L5-8 Fourierseries

Topic 4
Topic 4
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Today
Waves
Waves
with repeating functions

with repeating functions
Signal generator Classical guitar Piano
Each instrument is playing a single note middle C (261Hz)
A single note will contain different
fractions of each harmonic
f =261Hz
f =522Hz
f =783Hz
f =1044Hz
1
st
harmonic
2
nd
harmonic
3
rd
harmonic
4
th
harmonic
Summed harmonics
t B y
1 1 1
sin =
t B y
2 2 2
sin =
t B y
3 3 3
sin =
t B y
4 4 4
sin =
=
= + + =
1
2 2 1 1
sin ... sin sin
n
n n total
t B t B t B y
The summed
output repeats
with the period of
the 1
st
harmonic
Fourier claimed that any repeating
pattern could be represented by a
summed series of cosine and sine terms
=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n n n
t b t a a t f
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/
b
n
a
n
http://www.univie.ac.at/future.media/moe/gale
rie/fourier/fourier.html
Fourier claimed that any repeating
pattern could be represented by a
summed series of cosine and sine terms
=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n n n
t b t a a t f
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/
b
n
a
n
http://www.univie.ac.at/future.media/moe/gale
rie/fourier/fourier.html
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
T
t n
b
T
t n
a a t f

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n n n
t b t a a t f
T
n
then
f
T and f and n
n n

2
,
1
2 = = = =
The pattern will repeat with period of the1st harmonic frequency
=
1
so since
Fourier said
where T is the period of the repeating function
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

Or if the pattern repeats with period L where L is a distance
we can write
Here period is L = 4
F(x) = a
1
cos x
F(x) = b
3
sin 3x
F(x) = b
2
sin 2x
F(x) = b
1
sin x
F(x) = a
3
cos 3x
F(x) = a
2
cos 2x
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

For these
cases L is
taken to be
2 to simplify
expressions
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
Need to find
Need to find
a
a
0
0
,
,
a
a
n
n
and
and
b
b
n
n
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

some background work required .
Background I
Background I
-
-
Integrating over 2
Integrating over 2
0 cos
2
0
=
dx x 0 sin
2
0
=
dx x
Integrating over 2
Integrating over 2
n
n
n all for dx x
n all for dx x
n
n
0 sin
0 cos
2
0
2
0
=
=
Integrating over 2
Integrating over 2
n all for dx nx
n all for dx nx
0 sin
0 cos
2
0
2
0
=
=
Background II
Background II
-
-
useful integrals
useful integrals
2
1
2 cos
2
1
cos
2
+ = x x ) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
cos cos B A B A B A + + =
2
0
2
cos dx nx
2
0
cos cos dx mx nx
=
(
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
0
2
0
2
2 sin
4
1
2
1
2 cos
2
1 x
nx
n
dx nx
{ } { } 0 ) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
2
0
2
0
= + + =

dx x m n dx x m n
m n
1
2
n m all for dx mx nx dx mx nx = =

0 sin sin cos cos
2
0
2
0

n and m all for dx mx nx 0 cos sin
2
0
=
Remember: odd x even = odd

n all for dx nx dx nx

= =

2
0
2
2
0
2
cos sin
n all for dx nx 0 cos
2
0
=
n all for dx nx 0 sin

2
0
=
Finding coefficients of the Fourier Seriesa

0 0
=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
nx b nx a a x f
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

Remember how the Fourier series can be written like this for a period L
For simplicity lets make L = 2 so we can write
0 0
=
(
+ + =
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
dx nx b dx nx a dx a dx x f

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
nx b nx a a x f
Take this equation and integrate both sides over a period
0 0
2
0
0
2
0
) 0 2 (
2
1
2
1
) ( a a dx a dx x f

= = =

Clearly on the RHS the only non-zero term is the a
0
term
2
0
0
) (
1
dx x f a
Repeat period 2
n n
=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
nx b nx a a x f
This time multiply both sides by cos(x) and integrate over a period
=
(
+ + =
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
cos sin cos cos cos
2
1
cos ) (
n
n n
dx x nx b dx x nx a xdx a xdx x f

1 1
Hence we find
=
(
+ + =
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
cos sin cos cos cos
2
1
cos ) (
n
n n
dx x nx b dx x nx a xdx a xdx x f

