. kA .

{ I S1V o e 1t- cxcitatilo n P |ne uctio n Ivloto rs W~Vitk Series Capacitors P

I .

K jAll impedances are expressed in per unit-

quantities which are the same as per cent,,

the stead ~~~~~~1-sr.of 100. The loss inpower.resistorrepresents the shaft

S

except that unity is taken

as a

base in-

C. F. WAGNER
FELLOW AIEE

NDUCTION motors with series capaci- may originate in two ways. First, they tors connected in the supply circuit can may be forced by an externally applied under certain conditions become un- voltage in which case the frequency of stable. Upon application of the voltage the currents corresponds to that of the apthe rotor will come up to partial speed plied voltage. Second, they may flow in and continue to rotate at this reduced accordance with the natural frequency of speed. This phenomenon should not be the circuit. In the latter case, the curconfused with ferro-resonance which is rent flows in response to some change in accompanied by violent wave distortion, the circuit and gradually decays to zero, abnormally large magnetizing currents, the rate being dependent to a large extent and fluctuations in voltage. Both of these upon the resistance. The smaller the rephenomena were analyzed as applied to sistance the longer will the currents perinduction motors by Butler and Con- sist. If a negative resistance, such as cordia.' It is the purpose of this paper may be obtained by certain combinations to present further thoughts regarding the of vacuum tubes, is inserted into the cirstability problem. A new approach is cuit and is of such characteristic as to just utilized which is much simpler and at equal the positive resistance, then curthe same time provides a clearer con- rents of the natural frequency of the cirception of the physical processes in- cuit flow continuously. This is the kind of volved. Somewhat different conclusions condition that may exist in an induction result with the use of this analysis than motor in which series capacitors are conwith the analysis of others. In this nected in the stator circuit. The upper circuit of figure 1 shows the analysis conventional induction motor nomenclature and symbols will be used conventional schematic diagram of an inas it is believed that induction motor duction motor in which engineers will better understand the =leakage reactance of the stator problem by this procedure.xX =leakage reactance of the rotor * Xr
Simple Analysis of Problem Simple Analysis ofsPrlem

upper one, except that it is resonant for a frequency f times the system frequency. It is assumed that the source has zero impedance, and since it has no emf of resonant frequency, this point of the circuit is merely represented by a line of zero impedance. After connection of the motor to the system voltage, the speed increases until it reaches a value equal to that corresponding to the synchronous speed associated with the frequency f. Beyond this speed, its slip, si, with respect to the synchronous speed of the resonant circuit becomes negative, and with regard to this. circuit the motor begins to function as an induction generator. Since s1 is negative, then the resistor (1-sl)rr/sl is negative and the shaft power, which is represented by the loss in this resistor, is also negative. Thus, st so adjusts itself that the negative resistor (1-s1)rr/s1 just annuls the effect of the two other positive resistors r, and rr; the circuit will self excite and the currents of frequency f will flow continuously. The resistor (1-si)r,/s, corresponds to the vacuum tubes mentioned. previously. The only connection between these otherwise independent circuits is;
the AIEE Pacific Coast convention, Yellowstone National Park, August 27-29, 1941. Manuscript submitted May 23, 1941; made available for pre-

The lower circuit is the same as the

rr = resistance of rrotor
nous speed

xm =reactance of the magnetizing branch r, =resistance of stator

Paper 41-139, recommended by the mittee on electrical machinery, and presented at

AIEE

com-

Currents in circuits consisting of a capacitor, inductor, and resistor in series

XC = capacitive reactance of series capacitor synchroof s = slip, expressed as a fraction of synchro-

~~station Company, East Pittsburgh, Pa. facturing

pitn uy2 91 printing July 2, 1941. C. F. WAGNER is engineering manager of central section, Westinghouse Electric and Mann-

then each row of (28) differs from the corresponding row of the given matrix by a linear combination of the preceding rows of (28). The equations corresponding to (28) (considered as an augmented matrix) are thus equivalent to the original equations. A is self-evident. The proof given with (20) and (21) is applicable to (28), and establishes B for the first i rows. For the pth row, p > i, it is true that the [ptb row of (28)1 - [pth row of given matrix] -Ap5[1A t row of (28)]-Ap2[2nd row of (28)1]- . . . Ap~, [ith row of (28)1], or

