PAPER

AGRICULTURAL AND DOMESTIC WASTE

Created By: Septiyan Ikayanti Soni Syarifuddin Erika Aprillia K 083194008 083194001 083194033

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM JURUSAN KIMIA 2011

AGRICULTURAL WASTE A. INTRODUCTION Agricultural waste is any substance or object from premises used for agriculture or horticulture, which the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard. It is waste specifically generated by agricultural activities. For many years agricultural waste was excluded from the regulations that controlled the management of household, commercial and industrial waste in the United Kingdom. On 21 January 2005 the Waste (Scotland). Regulations 2005 brought agricultural waste under the same regulatory regime as other commercial activities. This means that farmers have a duty to ensure that they do not treat, keep or dispose of agricultural waste in a manner likely to cause pollution of the environment or harm to human health. The environment, human health and agricultural practices are intrinsically linked: environmental quality is crucially important to agricultural production and the management of agricultural waste has potential to harm human health and the environment. Waste legislation is intended to protect the environment and human health for the benefit of farmers and consumers. The new legislation means farmers need to understand their legal obligations and to know about the local services available to help meet them. It is best to minimize waste at source and to organize recovery for re-use, wherever practicable.

B. Manure and slurry Manure and slurry can still be spread on a farm on the condition that it is produced and used to deliver agricultural benefit. SEPA recommends that its application should be made in accordance with the code of practice provided through Prevention of Environmental Pollution From Agricultural Activity Code of good practice the PEPFAA Code and with the guidance contained in The 4

Point Plan. If a farmer has more slurry or farm yard manure than can be used on their own farm, for example where there is more than the nutrient needs of the crops or where the farm is in a nitrate vulnerable, the material can still be spread on another farm in accordance with the PEPFAA code and the 4 Point Plan and is not deemed to be waste. Excess manure and slurry may be waste if it is not used for agricultural or ecological benefit, in such circumstances the material must be disposed of to a suitably licensed site, or utilised in an exempt activity. Please contact your local SEPA Office for further information on what to do with waste material or how to register an exempt activity.

C. Hazardous/special agricultural waste Special waste is waste which has hazardous properties and is subject to additional controls to protect the environment and human health. Examples of special waste include: asbestos roofing material; waste pesticides and chemicals which have hazardous properties; waste oils from farm machinery; infectious waste arising from animal healthcare; and electrical equipment containing cathode ray tubes.

D. Agriculture Waste Management The proper management of waste from agricultural operations can contribute in a significant way to farm operations. Waste management helps maintain a healthy environment for farm animals and can reduce the need for commercial fertilizers while providing other nutrients needed for crop production. Agricultural waste typically associated with animals includes but is not limited to manure, bedding and litter, wasted feed, runoff from feedlots and holding areas, and wastewater from buildings like dairy parlors. Best management practices (BMPs) such as rotational grazing and pasture renovation to maintain adequate vegetative cover, riparian buffers, and structures built to trap or retain waste should be utilized in order to prevent contamination of both surface waters and groundwater. When this waste is carried in overland flow

from rain events, it is categorized as a nonpoint source pollutant, or one that originates from diffuse areas of land. Nonpoint source pollutants are one of the primary water quality problems in the United States. Furthermore, runoff and waste that does not pass through a vegetated buffer zone along the waterbody is likely to result in bank erosion and subsequent property loss.

In case of

an

extreme improper livestock

management,

waste is concentrated in a riparian severe problems. area water causing quality

If not managed properly, agricultural waste from farm operations can pollute the environment resulting in impacts to water quality and a general loss of aesthetics. The degradation of water quality can impact adjacent waterways and groundwater both onsite and offsite. This degradation reduces the ability of these resources to support aquatic life and water for human and animal consumption. Nitrates, which are commonly associated with fertilizers and agricultural waste runoff, can seep into groundwater. Well water contaminated with nitrates is hazardous to humans, particularly for infants, as it results in oxygen depletion in the blood. As alluded to above, proper waste management can reduce operating costs associated with fertilizer application if managed properly.

