BAB I TENSES

In this sense, English has only two tenses, present and past. But for everyday use--especially for those who are studying foreign languages- this strict definition of tense is not very helpful. There is a broader use of the word (tense) a form of the verb phrase which gives information about aspect and time." Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods. So, we talk about time in English with tenses

BAB II KINDS OF TENSES

16 TENSES in ENGLISH A. Present Tense 1. Present Simple Tense 2. Present Continuous Tense 3. Present Perfect Tense 4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense B. Past tense 1. Past Simple Tense 2. Past Continuous Tense 3. Past Perfect Tense 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense C. Future Tense 1. Future Simple Tense 2. Future Continuous Tense 3. Future Perfect Tense 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense D. Future Past 1. Future Past Tense 2. Future Past Continuous Tense 3. Future Past Perfect Tense 4. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense

BAB III DEFINITION FORMULAS - EXAMPLES

A. PRESENT TENSE
1. Present Simple Tense The PRESENT TENSE uses the verb's base form (write, work), or, for third-person singular subjects, the base form plus an -s ending (he writes, she works). The PRESENT TENSE indicates that an action is present, now, relative to the speaker or writer. Generally, it is used to describe actions that are factual or habitual -- things that occur in the present but that are not necessarily happening right now: "It rains a lot in Portland" is a kind of timeless statement. Compare that to the present progressive -- "It is raining in Portland" -- which means that something is, in fact, going on right now. "I use my bike to get around town." is in the present, but I'm not actually on my bike right now. An instantaneous sense of the present can be conveyed with either the simple present or the progressive: "Watch him now: he holds [is holding] down the control key at the same time that he presses [is pressing] the letter d." Formula : Positif : S + V1 + ( s/es ) Negatif : S + Do/Does + Not + V1 Questions: Do/Does + S + V1 ( + ) I drink coffee ( - ) I do not drink coffee. ( ? ) DO you drink cofee?

( + ) She drinks coffe ( - ) She does not drink coffee. ( ? ) DOES She drink coffee? * Yes He does / No He does not (doesnt) * For I, We, You, They = do * He, She, It = Does 2. Present Continuous Tense We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking. We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.

Formula : Positif : S + Tobe + Ving Negatif : S + Tobe+ Not+ Ving Questions: Tobe + S + Ving Example : (+) - I am writing now - You are reading my article at present - She is waiting for you.

(- ) - I am NOT writing now - You are NOT reading my article at present - She is NOT waiting for you. (? ) - Are you writing now? - Are You reading my article at present? - Is She waiting for you. * Yes They are / no they are not * For I = am * They, we, you = are * He, She, It = Is 3. Present Perfect Tense The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE is formed with a present tense form of "to have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form). This tense indicates either that an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to the present. Formula : Positif : S + have/has + V3 Negatif : S + have/sas Not + V3 Questions: Have/has + S + V3 Example : ( + ) He is playing badminton now ( - ) He isnt playing badminton now. ( ? ) Is he playing badminton now ? ( + ) They are playing badminton now. ( - ) They are not playing badminton now. ( ? ) Are they playing badminton now ?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense The PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE indicates a continuous action that has been finished at some point in the past or that was initiated in the past and continues to happen. The action is usually of limited duration and has some current relevance: "She has been running and her heart is still beating fast." The present perfect progressive frequently is used to describe an event of the recent past; it is often accompanied by just in this usage: "It has just been raining." Formula : Positif : S + have/has + been + Ving Negatif : S + have/has + not + been + Ving Questions: Have/has + S + been + Ving Example : ( + ) She has been learning english for 3 years ( - ) She has not been learning english for 3 years. ( ? ) Has She been learning english for 3 years? ( + ) She has been going to Malang since evening. ( - ) She hasnt been going to Malang since evening.

( ? ) Has she been going to Malang ?

B. PAST TENSE
1. Past Simple Tense The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.The simple past tense is used to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You state when it happened using a time adverb. You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of a regular verb but, irregular verb forms have to be learned. Formula : Positif Negatif Questions Example : ( + ) My Father bought this car last year ( - ) My Father did not BUY this car last year ( ? ) Did My Father BUY this car last year * For I, He, She, It = Was * They, we, you = were 2. Past Continuous Tense We use the past continuous tense to describe a past action over a period of time, Often the past continuous is mixed with the past simple to show what was happening when something happened. The past continuous refers to the longer event and the simple past to the event that interrupted it. For example: "I was driving to work when I crashed my car." Or As I was driving to work, I crashed my car." Formula : Positif : S + was/were + Ving Negatif : S + was/were + NOT + Ving Questions: Was/Were + S + Ving Example : ( + ) I was writing ( - ) I was NOT writing ( ? ) Were You writing ? ( + ) They were talking about sport when I met him. ( - ) They werent talking about sport when I met him. ( ? ) Were they talking about sport when I met him ?. 3. Past Perfect Tense The past perfect simple tense is used to go further back in time when we are already talking about the past. It can make it clear that something had already happened at the time we are talking about. Formula : Positif Negatif

: S + V2 : S + did not + V1 : Did + S + V1

: S + had + V3 : S + had + not + V3

Questions: Had + S + V3 Example : ( + ) I had studied hard but I didnt make good result in the exam. ( - ) I had not studied hard, so I didnt make good result ( ? ) Had You studied hard bla bla bla? ( + ) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle ( - ) When my brother arrived , I hadnt painted my motor cycle ( ? ) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ? 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense The past perfect continuous tense is used to talk about longer situations that continued up to the moment in the past we are talking about. Formula : Positif: S + had + been + Ving Negatif: S + had + not + been + Ving Questions: Had + S + been + Ving Example : ( + ) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton ( - ) When they washed my dress , your father hadnt been playing badminton ( ? ) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ?