0=Gp- ,A pkA k - A q, p > , qg<i

IC=1
A p = Gp-

q-i

kC=l

i A picA Icq

p > i, q > i

For here the first equation follows from the

second of (17), and the second follows from (27); hence B is proved. In solving a sef of m equations in n unknowns two unusual cases may arise in determining the auxiliary matrix; however, case 1 requires no comment, and we lose nothing by supposing the equations to be written in such an order that this case does not occur. Turning to case 2, suppose that in completing the (i+ 1)th column of the auxiliary matrix the computed elements, which are identical with A.+,.I+l', Ai+2,+L', .., Am.j+i', all vanish; then this column is evidently a linear combination of the first i columns of (28), whence it follows from A and B that the (i+l)th column of the given matrix is the same linear combination of the first i columns of that matrix. Were this excess (i+ 1)th column shifted to any position to the right in the given ma~~~~~~~other trix, and i or more rows and columns completed as usual in the auxiliary matrix before applying (27) to obtain a matrix similar to '(28); then since the first i columns are

the same as before, and since the same linear combination is involved, the corresponding excess column obtained is (with its zeros) identical with that obtained before. It is, thus true that each excess column in the auxiliary matrix is obtained in its final form. when first. calculated. Writing the excess columns together and' just to the right of the R columns for the other unknowns, the finished auxiliarymatrix differs from (28) only in that i is, replaced by R. Since the last m -R or mio-e elements in each excess column in this matrix vanish, it follows from B that for compatibility the last m -R elements of the (n+1)th column, which arises from the right hand sides of the equations, must also vanish; in which case the last m -R te-. ments of the check column (if one is used) must vanish due to A. In determining the final matrix the excess columns are considered as transposed to the right hand side of the equations, which fact gives rise to minus signs in the column labels.

1941, VOL. 60

Wagner- Self-Excitation of Induction Motors

1241

-jXc
APPLIED

r
APPLIED

JJXs
g

IXr

rr
-s _S-rr

"f-

ixm

results by dividing x, everywhere it appears by f and multiplying the inductive motor with series reactances by f. In this paper all re[**] motor~~~~I- capacitor actances, both inductive and capacitive, VOLTAGE cwill be given in terms of their values at

diagram of induction

Figure 1. Schematic

_________________________________________ _
XFORCED OR 60-CYCLE CIRCUIT

jfx

_if xr

fc

frequency. rsystem rotor can beThe two resistances combined into the
single resistor rr/sl. Upon paralleling the condensive branch with xrn a-nd adding to the rotor impedances, the impedance as |ISIviewed from a point in the rotor becomes
in the

Fl Ijfxm
fx.

S,r 0

SI

rr

theshaft. Power is taken by the shaftjrs+j(xm+Xs-Xc)+X

NATURAL OSCILLATING OR RESONANT CIRCUIT

ljxm[rs+j(xs-Xc)]
or

rr

the shaft. Power is taken by the shaft from the upper circuit and fed back into the lower circuit. The current flow in the lower circuit is limited only by the amount of power that can be drawn from the upper circuit at the particular speed necessary to make the resistanee of the lower circuit zero. This power appears as a negative quantity in the branch which t t diftI d h represents shaft loading and must equalI the 12R loss in the r, and r, branches of the resonating circuit. The actual speed, p, of the rotor can be expressed in terms of both s and si. Thus, the speed is (1) p= -s= (1-s1)f

from which s (1 -)f

JXm [rs+j (x - xC)] [rs-j(xm+xs-xc)] +

T+ ( S)
rj
-+jx,=0 (4)

rsl+(XM+Xg-XC)2

(2

Quantitative Relations
Consider next the conditions which . . oillas mus. Tbe tsfidtopermitnu figure 1 tos. he r sonant ei cult of must have an impedance equal to zero as viewed from any point in the network. v It will be found more convenient for the present purpose to view the circuit from a point in the rotor circuit. For the sake of exsimplicityf in deriving the pressions will first be assumed equal to unity. It will be reinserted in the final