On RHS, only the a
1
term survives as it is only term where n=1 (Orthogonality)

1
2
0
2
1
2
0
1
2
0
cos cos cos cos ) ( a dx x a dx x x a xdx x f = = =

2
0
1
cos ) (
1
xdx x f a
n n
To find all coefficients a
n
multiply both sides of the Fourier series
by cos(mx), then integrate over a period:
=
(
+ + =
1
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
2
0
cos sin cos cos cos
2
1
cos ) (
n
n n
dx mx nx b dx mx nx a mxdx a mxdx x f

On the RHS, only the m = n term survives the integration
2
0
cos ) (
1
mxdx x f a
m

m m
a dx mx a mxdx x f = =

2
0
2
2
0
cos cos ) (
Coefficients of the Fourier Series
In a similar way, multiplying both sides of the Fourier series by sin(mx),
then integrating over a period we get:
2
0
sin ) (
1
dx mx x f b
m
=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
nx b nx a a x f
2
0
0
) (
1
dx x f a
2
0
cos ) (
1
dx nx x f a
n
2
0
sin ) (
1
dx nx x f b
n
The Fourier series can be
written with period 2 as
The Fourier series coefficients can be found by:-
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

=
L
dx x f
L
a
0
0
) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
a
0
2
cos ) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
b
0
2
sin ) (
2
The Fourier series can be
written with period L as
The Fourier series coefficients can be found by:-
Finding the coefficients of a Fourier Series
Finding the coefficients of a Fourier Series
0 2 3 x
1
Step 1.
Write down the function f(x) in terms of x.
What is the period?
Step 2.
Use equation to find a
0
?
Step 3.
Use equation to find a
n
?
Step 4.
Use equation to find b
n
?
=
L
dx x f
L
a
0
0
) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
a
0
2
cos ) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
b
0
2
sin ) (
2
Example 4.1
Example 4.1
-
-
page 35
page 35
0 2 3 x
1
< <
< <
=

2 0
0 1
) (
x
x
x f
1. The function f(x)? Whats the period?
2. Use equation to find a
0
?
1 ] [
1
0
1
1
1
) (
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
= = + = =

x dx dx dx x f a
Period is 2
n
?
0
sin 1
cos
1
cos ) 0 (
1
cos ) 1 (
1
cos ) (
1
0
0
2
0
2
0
=
(
= = + = =

n
nx
dx nx dx nx dx nx dx nx x f a
n
4. Use equation to find b
n
?

0
0
2
0
2
0
cos 1
sin
1
sin ) 0 (
1
sin ) 1 (
1
sin ) (
1
(
= =
+ = =

n
nx
dx nx b
dx nx dx nx dx nx x f b
n
n
( ) 1 ) 1 (
1 1 cos 1 0 cos cos 1

=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
n n n
n
n n
n
b
Step 5. Write out values of b

n
for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .
( )

2
) 1 ( 1
1
1
= = b
( )
5
2
) 1 ( 1
5
1
5
= = b
( )
n
n
n
n
b
a
a
L
) 1 ( 1
1
0
1
2
0
=
=
=
=
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

( ) 0 ) 1 ( 1
2
1
1
= =
b
( )
3
2
) 1 ( 1
3
1
1
= = b
( ) 0 ) 1 ( 1
4
1
1
= =
b
n
for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .
... 5 sin
5
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
2
1
) (
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
1
0
+ + + + =
+ + =
=
x x x x f
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f
n
n n

So what does the Fourier series look like if
we only use first few terms?
0 2 3 x
1
Lecture 7
Lecture 7
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
More examples of Fourier series
Describing pulses with Fourier series
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
a
0
2
cos ) (
2
=
L
dx x f
L
a
0
0
) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
b
0
2
sin ) (
2
Example 4.1
Example 4.1
-
-
page 35
page 35
0 2 3 x
1
< <
< <
=

2 0
0 1
) (
x
x
x f
1. The function f(x)? Whats the period?
0
?
1 ] [
1
0
1
1
1
) (
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
= = + = =

x dx dx dx x f a
Period is 2
n
?
0
sin 1
cos
1
cos ) 0 (
1
cos ) 1 (
1
cos ) (
1
0
0
2
0
2
0
=
(
= = + = =

n
nx
dx nx dx nx dx nx dx nx x f a
n
4. Use equation to find b
n
?