C. FUTURE TENSE
1. Future Simple Tense The Future tense has a different status from the other tenses. Rather than being a form of the verb, it is expressed by the modal auxiliary will. It's no accident that the future shares its syntax with words for necessity (must), possibility (can, may, might), and moral obligation (should, ought to), because what will happen is conceptually related to what must happen, what can happen, what should happen, and what we intend to happen. The word will itself is ambiguous between future tense and an expression of determination (as in Sharks or no sharks, I will swim to Alcatraz), and its homonyms show up in free will, strong-willed, and to will something to happen. The same ambiguity between the future and the intended can be found in another marker for the future tense, going to or gonna. It's as if the language is affirming the ethos that people have the power to make their own futures." Formula : Positif : S + will + V1 Negatif : S + will + not + V1 Questions: Will + S + V1 Example : ( + ) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow. ( - ) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow. ( ? ) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow? 2. Future Continuous Tense The future continuous tense is the present continuous tense recycled. It is often used to ask about and discuss future arrangements or plans with just the addition of a future time, but you only use it when these arrangements are certain.

Formula : Positif : S + will + be + Ving Negatif : S + will not + be + Ving Questions: S + Tobe + Ving Example : ( + ) I will be writing a comic. ( - ) I will not writing a comic. ( ? ) Will I be writing a comic ? 3. Future Perfect Tense The future perfect is used to describe an event that is expected or planned to happen before another event in the future. It is a grammatical combination of the future tense, or other marking of future time, and the perfect, itself a combination of tense and aspect. We use the future perfect tense when we want to emphasize the 'no-later-than' time of the completion of a future action. Compare the meaning of the following sentences, the first in the future tense, the second in the future perfect tense: Formula : Positif : S + will + have + V3 Negatif : S + will + not + have + V3 Questions: Will + S + have + V3 Example : ( + ) You will have worked. ( - ) You will not have worked ( ? ) Will You have worked ? ( + ) They will have driven home. ( - ) They will not have driven home ( ? ) Will They have driven home ? ( + ) She will have learned music. ( - ) She will not have learned music ( ? ) Will She have learned music ? 4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense The future perfect progressive, formed with will + have + been and a present participle, expresses an action that will continue into the future up to a specific time. The duration of the action is usually specified in a time expression with for. The point at which the action will be complete often is stated in the simple present tense in a subordinate clause introduced by when or by the time (that). Formula : Positif : S + will + have + been + Ving Negatif : S + will + not + have + been + Ving Questions: Will + S + have + been + Ving Example : ( + ) I will have been reading a news paper. ( - ) I will havent been reading a news paper. ( ? ) Will I have been riding a news paper ? ( + ) They will have been driving home ( - ) They will not have been driving home ( ? ) Will They have been driving home

D. FUTURE PAST
1. Future Past Tense Formula : Positif : S + would + V1 Negatif : S + would + not + V1 Questions: Would + S + V1 Example : ( + ) They would buy a home the previous day. ( - ) They wouldnt buy a home the previous day. ( ? ) Would they buy a home the previous day ? ( + ) She would learn music ( - ) She would not learn music ( ? ) Would She learn music ? 2. Future Past Continuous Tense Formula : Positif : S + would + be + Ving Negatif : S + would + not + be + Ving Questions: Would + S + be + Ving Example : ( +) I should be swimming at this time the following day. ( - ) I shouldnt be swimming at this time the following day. ( ? ) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ? 3. Future Past Perfect Tense Formula : Positif : S + would + have + V3 Negatif : S + would + not + have + V3 Questions: Would + S + have + V3 Example : ( +) He would have graduated if he had studies hard. ( - ) He wouldnt have gone if he had met his darling ( ? ) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ? ( + ) They would have driven home ( - ) They would not have driven home ( ? ) Would They have driven home ? 4. Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense Formula : Positif : S + would + have + been + Ving Negatif : S + would + not + have + been + Ving Questions: Would + S + have + been + Ving

Example : ( + ) I would have been swimming for 30 minutes ( - ) I would not have been swimming for 30 minutes ( ? ) Would You have been swimming for 30 minutes? ( + ) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years ( - ) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldnt have been walking here for seventeen year ( ? ) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years?

REFERENCE :
John Seely, Grammar for Teachers. Oxpecker, 2007) http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/tenseterm.htm http://tensesbahasainggris.com/ http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_present.htm http://nainasafitri.blogspot.com/2011/03/16-tenses.html