The condition that the circuit be selfexiting is satisfied when both the real and the imaginary components of the
to zero, there is obtained

above impedance are individually equal to zero. Equating the imaginary component

xmrs2+xm(xs-Xc) (Xm+Xs xC) +

-

xrrs2+xr(xm+xs
xM

following

from which
s
2
-X+

x6)2
(5)
,39 2b

Xmx8xcJxs +

Xrm

Figure 2.

Resonating characteristics of aparticular motor

0.04

0.8
SPEED

0.15

0.I0
Xm

0.04
rr
L

PlC r5

Xr X2.0

0.7

rr

O4A-

z
-10

o5
o

-~~~~FREQUENCY-

-8-- 0.12D .0

0.20.--

--

ij.40.

_ wIE

-6

SI rS
WanrSl-Ectto of\004ootr RNSCIN

-124 024

F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

LOAD-TORQUE CURVE LOAD-TORQUE CURVE

60-CYCLE TORQUE

torque characteristic
to show that the lower resonant speed

Figure 3.

Speed-

a series capacitor for a particular case. The upper curves represent the solutions of equations 10 and 11 plotted as a func-

characteristics of an inductiol motor with

/ t LOWER L FULL / VOLTAGE VOLTAGE

is

stable

IT / 2 / r'

SUPPER RESONANT
<n
a.

c/

miY
e
a$

LOWER RESONANT 0 IJ l /a SPEED

vary with the stator and rotor resistors. For r,=0 two resonanit points occur, the lower one representing the frequenicy at which the capacitor resonates with the magnetizing reactance and the upper one the frequency at which the capacitor resonates with the magnetizing reactSPEED //anec and the upper one the frequency at which the capacitor resonates with the blocked rotor reactance. For other values of rt two resonating points likewise exist, but, as will be shown presently, only the lower point is a stable operating point. g 1/The unusually low magnetizing impedance was chosen to take care of saturation.

tion off. The lower curves were obtained from the upper ones and through the use /of equatioii 2. They show how f and s

Mechanism of Pull-in and

v I L.. tIOperating Points

$
f

TORQUE

and upon equating the real components to Extraneous roots have been introduced zero, there is obtained in the manipulation of the equations, but 2consideration of equation 6 shows that s, si rs2+ +(Xr+Xs-XC) (6) will be negative. These two equations represent the two conditions which must X,n2rs r.

r2,'+(x.+x.,-xcl

As in any resonatilng circuit, the current increases until the actual losses in the circuit just equal the negative losses produced by the negative resistance. In the present case the losses are supplied through the shaft and thus the current is limited solely bv the ability of the 60-cycle circuit to supply power to the resonant circuit at the speed corresponding to the

After squaring (6) and inserting rS from be satisfied to produce self excitation. For a given r., the value of f which satisequation 5, there results equation5, results there fies equation 10 determines the resonating (sl82 _ x.+x.-'c (7) frequency. Equation 11 determines the X m slip corresponding thereto and conse\ r/ (+,)2(x /quently the speed. X,&+Xr Figure 2 shows the general resonating Upon reinserting thef term, equations 5 and 7 become
X

resonant frequency. In figure 3 are given the shaft torque characteristics of a motor with a series capacitor as determined from the conventional 60-cycle circuit. Likewise is given an assumed load-torque curve and two horizontal lines which indicate the speeds

rS2= ''Hf2(xm+xs>xc]

[(x2(+ Xmn) -rc]

(8)