0
0
2
0
2
0
cos 1
sin
1
sin ) 0 (
1
sin ) 1 (
1
sin ) (
1
(
= =
+ = =

n
nx
dx nx b
dx nx dx nx dx nx x f b
n
n
( ) 1 ) 1 (
1 1 cos 1 0 cos cos 1

=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n
n n n
n
n n
n
b

n
for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .
( )

2
) 1 ( 1
1
1
= = b
( )
5
2
) 1 ( 1
5
1
5
= = b
( )
n
n
n
n
b
a
a
L
) 1 ( 1
1
0
1
2
0
=
=
=
=
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

( ) 0 ) 1 ( 1
2
1
1
= =
b
( )
3
2
) 1 ( 1
3
1
1
= = b
( ) 0 ) 1 ( 1
4
1
1
= =
b
n
for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .
... 5 sin
5
2
3 sin
3
2
sin
2
2
1
) (
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
1
0
+ + + + =
+ + =
=
x x x x f
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f
n
n n

Fourier Series
Fourier Series
-
-
QUIZ
QUIZ
1. What is when n = 3 ?
n
) 1 ( 1 +
n
) 1 ( 1 +
) 2 (cos 1 n +
) 2 (cos 1 n +
) 2 (cos 1 n +
) (cos 1 n +
7. What is when n = 4 ? ) (cos 1 n +
0 ) 1 ( 1
3
= +
2 ) 1 ( 1
52
= +
2 ) 1 ( 1 = +
2 ) 1 ( 1 = +
2 ) 1 ( 1 = +
0 ) 1 ( 1 ) (cos 1 = + = +
2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 4 (cos 1 = + = +
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
-
-
QUIZ
QUIZ
8. What is ?
| | 0 200 200 2 4
10
10
10
10
2
= = = =
x dx x I
=
10
10
4 dx x I
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
f
(
x
)
x
Fourier Series
Fourier Series
-
-
QUIZ
QUIZ
9. What is
| | 100 5 ) 5 2 (
10
10
10
10
2
= + = + =
x x dx x I
+ =
10
10
) 5 2 ( dx x I
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
f
(
x
)
x
Finding coefficients of the Fourier Series
Find Fourier series to represent this repeat pattern.
<
< <
=

2 0
0
) (
x
x x
x f
Steps to calculate coefficients of Fourier series
1. Write down the function f(x) in terms of x. What is period?
Period is 2
<
< <
=

2 0
0
) (
x
x x
x f
Steps to calculate coefficients of Fourier series
0
?
2 2
1
0
1 1
) (
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
0

=
(
= + = =

x
dx xdx dx x f a
=
L
dx x f
L
a
0
0
) (
2
Left side - find coefficients a
n
Right side - find coefficients b
n
=
L
n
dx nx x f a
0
cos ) (
1
=
L
n
dx nx x f b
0
sin ) (
1
First 5 terms (n=1 to 5)
<
< <
=

2 0
0
) (
x
x x
x f
n
? 3. Use equation to find b
n
?
<
< <
=

2 0
0
) (
x
x x
x f

= vdu uv udv
nx
n
nxdx v
nxdx dv
sin
1
cos
cos
= =
=
Integrate by parts
2
0
cos ) (
1
dx nx x f a
n

+ = =

2
0
2
0
cos 0
1
cos
1
cos ) (
1
dx nx dx nx x dx nx x f a
n
dx du
x u
=
=
a

= vdu uv udv
nx
n
nxdx v
nxdx dv
sin
1
cos
cos
= =
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
+
(
=
2 2
0
2
0
1
0 cos
1
sin
1
cos
1
sin
n
n
n
n
n
a
nx
n
nx
n
x
a
n
n

Integrate by parts

0
0
sin
1 1
sin nxdx
n
nx
n
x
a
n
dx du
x u
=
=

2 1 1
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= a
0
4
1
4
1
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

a
9
2
9
1
9
1
3
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= a
25
2
25
1
25
1
5
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= a
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2 2
1
cos
1
sin
1
n
n
n
n
n
a
n
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1
1
1
2 2 2
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
n n
n n n
0
16
1
16
1
4
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

a
( ) ( ) 1 1
1
2
=
n
n
n
a
<
< <
=

2 0
0
) (
x
x x
x f

= vdu uv udv
nx
n
nxdx v
nxdx dv
cos
1
sin
sin
= =
=
Integrate by parts
2
0
sin ) (
1
dx nx x f b
n
dx du
x u
=
=

