Resmi N.G. Reference: Digital Image Processing Rafael C. Gonzalez Richard E.

Woods

What is a digital image?

An array of real or complex numbers represented by a finite number of bits.

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What is digital image processing?

Processing of a two dimensional image using a computer. Digital processing of any two dimensional data for storage, transmission and machine perception.

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Three Types of Processing

Low-Level
Both inputs and outputs are images. Involves primitive operations such as image preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening.

Middle-Level
Inputs are images; Outputs are attributes extracted from images. Involves image segmentation (partitioning image into regions), classification or recognition of individual objects.

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High-Level
Working with recognized objects as in image analysis. eg; automated analysis of text
I. II. III. IV.

V.

Acquiring image of area containing the text. Preprocessing Segmenting individual characters. Describing characters in a form suitable for computer processing. Recognizing the individual characters.

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Origin of Image Processing

One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the newspaper industry. Early 1920s- Introduction of The Bartlane Cable Picture Transmission system. Pictures were sent by submarine cable between London and New York. 5 distinct levels of grey.

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1929: Levels of grey increased to 15.

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1964: Pictures of moon transmitted by Ranger7 were processed using computers to correct various types of image distortion.

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Applications of DIP
Medical applications-to study X-ray images.

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Geographic Information Systems-to study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite images.

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Astronomy

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Applications classified based on their sources of energy

Electro-magnetic spectrum (gamma rays with highest energy to radio waves with lowest energy)

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Gamma-ray Imaging
Radioactive isotope emits positrons while it decays. Gamma rays are given off when a positron hits an electron. These are detected and image is created.

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X-ray Imaging
X-rays are generated using an X-ray tube(vacuum tube with a cathode and an anode).

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Imaging in Ultra Violet Band

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Imaging in Visible and Infrared Bands

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Remote sensing applications

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Other areas of application

Microwave band Radar (explores inaccessible regions of earths surface) Radio band in medicine(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and astronomy Acoustic Imaging (mineral and oil exploration over land and water) Synthetic Imaging Archaeology Physics Biology Defense Industry Machine perception
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

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Image acquisition
Involves preprocessing such as scaling

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Image Enhancement
Brings out details that are obscured. Highlights certain features of interest in an image.

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Image Restoration
Improves appearance of an image Based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image degradation.

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Colour Image Processing

Colour is used to extract features of interest in an image.

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Wavelets and Multiresolution Processing

Wavelets are used:
for representing images in various degrees of resolution for data compression pyramidal representation

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Compression
Reduces the storage required to save an image or bandwidth required to transmit it.

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Morphological Processing
Tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation and description of shape of image. eg; boundary extraction.

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Segmentation
Partitions image into its constituent parts or objects.

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Representation and description

Output of segmentation stage - Raw pixel data(either the boundary of a region or the region as a whole). Choosing a representation - one step in transforming raw data into form suitable for computer processing. Description(feature selection) deals with highlighting features of interest.

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Object Recognition
Assigning labels to objects based on its descriptors.

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Image Representation
Each digital image consists of a finite number of elements called picture elements or pixels. Each pixel has a particular location and value. Image representation concerns with charaterization of the quantity that each pixel represents.
Luminances of objects Absorption characteristics of body tissue Radar cross-section of target Temperature profile of a region
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Definition for a Digital Image

Any two dimensional function that bears information is considered an image. An image is defined as a two-dimensional function f(x,y), where x and y are spatial coordinates. Amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called intensity of image at that point. When x, y and amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, the image is called a digital image.

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Knowledge Base

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Knowledge about the problem domain. Details regions of an image where information of interest is known to be located. Advantage: limits the search. Controls the interaction between modules.

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Components of an Image Processing System

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Image Acquisition
Two elements:
Image sensors Digitizer Image sensor Physical device that is sensitive to the energy radiated by the object we wish to image. Digitizer Converts sensing device output to digital form.

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Specialized Image Processing Hardware

High speed front end subsystem. Two elements:
Digitizer Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations in parallel on entire images. eg; averaging images for noise reduction.

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Image Processing Software

Consists of specialized modules that perform specific tasks. User can write code utilizing these specialized modules.

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Mass Storage
A must for image storage Image of size 1024 x 1024 pixels in which intensity of each pixel is an 8-bit quantity requires 1 MB of storage space. 3 categories: Short-trem (during processing) Online storage (for fast access) Archival (infrequent access, massive storage)
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Short-term:
Computer memory Frame buffers

Online:
Magnetic disks Optical media

Archival:
Magnetic tapes Optical disks

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Image Displays
Color TV monitors

Hardcopy devices
Laser printers, cameras, heat-sensitive devices.

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Thank You

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