(si\2
\r,J

f2(XM+Xr)2Ff2(X + XrXmXr/) 1X* e

fl(Xm+Xs) -Xc

X,m+

The quantity (x,,,+xs) represents the exciting reactance of the motor and will be designated xm; x,+ (xx,n)/(xrn+x,) is the block-ed rotor reactance for r, equal to zero and will be designated by xB. Fquations 8 and 9 then become

r,'=

__

V-rM-XC] ffXB-XCI
- -

(10)
(11)

1941, VOL. 60

.P2fXxM-XJ)

_ rotor passing through resonant Wagner-Self-Excitatio of duction Motspeedors124

rent as voltage is suddenly applied to a motor with series capacitor (a) Low applied voltagerotor stalling at resonant speed (b) Higher applied voltage-

ing rotor speed and stator cur-

Figure 4.

Oscillograms show-

1941, VOL. 60

Wagner-Self-Excitation of Induction AIotors

1243

corresponding to the upper and lower resonant frequencies. On the lower resonant speed the distance oa is the total shaft torque. Of this torque ob is required to supply the load requirements. The excess ab is the torque which when converted to power at the particular speed represents the power input into the resonant circuit. If the applied voltage were lowered so that the 60-cycle torque curve were reduced to that shown by the dotted line, then the power into the resonant circuit would be reduced to that corresponding to the torque bc. Similarly, if the load torque characteristic were increased there would be less power available for circulation of current in the resonant circuit. The right hand portion of the upper curve of figure 4a represents the steady-

state stator current, which can be seen to consist of two components. One component has the same frequency as that of the 60-cycle applied voltage and the other a lower frequency corresponding to that Of the natural frequency of oscillation. The point d of figure 3, where the speedtorque curve intersects the upper resonant speed line, is the other solution from a curve, such as shown in figure 2. It is the purpose of this discussion to show that the point, a, represents a stable operating point and the point, d, an unstable point. For any particular speed, an induction motor with a series capacitor has three

modes of oscillation. By this is meant that the transient resulting from any sudden change is composed of three terms. Two of these terms always have a negative time constant, which characterizes a condition wherein the components always tend to decrease. The time constant of the third term may be positive, negative, or infinitely large. Expressions for the calculation of these time constants are given in appendix I and figure 5 gives numerical values for the third term for the circuit of figure 2 as a function of the speed of the motor. The lower curve gives the natural frequency of this term and the upper curve the time constant. The significant facts to be drawn from these curves are that: 1. At the two resonant speeds the time constants are infinitely large. 2. Below the lower resonant speed and above the upper resonant speed, the time constants are negative. 3. Between the two resonant speeds the time constants are positive. Thus between the two resonant speeds the current of this term of the transient tends to increase; at all other speeds, to decrease. If voltage is applied to a stationary motor for which the characteristics are given

in figure 3, the distance, ef, represents the torque available for accelerating the rotor. As its speed increases, the horizontal distance between these two curves continues to represent the torque available for acceleration. When, however, the point, a, is reached the time constant becomes positive and the current in the resonant circuit begins to build up. The instantaneous operating point, p, is defined so that the distance pg represents the torque necessary to supply the resonant current at that instant (the power input into the resonant circuit) and the distance, hp, the torque still available for accelerating the rotor. Consider for a moment the locus formed by the movement of the point p. At any instant p might happen to lie in any one of the six zones, I to VI, formed by the two resonant speed lines and the load torque curve. In zones III and IV since the time constant is positive, pg tends to increase and the locus has a horizontal component toward the left. Similarly, since the time constant is negative in zones I, II, V, and,VI the locus must have horizontal components to the right. For zones to the right of the load-torque curve, there stillA,remains torque available for acceleration

3.6 -.