E. Smart Use of Agriculture Waste and by-Products Agriculture produce based industries consume huge volume of agriculture commodities and thus also produce large amount of by products and wastes.

These by- products or waste material usually have significant value, which is generally being underutilized in developing countries like India. Sometime it has been found that the by-products could be more valuable than main products.

The inability to capture the unrealized value of by-products in developing countries could be attributed to three major factors. First and foremost is lack of information about market opportunities for by-products uses. Generally these information is concentrated at few places because it is closely linked to specific industries that generates by-products. Search for authentic information is also very costly. Second, there may be very few ancillary industries that are able to make use of specific by-products. For instance, lactic acid is produced as byproducts of the fermenting process in meat packing plants. The best value use of lactic acid is as a flavouring agent, however there may be dearth of ancillary industries that will use lactic acid as flavoring agent and hence it might be consumed in other low value uses as in animal feeds. Third factor influencing byproducts value in developing countries is the low level of market development. For instance, straw is mainly used as animal feed in developing countries, whereas in some industrialized countries straw is now being processed into an interior building material called starmit. The product Starmit requires a sophisticated, capital investment production process, and if the consuming market is not developing then the investment becomes impractical. Agriculture and food

processing industry involves various agents and intermediaries such as slaughter houses, food processors, food growers, farmers, shippers and truckers, canneries, packagers, frozen food producers, food dehydrators, restaurants etc., which produce plenty of wastes and by products. However the types of solid waste generated by the food processing industry can be broadly categorize as follows :-

1. Stem/Leaf Waste : These wastes are removed from the commodities (mainly fruits and vegetables) at the processing plants. These products are not usually processed to any appreciable degree, although it may undergo an initial washing or holding period in a hydrocooler, holding tank or flume. Stem and leaf waste is generally landfilled or returned to the fields

as a soil enhancement. If the volume of such waste is significant, it can be used to produce biogas generation. Some products such as banana stem waste can be used as fiber for handmade paper.

2. Cleaning/Washing Waste : It includes dirt, small stones, additional leaves, and other material removed during the washing operations. In some cases, wet cleaning operations result in the production of liquid wastes and a high moisture sludge that is low in organic content. This material is usually disposed of in landfills or by field application. Lactic acid is one example of cleaning waste, which can be sold as a flavoring or preserving agent. Organic peels can be further processed into citrus oil and molasses.

3. Sorting waste and Culls : In general, buyers remove immature, defective or discolored material that would adversely affect the sensory quality of the finished food product. Defective materials are also removed after peeling and cutting operations. In some cases, this culled material may find other uses in the production of more highly processed food items (for example, culled apples unsuitable for canning or apple sauce production may be suitable for apple juice). In most instances, however culled material is used for non-food uses, including livestock feed, organic

fertilizers,pesticides (neem), etc. Culls are usually subject to only minimal processing (generally some preliminary washing take place before the sorting operation). Some culls, however, are further processed into highly valuable products such as lotions (retin A), vitamins, etc. 4. Peeling/Coring Waste : Fruits, root crops an tomatoes are peeled before processing either mechanically or chemically. Cores are also removed from certain fruits (apples, pears and pineapples) and certain vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower). In most cases, because of its heavy weight, most the wastes is disposed of in landfills locally. Some of the peels/cores have high value uses. Papaya is used in chewing gum, medicine (papain), toothpaste and meat tenderizers. Banana peels can produce several grades

of recycled papers. Beet peels are used for natural colour, potato peeling for starch and pineapple core and other fruit waste for natural sweetener. 5. Milling Waste : Processed meal, bran and germ from grain milling operations are generally fed to animals. By product generated by

operations such as soyabean and cotton seed processing (for oil extraction) is relatively large, hence these industries rely heavily on animal feeding operations as a market for the meal. Wheat by-products contain a high concentration of dietary fiber and protein and have potential for increased value if used as flour supplements in baked goods. There are also a number of valuable oat by-products including low-bran oat flour, highpurity oat starch, spray-dried oat protein, coarse bran and B-glucan. Wet corn milling produces variety of solid wastes and by-products such as corn fiber. Corn fermentation produces ethanol, carbondioxide and glycerol, which can be used at several places in the industry.