+ = =

2
0
2
0
sin 0
1
sin
1
sin ) (
1
dx nx dx nx x dx nx x f b
n
b

= vdu uv udv
nx
n
nxdx v
nxdx dv
cos
1
sin
sin
= =
=
Integrate by parts
dx du
x u
=
=
+
(

0
0
cos
1 1
cos
1
nxdx
n
nx
n
x
b
n
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
(
+
(

n
n
n
n
b
nx
n
nx
n
x
b
n
n
sin
1
cos
1
sin
1
cos
2
0
2
0
( )
n
n
n
n
b
n
n
n
n
b
1
1
sin
1
cos
1
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
1
= b
2
1
2
= b
3
1
3
= b
4
1
4
= b
5
1
5
= b
..... 5 sin
5
1
4 sin
4
1
3 sin
3
1
2 sin
2
1
sin 5 cos
25
2
3 cos
9
2
cos
2
4
) ( + + + + = x x x x x x x x x f

1
1
= b
2
1
2
= b
3
1
3
= b
4
1
4
= b
5
1
5
= b
2
1
= a
0
2
= a
9
2
3
= a
25
2
5
= a
0
4
= a
2
0
= a
Check our Fourier series
using
Fourier_checker.xls
..... 5 sin
5
1
4 sin
4
1
3 sin
3
1
2 sin
2
1
1 sin 1 5 cos
25
2
3 cos
9
2
1 cos
2
4
) ( + + + + = x x x x x x x x x f

Fourier Series of even and odd repeating functions

Fourier Series of even and odd repeating functions
) ( ) ( x f x f =
) ( ) ( x f x f =
Only sine terms required to define an odd function
Only cosine terms required to define an even function
Only an even function can have an offset.
Fourier Series applied to pulses
Fourier Series applied to pulses
( )
> =

< =
=
d x for
d x for
x for
x f
0
0 0
0 0
Laser light pulse
Initial displacement of a guitar string
Electronic wavefunction of a molecule
Or space
becomes
but only look between 0 and d
This approach is fine but it leads to a lot of work in the integration stage.
Odd function (only sine terms)
Even function (only cosine terms)
What is period of the repeating pattern now?
Half-range sine series where L=2d
We saw earlier that for a function with period L the Fourier series is:-
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

where
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
a
0
2
cos ) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
b
0
2
sin ) (
2
In the half range case we have a function of period 2d which is odd and so
contains only sine terms
Half-range sine series where L=2d
In the half range case we have a function of period 2d which is odd and so
contains only sine terms

=
= =
1 1
sin
) 2 (
2
sin ) (
n
n
n
n
d
x n
b
d
x n
b x f

= =
d
d
d
d
n
dx
d
x n
x f
d
dx
d
x n
x f
d
b

sin ) (
1
) 2 (
2
sin ) (
2
2
where
The series is valid only between x =0 and x = d
Half-range sine series
=
=
1
sin ) (
n
n
d
x n
b x f
=
d
d
n
dx
d
x n
x f
d
b
sin ) (
1

=
d d
d
EVEN EVEN
0
2
ODD x
ODD x f
=
=
sin
) (
EVEN ODD ODD =
=
d
n
dx
d
x n
x f
d
b
0
sin ) (
2
Half-range cosine series
For a function with period L the Fourier series is:-
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

where
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
a
0
2
cos ) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
b
0
2
sin ) (
2
We have a function of period 2d but this time it is even and so contains only
cosine terms
Half-range cosine series
We have a function of period 2d but this time it is even and so contains only
cosine terms

=
+ = + =
1
0
1
0
cos
2
1
) 2 (
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n
n
n
d
x n
a a
d
x n
a a x f

= = =

d d
d
d
d
n
dx
d
x n
x f
d
dx
d
x n
x f
d
dx
d
x n
x f
d
a
0
cos ) (
2
cos ) (
1
) 2 (
2
cos ) (
2
2