+-0.04
+ 0.03

Cl
l
0.5
0.4

Figure 5. Natural frequency and time constants of induction motor having

3.Z - 2
-

- | - -

- E -

+0.02
+0.01
0 t
a -0.01 -0.01
w

constants of those

shown infgure2 r=0.04

~20

2". -4
_
20

~ ~~~~a

0o
z

0L
z

/u

-0.2
0 1. QO

-0.03

Z%
w

-.4

cr

TIME CONSTANT
IN SECONDS

0) w

00

Iz

-o
l

0.4

a-w~ ~ ~L
z

4
6 -

0.2~ 0.40.0

10

lo

~ ~ ~ ~ ~0.4 ~1
.0.50.6

2
-

0.3

SIJ_J

z>.j

1244

agnerSelf-ccifaio o Idcion

Moos2IETRNACIN

1.2L.00 LLLL IL
1.0

.0- -

I I IMAXIMIUM STATOR RESISTANCE rs

-

/F
RESONATING

0.8 L
0.6 -

-8 - 0.6

/
0:1

{ {[| -F-8<( { +1 - - 1- - FREQUENCY

for other cases of instability, this particuXB= 0.40 lar type also can be alleviated by The ing the capacitor with a resistor. parallelso-. ^ l l l | \ ! / l ] 1 X |lution for this condition is given in the

I <aXMspecic case 3.24

=

sFiurecapacitance for must lieFor intermediate values of r8, f series 7. Effect of r =0O. between these two curves.
As pointed out by Butler and Concordia

<79FO m
I
_

_ 4 7/ c _ 0.6 0.C -_.- _ . . . .. F. - I A, / /

/

there is no series resistance in the stator. The results of calculations employing this r1jMX) ethod are given in figure 8, which gives the minimum resistance necessary to suppress resonance. Of course, as series reI I isistanceis added to the circuit, the minimum _

appendix

for the

special

case in which

0.4 -0.4

/ .