6. Other by-products and waste : Malting, brewing and distilling industries generate spent brewers and spent distillers grains. The sugar industry generates bagasse and beet pulp. Processors of juice, purees and fruit pastes generate pulp and pomace, which is the solid pulp remaining after juice has been extracted from apples, grapes, tomatoes and other fruits. This category has some high value products, for instance, grape pomace is a source of tartaric acid and other food ingredients. Another potentially high value product from pomace and purees is resveratrol, which is a compound produced by many plant species (grapes, berries) and used for its beneficial cardiovascular effects. Similarly, Imitation Vanilla is a liquid concentrate that comes from treated wood pulp by products.

India produces around 210 million tonnes of food grains and almost 130 million tonnes of fruits and vegetables. Wastage in India, from the farm to fork, is estimated to be very high in all types of food. Hence value additions to the wastes and by-products are very good option to enhance the contribution of the sector in Indian economy.

DOMESTIC WASTE

A. INTRODUCTION The problem of Domestic Waste is drawing increasing attention of the people as huge garbage is lying down uncollected beside the roads, streets dustbins and on the ground which is causing threat to the environment as well as endangering public health. This waste is generated as consequences of household activities such as the cleaning, cooking, repairing empty containers, packaging, huge use of plastic carry bags. Many times these waste gets mixed with biomedical waste from hospitals and clinics. There is no system of segregation of organic, inorganic and recyclable wastes at the household level. Door-to-door collection is rarely practiced community collection bins are poorly managed and are usually no more than open dumps on the roadside. The data from this pie graphic can be presented:

Source: Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery in NSW A Progress Report, NSW. In Australia at Aug 2004

From that data we can know that the source of domestic waste is come from food garden, Nappies, Paper, Glass, wood, rubber, textile, plastics, metals. Domestic waste often make problem for our environmental. Domestic waste should be relocated to certain place that provide with properly domestic waste treatment. If the final storage is not provide with properly treatment of this waste, it just make problem movement. Because domestic wastes are mixed with many material contain, the process of domestic waste should be intended on the following flow process:

Separation of domestic waste: metal, plastic, organic waste Accumulate those domestic waste into the special processed prepared. Distribute or packed the domestic waste processed

B. Sources of Domestic Waste The types and sources of solid waste in our home are but not limited to: 1. Kitchen wastes such as vegetables and fruits, peels, bones, scales etc. 2. Metal wastes 3. Glasses 4. Food-garden, 5. Nappies, 6. Paper,

7. wood, rubber, textile, plastics. All these wastes are daily generate in our homes and it very important to handle and manage them so that they do not endanger our health.Kitchen waste.These form bulk of daily generated wastes. This is as a result of the fact that we feed daily. And if they are not properly handled well, they can start to decompose after 24 hours. To handle these therefore, a container with a plastic bag with cover should be provided for these wastes only. They should be placed inside the bag and container as soon as they are generated and covered to avoid rats and rodents scattering them. And as soon as they filled, disposal at the designated place should be carried out. Animal waste should be disposed the same day they are generated. 1. Glasses. These wastes come from processed products we purchased from stores such as drinks, creams, broken doors and windows etc. These can be a great source of hazard in our homes if not properly handled and disposed. To dispose these therefore, a plastic or wooden create or box should be provided to stack these glasses. In some cases the manufacturers of the products buy them back from us or recycled by glass recycling companies. In this case we make some money from our wastes.

2. Metals

These wastes come from metal containers of foods and drinks we purchase. They should be handled with care to avoid been a source of injury. Get a plastic container with a cover to put these wastes. And as soon as they are filled up, should be disposed at the designated place or sold to the metal recycling companies and make some money.

3. Plastics and polythenes. These have become a major source of waste in our homes. These wastes do not rust or decay easily and so need to be handled with care. The good thing about these wastes is they are easily recyclable. Though generated in a great measure are easy to manage.

