconscious hypothesis that people hold about the characteristics of men and women, and how should they behave. (Margaret Burbidge, Mount Wilson Observatory in California) Biases in Universities

Setting of quotas for women in universities Beliefs leading to biases in women Men are believed to be more intelligent than women Men drive in straight lines Men do not multitask Men obsessed Men do not spent so much time emotionalizing Men are more confident than women Men's choices lead to earning more money while women's choices lead to having better lives According to Prof. Greenfield of Royal Institution, It is men who push forward the boundaries of science, music, technology, and art.

Difficulties women faced in STEM field Hidden Discrimination Unconscious Discrimination Tokenism

Examples: Montreal Massacre "That I am a Woman" And we return to the women in the classroom on that terrible day. "Fragile." This is how Nathalie Provost, shot by Lpine, described herself to the CBC's Francine Pelletier five years after the bloodbath. She was working as an engineer outside Montreal. "What did you learn?" Pelletier asked. "That I am a woman. I cannot ignore that fact. I realize that I am fragile. I always thought that I was tough. After, I realized that I was very fragile, emotionally, physically, even psychologically." Emilie Du Chatelet (1706-1749) -- French Physicist and Mathematician who translated Newton's Principia into French. -- She was declared that she was "a great man whose fault was being a woman."

Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, aka Madame Lavoisier (1758-1836) -- considered as "The Mother of Modern Chemistry." -- She's the wife of the infamous Antoine Lavoisier. -- Many do not know of her own accomplishments in the field of Chemistry. Maria Mitchell (1818-1889) -- discovered that sunspots are whirling vertical cavities and not clouds. -- She became the director of Vassar College Observatory and discovered that many young males have higher salaries despite of her fame and recognition. She asked for a higher salaries and she got it. Chien Shiung-Wu (1912-1997) -- known as "First Lady of Physics" and "Madame Curie of China" -- she assisted Tsung Dao Lee in his parity laws development by providing a test method for beta decay that worked successfully. Rosalind Franklin: (1920-1958) -- English Biophysicist and X-ray crystallogapher who contributed to understanding the compositions of DNA and viruses. -- her most noteworthy work is that on the x-ray diffraction images of DNA which were an important influence on Crick and Watson's 1953 hypothesis regarding the structure of DNA. -- referred to as the "Dark Lady of DNA" --there is this issue that Watson and Crick used her researches without her knowledge. Marie Curie exposed how discrimination to women slowly fade Reasons why discrimination to women should stopped Women are helpful to society! ? The works of women are more neat and organize ? Women can contribute new ideas to any field ? Women are patient compared to males But what do Women Experience? ?At least one in every three women, or up to one billion women, have been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in their lifetimes. ?30% of women is killed by their boyfriends or husbands. ?One in five women will be a victim of rape or attempted rape in her lifetime ?VERBAL ABUSE!

?Objectivism ?There is unequal treatment when it comes to economic rights. Women should experience: * equal pay for equal work * free choice of profession or employment and the right to gainful employment without the need to obtain a husband or male relative's consent * equality in hiring and promotion practices job security (maternity leave, unemployment benefits, etc.) * and non-discrimination by employers *Impartiality HOW DO WOMEN FOUGHT DISCRIMINATION INDIVIDUALLY -Some chose to be masculine or "one of the boys." -Some of the women who are harassed chose to shut their mouth than fight for their rights.

ORGANIZATIONS and PROGRAMS which supported anti-discrimination among women Programs designed to support female undergraduates ? Women's groups or center usually run programs like orientation session, tutoring summer enrichment, scholarships, workshops, seminars, social events, dorm with other female science and engineering students, a women's advisor and all-female classes ADVANCE Program of the National Science Foundation Goal: *Increase number of women in academic *Advance women through the ranks * Offers grants to Universities to help them transform their institutional climate Society of Women Engineers (SWE) and Association for Women in Science (AWS) * They have online forums, programming at society conference, and variety of other resources and programs that help provide women with information and networks

Grassroots climate change committee This is a group of male faculty that is working to increase awareness of and involvement in reducing the barriers faced by women/male professors.