RESONATING FREQUENCY

0.2

0 /2

/ -

~~~~~~~FOR r5s 5

the magnitude given in figure 6, n parallel resistance is necessary. This corrective

method is particularly good because at

When the value of series resistance has reached th ieni 0 oaa

parallel resistance increases.

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 SERIES LINE CAPACITIVE REACTANCE XC cIN P. U.
a

by-passed but at the lower frequency of resonance sufficient current is by-passed to

prevent resonance effects. Utilizing the same general approach as that given for the development of equations 8 and 9 or that in appendix II, it is
resonance

system frequency so little of the current is

Note that in neither case did the motor tend to operate at point d, the point for which the curves of figure 2 indicated a solution in the dotted portion of the graphs. If the upper resonant speed is greater than 1.0, the rotor must lock in at the lower speed for all cases. Verification of the foregoing theory is presented in figure 4 which shows the rotor speed and stator current for the case (a) in which the rotor pulls in atthe resonant speed and (b) in which it passes through this speed and finally attains a speed corresponding to normal operating conditions with a small slip. In both cases the motor was operating at noload,

time to build up. If on the other hand the above conditions are not fulfilled, the locus may take a path, such as indicated by the dashed line, finally attaining the stable operating point q.

of the rotor. Thus zones II, IV, and VI must have upward components of motion of p. Similarly, points to the left of the load-torque curve tend to decelerate and have downward vertical components. The point p moves from a with an upward and leftward motion, the upward component becoming smaller and smaller as the loadtorque is approached. To the left of j (in zone III) the locus has a downward and leftward component, the leftward component decreasing with increasing time constant as the lower resonant speed line is approached at k. Following this reasoning it may be seen that the locus follows the spiral and reaches a stable point at b. The foregoing assumed that the inertia of the rotating part was quite high or that the power available for acceleration was low, so that the current had sufficient

the only difference in the two cases being that the applied voltage for (b) was about 3 per cent higher than for (a). In the former case it can be seen that the speed overshoots the final value and finally settles down to the resonant speed. It differs from the story depicted in figure 3 in that the resonant current changes so rapidly that only the components in zones IV and III are of importance. The oscillogram also shows that the resonant frequency component of the stator current is a maximum a short time after the speed is a maximum, which conforms to the expectations of the foregoing theory. As the speed in figure 4b reaches the resonant speed, the resonant frequency component of the stator current begins to build up and then decreases again as the speed exceeds the upper resonant speed.

for any particular value of series resistance. The same method can be extended further to cover any combination of resistors, reactors, and capacitors. Test Results In order to verify still further the correctness of the foregoing theory, tests were made upon a 220 volt, 7'/2 hp, threeXc
7

required to suppress

possible to calculate the

parallel resistor

Xs
A

Xr
M

"39-a
rr

General Results
By slight transformation, equation 10 can be rewritten as
__ f2X (12) I f (12 Xc f X1C J xc[ For specific values of XM/X, and XB/XC curves of rl/x, similar to that of r, in figure 2 can be plotted as functions of r. It is impossible for the circuit to resonate for x8/xc in excess of the maxima of these curves. These maxima, r,3(max.)/XB, are plotted in figuref6ias afunction of XC/XB and XM/XB. BothXB and xM include the external series reactance of the motor. Figure '7 gives the maxima of r8 for typical values of xMv and XB. In addition, the resonant frequency, f, corresponding to r(max.)is also given together with ffor

6 lx

- - - --

- - - -

01

- - - - 15 2011 --|- --

- _

lllllllllll lllllllllll
0.2

-|
0.4

Figure 8. Minimum parallel resistor, Rmin. be-. low which an induction motor with no series stator resisbance will not resonate

xd/x8

Thi 0.6

I.0

1941, VOL. 60

Wagner-Self-Excitation of Induction Motors

1245