C. The Effect of Improper handling and Management of domestic waste The improper handling and management of Domestic Waste from households are causing adverse effect on the public at large and this deteriorates the environment. The municipal workers are most affected people by the occupational danger (hazard) of waste handling, they suffer from illness like eye problems respiratory problems, gastro and skin problems. The persons who wander for collecting the discarded things for selling purpose through wastes also suffer from various health problems like respiratory problem from inhaling particles, infection from direct contact with contaminated materials which lead to headache, diarrhea, fever and cough and cold. The growing problem of lack of solid waste management collection as well as improper disposal techniques also lead to various diseases and even death of the animals specially cows, birds and stray dogs who wander and rummages through the waste for food. These wastes are having different characteristics and having toxic elements. Many times the animals like the cows, buffalos eat up the plastics along with the food and due it the death of animals ensues. Due to eating up of waste generated food it affect the quality and quantity of the milk products of the animals. The improper management and lack of disposal technique of the domestic waste pollutes to the environment. It affects the water bodies. It also changes the

physical, chemical and biological properties of the water bodies. Uncollected waste is scattered everywhere and reaches to the water bodies through run-off as well as it percolate to underground water. The toxics contain in the waste, contaminates water. It also makes soil infertile and decrease the agricultural productivity. Due to uncollected waste and improper disposal techniques drains also get clogged which lead to mosquitoes by which various diseases like malaria, chicken-guinea, wirel fever, dengue etc. arise and affect the health of people adversely. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, which was framed by the Central Government under the power coffered upon it by environment protection Act 1986, rules came into force from 2000. Even after passing 7 years of the rules there is tremendous lack of literacy programmes on waste management and disposal techniques which keeps the most of the people ignorant about waste management. This lack of awareness among the people increases the problems. The apathetic Governmental attitude towards the disposal of waste is a problem that has led to difficulties in implementation of The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 as it has led to ignorance towards uncollected domestic waste. The waste processing and disposal facility has to be set up by the Municipal Authority on their own or through the operator of facility, as well as they have to follow the standards as specified under the Rules of 2000. The improper and apathetic attitude towards management of Domestic Solid Waste has adverse effects on the society as well as environment causing various diseases like diarrhea, fever, cough and cold, headache, chicken-guinea etc. to the people living nearby areas of such local dustbins, to the municipal workers and also the animals like cows, birds who wander through these waste for food. Uncollected Domestic Waste is causing health hazard as well as polluting to the environment endangering the life of the people at large. It is one of the biggest source of environment pollution. Land is polluted with the waste dumped upon it, makes the soil infertile. contaminates the water bodies, affect the aquatic life which through food chain reaches the human being as well as in organic compounds. Due to the discarded plastics carry bags and

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uncollected waste there is drain clogging which leads to stagnant water and becomes breeding ground for mosquitoes and insects. All this happens because there is no proper management and collection of solid waste which ultimately causes grave threat to the human beings and animals life. With the growing population the huge waste is being generated day by day. There is wide use of plastics, advanced technology and other materialistic things. This resulted in different characteristics of waste which became complicated problem for management of Domestic Waste and disposal techniques. This is such a burning problem concerned with environment that needs to be carefully studied and researched as on every street waste is lying uncollected scattered around local bins and dumped around locality consequently there is occurrence of bad smell as well as hazard to the human health and to the passerby. This is such a delicate problem that even judiciary has taken note of the same. Even in recent judgment of Rajasthan High court in the Suo Motu action taken against the administration of Jaipur city, Justice D. V. Singh held that right to life includes the right to food, clothing, shelter, right to reasonable accommodation to live in, right to descent environment and also right to live in clean city. Even in the case of Municipal Council, Ratlam V. Vardichand, the case which was the beginning point of environment jurisprudence in India in which justice Krishna Iyer attributed the pollution free environment and public health with that of Human right aspect. Judgment and decisions of the judiciary have proved that pollution free environment and clean city is facet of Right to life.