=
d d
d
EVEN EVEN
0
2
EVEN x
EVEN x f
=
=
cos
) (
The Fourier series for a pulse such as
can be written as either a half range sine or cosine series. However the
series is only valid between 0 and d
=
+ =
1
0
cos
2
1
) (
n
n
d
x n
a a x f
=
d
n
dx
d
x n
x f
d
a
0
cos ) (
2
=
=
1
sin ) (
n
n
d
x n
b x f
=
d
n
dx
d
x n
x f
d
b
0
sin ) (
2
Half range
sine series
Half range
cosine series
where
where
Find Half Range Sine Series which represents
the displacement f(x), between x = 0 and 6, of
the pulse shown to the right
The pulse is defined as with a length d = 6 6 0 ) ( < = x for x x f
So

= =
6
0 0
6
sin
6
2
sin ) (
2
dx
x n
x dx
d
x n
x f
d
b
d
n

= vdu uv udv
Integrate by parts
So

= =
6
0 0
6
sin
6
2
sin ) (
2
dx
x n
x dx
d
x n
x f
d
b
d
n

= vdu uv udv
dx du and
x n
n
dx
x n
v = = =
6
cos
6
6
sin
Integrate by parts
dv dx
x n
and x u set so = =
6
sin
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
+
(
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
6
0
2 2
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
sin
36
6
cos
6
3
1
6
cos
6
6
cos
6
3
1 x n
n
x n
n
x x n
n
x n
n
x
b
n

= =
6
0 0
6
sin
6
2
sin ) (
2
dx
x n
x dx
d
x n
x f
d
b
d
n

|
|
.
|
\
|
(
+
(
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
6
0
2 2
6
0
6
0
6
0
6
sin
36
6
cos
6
3
1
6
cos
6
6
cos
6
3
1 x n
n
x n
n
x x n
n
x n
n
x
b
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
b
n
cos
12
sin
12
sin
36
cos
36
3
1
2 2 2 2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
+
(
=
n=5
n=5
n=4
n=4
n=3
n=3
n=2
n=2
n=1
n=1
12
1
= b

6
2
12
2
= = b

4
3
12
3
= = b

3
4
12
4
= = b
5
12
5
= b
.....
6
5
sin
5
12
3
2
sin
3
2
sin
4
3
sin
6
6
sin
12
) ( + + + =
x x x x x
x f
=
=
1
sin ) (
n
n
d
x n
b x f
=
d
n
dx
d
x n
x f
d
b
0
sin ) (
2
Half range
sine series
where
Find Half Range Sine Series which represents
the displacement f(x), between x = 0 and 6, of
the pulse shown to the right
.....
6
5
sin
5
12
3
2
sin
3
2
sin
4
3
sin
6
6
sin
12
) ( + + + =
x x x x x
x f
Check our Fourier series

using
Fourier_checker.xls
Fourier Series applied
Fourier Series applied
to pulses
to pulses
Why is this useful?
In Quantum you have seen
that there are specific
solutions to the wave
equation within a potential
well subject to the given
boundary conditions.

=
= =
1 1
sin ) ( ) (
n
n
n
n
d
x n
B x x
Lecture 7
Lecture 7
Summary
Summary
Practice questions online at
http://www.hep.shef.ac.uk/phy226/unit1/phy226T1to4.htm
Normal series
Even and odd functions
Pulses
Lecture 8
Lecture 8
Summary
Summary
Practice questions online at
http://www.hep.shef.ac.uk/phy226/unit1/phy226T1to4.htm
Complex Fourier series
Parsevals theorum
Revision & Practice
Lecture 8
Lecture 8
Fourier
Fourier
=
+ + =
1
0
2
sin
2
cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
L
x n
b
L
x n
a a x f

=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
a
0
2
cos ) (
2
=
L
n
dx
L
x n
x f
L
b
0
2
sin ) (
2
=
L
dx x f
L
a
0
0
) (
2
The complex form of the Fourier series can be derived by assuming a
solution of the form and then multiplying both sides by
and integrating over a period
Complex Fourier Series
In many areas of physics, especially Quantum mechanics, it is more
convenient to consider waves written in their complex form
) (
2
1
sin
2
sin
inx inx
e e
i
nx
L
x n
= =
) (
2
1
cos
2
cos
inx inx
e e nx
L
x n
+ = =
=
=
n
inx
n
e c x f ) (
imx
e