phase, wound rotor induction motor. Power was supplied from a 100 kva, 2,200 volt generator. The generating voltage was stepped down from 2,200 to 220 volts by means of a 15 kw, three-phase transformer. Capacitors were connected in series in the 220 volt side. It was found that conditions of ferro-resonance were easily set up for this condition. Resistance representative of line resistance was then inserted in the 2,200 volt side of the circuit sufficient to suppress ferro-reso04

- _ _ __ 3

U..

mined by the system frequency characteristics of the motor. The variations in the curves of figure 9 are due to the effects of saturation. This may at first appear illogical in view of the fact that the maximum terminal voltage is only about 60 per cent of rated voltage. However, when it is recalled that the flux for a given amplitude of voltage varies inversely as the frequency, it may be seen that the influence of the resonant frequency voltage is very great. In addition, the effect of the resonant frequency voltage is not measured by the root-mean-square of the combined voltages but by the sum of the maximum values, the lower frequency being given greater weight inversely proportional to its frequency. -_. _ LThe break in the speed curve at 0.13 p.u. _ synchronous speed represents the lower SPEEDresonant speed. Below this point the speed is determined purely by the nature of the shaft load; the oscillograms show _ /

but the shaft load was increased. For the maximum load which still permitted the flow of a small resonant frequency current, the frequency for a voltage of 0.50 p.u. was 0.14. This compares favorably with the above value of 0.12 p.u. "frequency at the much lower voltage of 0.34 p.u. Fifty per cent voltage under no load from figure 9 produces a frequency of 0.19.
(b) CHANG1NG ROTOR RESISTANCE According to equation 11, the slip for fixed circuit constants is directly proportional to the rotor resistance. Figure 10 was plotted from data obtained for the 71/2 hp motor. For each point the voltage was decreased to the minimum value for which resonance still persisted so that the magnetizing impedance was as close as possible to the unsaturated value. The data indicates a substantial check with theory. These tests were niade with capacitors of 29 ohms and resistors of 44 _ ohms in the high side of the transformer.

_
-

..,,"'NATURAL

FREOUENCY

o0 . t
O

T <
0.2
0.3

._ _t _
0.1

. -0.4

T tl
j T
0.5

a _ zF _ _ us 0.17 0.4 ,w

I X
0.16

X-

-~ ~ ~ ~ ~0.60

O> S < AV- - _ -

(C) CHANGING CAPACITORS

of
With a 44 ohmi resistor in the high side the transformer the capacitors were

.3 -

-_
0

-S.Z 7-

changed with the results upon the natural

Y

'6 ]

TERMINAL VOLTS IN P. U.

0.E 04.0--

Figure 9. Variation of speed and natural frequencywithterminalvoltage nance. Additional resistance was at times placed in series in the low voltage side.

P0.4

U.~
0

0.l -

~-~ 1
I1
2 3

- -PEED
4

Oi
.ao
-

.
|oo

4 -

ROTOR RESISTANCE, r,,IN OHMS

(a) CHANGING APPLIED VOLTAGE

With 0.021 p.u. of capacitance and 0.071 p.u. of resistance in the high side and 0.16 p.u. of reactance in the low side of the transformer and the rotor shortcircuited, the applied voltage was varied with no load on the shaft except an unloaded d-c generator. From oscillograms it was possible to determine the natural frequency of the resonant currents. In figure 9 is plotted the speed and natural frequency as a function of voltage. It was impossible to obtain the data for the entire range by applying the voltage suddenly, since for the higher voltages, the motor accelerated through resonant speed to near synchronous speed. The results were ohtamned by first applying a moderate voltage and then after steady speed was attamned the voltage was increased gradually. According to the foregoing theory, the natural frequency and speed should be inldependent of the applied voltage, resonant current being limited only by the power input into the shaft for the particular speed and terminal voltage as deter-

Figure 10.

Effect of changing rotor resistance

- - - - CAPACITIVE
.

no evidence of resonant frequency currents. The minimum frequency at which currents were discernible was 0.12 p.u. In figure 9, as the applied voltage is in-

REACTANCE,

Xc,

-2 IN p. U.

Figure 11. Effect of capacitive reactance upon natural frequency for a particular case