D. Separation process

Domestic waste separation process better begin from the first bin, bin should be differed by organic, metal and plastic waste. Truck that ship these waste should be contained of three different box that make easier to placing on the final waste place and possible directly to process. This process include of accumulation process of domestic waste, that have prepared with special treatment for every kind of domestic waste .

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E. Waste Treatment

Waste disposal system should be manage by right treatment. Domestic waste must be mange by some treatment. The treatment as follows: 1. Paper Paper recycling is the process of recovering waste

paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, preconsumer waste, and postWaste paper collected for recycling in italy

consumer waste. Mill broke is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a paper mill. Preconsumer waste is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old telephone directories, and residential mixed paper (RMP). Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper". The industrial process of removing printing ink from paperfibers of recycled paper to make deinked pulp is called deinking, an invention of the German jurist Justus Claproth.

2. Glass Glass recycling is the process of turning waste glass into usable products. Glass waste should be separated by chemical composition, and then, depending on the end use and local processing capabilities, might also have to be separated into different colors. Many recyclers collect different colors of glass separately since glass retains its color after recycling. The

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most common types used for consumer containers are colorless glass, green glass, and

brown/amber glass. Glass makes up a large component of household and

industrial waste due to its weight and density. The glass component in municipal waste is usually made up of bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs and other items. Adding to this waste is the fact that many manual methods of creating glass objects have a defect rate of around forty percent. Glass recycling uses less energy than manufacturing glass from sand, lime and soda. Every metric ton of waste glass recycled into new items saves 315 additional kilograms of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere during the creation of new glass. Glass that is crushed and ready to be remelted is called cullet.
Public glass waste collection point in a neighborhood area for separating colorless, green and amber glass

3. Wood, Rubber and textile Recycled timber most commonly comes from old buildings, bridges and wharfs, where it is carefully stripped out and put aside by demolishers. At the same time any usable dimension stone is set aside for reuse. The demolishers then sell the salvaged timber to merchants who then re-mill the timber by manually scanning it with a metal detector, which allows the timber to be de-nailed and sawn to size. Once remilled the timber is commonly sold to consumers in the form of timber flooring, beams and decking.
Example of Recycled timber as a finished product

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Rubber recycling is the process of recycling vehicles tires (or tyres) that are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due to wear or irreparable damage (such as punctures). These tires are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste, due to the large volume produced and their durability. Those same characteristics which make waste tires such a problem also make them one of the most re-used waste materials, as the rubber is very resilient and can be reused in other products. Approximately one tire is discarded per person per year. Tires are also often recycled for use on basketball courts and new shoe products. However, material recovered from waste tires, known as "crumb," is generally only a cheap "filler" material and is rarely used in high volumes. Textile recycling is the method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material and clothing scraps from the manufacturing process. Textiles in municipal solid waste are found mainly in discarded clothing, although other sources include furniture, carpets, tires, footwear, and nondurable goods such as sheets and towels. 4. Plastics Plastic waste also divided into two kind of plastic, some kind of plastic can be used for further process, this plastic waste may be sold to certain buyer that need of this kind of plastic waste. While other plastic cant be used, like thermosetting plastic, this plastic just can be burned to demolish of waste. To process this plastic waste, we need incinerator to burn of plastic and other organic

waste that impossible go to further process. Plastic

recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely

different in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean

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melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables. Typically a plastic is not recycled into the same type of plastic, and products made from recycled plastics are often not recyclable. 5. Metals Metal wastes are not treated on this final waste place, metal just accumulate and then sell to certain buyer that process this waste.

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acces at 5 March 2011: 15.00 Anonym. 2007. Glass Recycling. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_recycling. acces at 5 March 2011: 15.00 Anonym. 2007. Rubber Recycling. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_recycling. acces at 5 March 2011: 15.00 Anonym. 2007. Plastic Recycling. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling. acces at 5 March 2011: 15.00 Anonym. 2007. Tymber Recycling. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_recycling. acces at 5 March 2011: 15.00 Anonym. 2007. Textile Recycling. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_recycling. acces at 5 March 2011: 15.00 Anonym. 2010. Health Tips Disease.

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