=

= =
n
x m n i
n
n
imx inx
n
imx
dx e c dx e e c dx e x f
2
0
) (
2
0
2
0
) (
The complex form of the Fourier series can be derived by assuming a
solution of the form and then multiplying both sides by
and integrating over a period:
=
=
n
inx
n
e c x f ) (
imx
e

=

= =
n
x m n i
n
n
imx inx
n
imx
dx e c dx e e c dx e x f
2
0
) (
2
0
2
0
) (
For integral vanishes. For n=m integral = 2. So
dx e x f c
inx
n
2
0
) (
2
1
n m
dx x m n i xdx m n dx e
x m n i

+ =
2
0
2
0
2
0
) (
) sin( ) cos(
The more general expression with period L is
where
=
=
n
L
inx
n
e c x f
2
) (
dx e x f
L
c
L
inx
L
n
2
0
) (
1
=
For a period of 2 the complex Fourier series is
where
=
=
n
inx
n
e c x f ) (
dx e x f c
inx
n
2
0
) (
2
1
Example 4.5
Find the complex Fourier series for f(x) = x in the range -2 < x < 2 if the
repeat period is 4.
dx e x f
L
c
L
inx
L
n
2
0
) (
1
= and period is 4, so we write dx e x c

inx
n
2
2
2
4
1

=
Integration by parts

= du v uv dv u
dx e dv and x u
inx
2

= =
2
2
inx
e
in
v and dx du
= =
dx e x f
L
c
L
inx
L
n
2
0
) (
1
= and period is 4, so we write dx e x c

inx
n
2
2
2
4
1

=

= du v uv dv u
=
(
2
2
2 2
2 2
4
1
dx e
in
e
in
x
c
inx inx
n

2
2
2
2 2 2
2
4 2
4
1
inx inx
e
n i
e
in
x

2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
=
inx inx
e
n
e
in
x

dx e dv and x u
inx
2

= =
2
2
inx
e
in
v and dx du
= =
( ) ( )
in in in in in in in in
n
e e
n
e e
in
e
n
e
in
e
n
e
in
C

+ +
=
(
+
(
=

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
i
i
i
i
=
1
Since then
( ) ( )
in in in in
n
e e
n
e e
n
i
C

+ + =

2 2
1
( )
in in
e e n

+ =
2
1
cos
( )
in in
e e
i
n

2
1
sin
n
n
i
n
n
i
n
n
i
C
n
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
2 2
= =
so and since
( )
n
n
n
i
n
n
i
C 1
2
cos
2
= =
=
=
n
L
inx
n
e c x f
2
) ( ( )
=
=
n
inx
n
e
n
i
x f
2
1
2
) (
We want to find actual values for C

n
so it would be helpful to convert expression
for C
n
into sine and cosine terms using the standard expressions:-
so
The energy in a
vibrating string
or an electrical
signal is
proportional to
the square of
the amplitude
of the wave
Parsevals
Parsevals
Theorem applied to Fourier Series
Parsevals
Parsevals
Consider again the standard Fourier series with a period taken for
simplicity as 2 .
=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
1
) (
n
n n
nx b nx a a x f
| | dx nx b nx a a dx x f
n
n
n
n
2
1 1
0
2
0
2
0
2
sin cos
2
1
) (
(
+ + =

=

Square both sides then integrate over a period:
| | dx nx b nx a a dx x f
n
n
n
n
2
1 1
0
2
0
2
0
2
sin cos
2
1
) (
(
+ + =

=

The RHS will give both squared terms and cross term.
When we integrate, all the cross terms will vanish.
All the squares of the cosines and sines integrate to give (half the period).
| | ] [
2
) (
2
1
2
2
0
2
0
2
n
n
n
b a
a
dx x f + + =
Parsevals theorem says the total energy in a vibrating system

is equal to the sum of the energies in the individual modes.
Practice and revision
Practice and revision
Try online questions 2 & 7

L5-8 Fourierseries

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Topic 4

with repeating functions

Remember: odd x even = odd

n all for dx nx 0 sin

Finding coefficients of the Fourier Seriesa

Step 5. Write out values of b

Step 5. Write out values of b

First 5 terms (n=1 to 5)

Fourier Series of even and odd repeating functions

Check our Fourier series

Complex Fourier Series

Complex Fourier Series

= and period is 4, so we write dx e x c

= and period is 4, so we write dx e x c

We want to find actual values for C

Parsevals theorem says the total energy in a vibrating system

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