creased the magnetizing impedance be- frequency shown in figure 11. Calculations indicated that the frequency should Likewise, the ratio xm XB decreases quite rapidly but XC/XB in- vary approximately as the square root of creases but slightly. Thus, the limiting xC. These tests verify this relation. values of r8, as determined from figure 6, decrease. Eventually, therefore, as the Ap d I Ge Izd A I. Anapplied voltage continues to increase the resistance in the stator finally becomes gu lar Velocity of Induction Motor With Series Capacitor greater than the limiting value corresponding to the changed constants. At The same procedure will be folthis point the slope of the speed.curve ~~~lowed as thatgeneral by Lyon2 and Ruiden. . a a . beused comes infniltely large and the speed in- berg 3 Figure 12 shows the schematic diacreases to the normal load speed near syn- gram of the induction motor. The symbols chronous speed and the resonance current are self-explanatory. The instantaneous ceases to flow. This corresponds to the culrrent, is, in the stator is observed facts. i =real part [ISe"t] For a given terminal voltage, as the =real part [18E(a+if)l] (Al) shaft load is increased, less power remains which 4. r . P available to .circulate resonant frequency ~~~~~in Is isvelocity, aand m is the generalized angular complex quantity whose real currents. Thus to check the effect of component determines the variation in saturation the circuit was left the same amplitude with time and whose imaginary
comes lower.

appendix

Generalized

1246

Wagner Self-Excitation of Induction

MIotors .AJEE TRANSACTIONS

component determines the angular velocity. In the rotor the current will be designated by

constants as a function of p. The other two roots of this equation are relatively unimportant because their real parts are nega-

Letting

i, =real part [Ire(m-jP)t]

(A2)

tive. Letting
m

Xs+Xm,=XM
xrxm
then the above equation becomes

(B3)

(B4)
2

For the stator the equation can be written

a+Xf xm+Xr
-

(rs+mls)IS+-Is+mM(IS+Ir) = 0 mC and for the rotor

(A3)

it can be

(A13) if TR seen from figure 4 that there are

two rotor speeds for which

[rr+ (m-jP)lr]Ir+ (m-jp) X M(Is+Ir) = 0 (A4)

Collecting terms

a is zero ( T= - ). The natural frequencies, f, corresponding to these two points are the values of f found from a solution of equation 8, and the speeds, p, are the corresponding values calculated from the slips, of equation 9.

(X,2+R2)

LR2+Xc
XMXB
xc2

X2

R2X -(Xm+XB) R

xMxM=O (B5)
4

R 2+x

This can be further reduced to the following

F,

XM2I-XB
XC

[mCr,+m2C(13+M) + 1]I,+

(m -jp)MIs+ [r7+ (m-jp) X

m2CMIr=0 (AS)

(Ir+M)IIr='0 (A6)

Resistance Appendix 11.Capacitor Shunted

C
If the resonant frequency, f, is unity, then considering the diagram from figure 8 the impedance of the resistor, R, and capacitance, x,, in series with x, is
2

x[ +X X2M Xj(
rs
is

XM+XB

2XMXB
is

+ X2 = t5 '2
r

XMXB

Solving equations A3 and A4 for m, there results

[(IS+ M) (Jr+ M) - M2] Cm3+ [rr (ls+ M) + rss(lr+M)-jPI (Is+-M) (lr+M)-M0 2H]Cm2+ [rrrsC+ (Ir + M) -jpr2C(lr+ M)] m +

1s+ c
FREQUENCY OF

dr

-jR2X,

[rr-jp(lr+M)]=0

(A7)

R2+XC2

FR- j XOR

ROTATION=Jp

quency and
=Xs

Now let wo be equal to 2rr times system fre-

is=(A8)

(A8)

l,=x(A9
M=

Jxm 2 X,2+jX- R + XC 1 R2+XC22 L

and taking rr+jxr in series, there is obtained ] [ f RXC2

Upon paralleling this impedance with jx,,,

Figure 12. Schematic diagram of induction

motor with series capacitor

by f and dividing xc everywhere by f, there

results

Upon multiplying all inductive reactances

D21 S+j[ R2XC2

Rx

iX.iXc

s+Xm-RI
L

R2 XC

21 r~~~~4-jX~~=O 2_2X I

[1-flXM+XB XXMXl/R\) +1,

Xc

Xm
(A)
1

(A10)
(All)

(Al)

Equating the imaginary component to zero

xm,p'

K 1

f2) f2 XMc XXXM JXB f4XcXc

_MX

X 0\2 XM+BrM =/
0

+
(B6)

C= 1 Cox

p will be expressed as a fraction of co. Then Equation A7 becomes Equation ~ ~ ~ t ASX" 0eoe I(Xs+Xm)(xr+Xr)- X,2] ) +[rr(X84Xm) +
rs(xr+xm) -jP (Xs+ Xm) (Xr+ Xm)
m\2
-)
-

XS-Rx2 2 R R C2Xc Xr +X1 \2+ X,2/ RXC2 R2XC FXXmr R2+ X2 ] Xr j(\R2XC2 L
(

2+

tX

J (B

This equation provides the relation from which the results of figure 8 were obtained.

(+ X
This equation reduces to

c)2 } =0 (Bi)
1.

References
PROBLEMS, J. W. Butler and C. Concordia. AIEE RANSACTIONS, volume 56, 1937 (August section),
volume 42, 1923, pages 3. ELECTRISCHE SCHALTVORGANGE (a book), R. Rudenberg. Julius Springer, Berlin, 1926, page
ANALYSIS OF SERIES CAPACITOR APPLICATION

Xm2 }] X

+[rmrS(Xr+Xrn)XC-jPrs(Xr+Xm)lX
m

(XC2+R2) R2+
(

TX-Xm)

--+[rr-jP(xr+xm)]xc=O (A12)

Xrxm N]\ R2Xc ) Xs+ Xm+xr/J R2+XC2 + (Xs + Xm) X

AIEE CHINERY, W. V. Lyon. 157-76. TRANSACTIONS,

2.

TRANSIENT

CONDITIONS

IN

ELECTRIC MA-

Figure 5 gives the solution of the significant root of this equation for particular

xs+ XM+Xo/ =0 (B2)

Xrxm r m

78.

1941, VOL. 60

Wagner-Self-Excitation of Induction Motors

124'7