TrendsinworkingwithCADdrawingsasarchitecturalgraphics. architectStelaBorisovaTasheva, PhDStudent,InstituteofArtStudies,BulgarianAcademyofScience; email:stelabt@gmail.

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Realtimegraphiccomputermodelingisfirstlyusedinmilitaryindustryinthelate 1950s.AccordingtoBozdoc,(2003)anearlyexampleforthistechnologyisSAGEa systemfortrackingandinterceptingenemyaircraft.Itdepictsradarsdataabouttheair environmentonscreenswheretheinformationiscoveredinrealtime. ForarevolutionarystepinthedevelopmentofCADsoftwareiswidelyconsidered SketchpadaprogramdevelopedbyIvanSutherlandin1963aspartofhisdissertation.It presentsnewinteractivemanmachinerelationshipandlaysthefoundationsofobject orientedprogramming.Theprogramisdesignedtodrawthe'electrical,mechanical, scientific,mathematical,andanimateddrawings'andusessketchesdrawndirectlyona displaybyalightpen.(Dalakov,2011) Inthe60sgraphicprogramsareprogressingintwomaindirections.D.E.Weisberg (2008,pp.28,9),alongtimedeveloperofCADsoftwaresaysthat'automotivecompanies suchasRenaultandFordfocusedonthemathematicaldefinitionofcomplexsurfaceswhile othercompanies,suchasLockheedCaliforniafocusedonimprovingdraftingproductivity.'One ofthefirstcommercialproductsforthearchitecturaldesignisDigigraphicsofItek,which hadtobeinstalledonaspecialdeviceEDM(ElectronicDrawingMachine).Parallel programsappearbyIBM(DAC1)andGeneralMotors. ListofarchitecturalCADprogramsinclude:Autodesk(AutoCAD,Architectural Desktop,Revit,3DSMax),DassaultSystemes(CATIA),Graphisoft(Archicad),Google (Sketchup),Nemetchek(AllplanBIM),SiemensPLMSolutions,Rhinoceros(Rhino3D), GehryTechnologies(DigitalProject,Designer),BentleySystems(GenerativeComponents), andmany,manyothers.Asacommonpracticenewversionsoftheseprogramsarenow introducedonceayear.AdditionallythereexistalotofinternalCADsoftwareproductsin aviationandautomotivecompanies.Accordingtotheirwebsitearticle,inthe80s Skidmore,Owings&Merrill(SOM,2011)weredevelopinganarchitecturalsoftwareof theirown(AES),butnowmostofSOMprojectsareimplementedbyBIMtechnology.As wecanseeinAutodeskPressReleasesArchive(2005),theirprojectFreedomTower officiallyadoptedthestandarduseofAutodeskRevitPlatform. Thisreportispartoftheauthor'sPhDthesis'Semioticsofarchitecturalgraphics'. Furtherinthestudyweshallexaminearchitecturalgraphicsasacomprehensivevisual languagewithcomplexexpressionsystemsonseverallevels,neededinagreatnumberof communicationevents. CAD(ComputerAidedDesign)willbeusedmarking'anysystemorprocessusing computertohelpcreateoreditaproject'.(Graf,1999,pp.93) Theaimofthereportistoshowtrendsanddirectionsincomputingpracticein architecturaldesign,consideringcurrenttechnologyandworkmethods.Itinvestigates draftingbyhandandbycomputerasaprocessandcomparesoperationsincreationand useofarchitecturalgraphicsinbothways.

Wewillexaminetrendsinworkwithcomputergraphicsasaconsequenceofthree aspects:traditionsofhandmadegraphics,developmentofcomputertechnologyhardware andsoftware,andevolutionofformsofinteractionbetweenmanandmachine.Weshall alsoexploresomefeaturesofcreatingandeditingofCADgraphics. Thescheme1,onfigure1,exploresdesignchangeswhilecreatinganarchitectural project.IttracesthenumberofversionscreatedforachosendesigninasmallBulgarian architecturalofficenowadays.(Itisexpectedthatinlargeroffices,withmoreparticipants andcontrolstagesoverdesignprojects,versionsareevenmore.)Itisalsopossiblethat thequantityofdesignversionsvariesadditionally,accordingtotheworkmethodusedina studio,customers'budgetandwishes,andthespecificlegalframework,soletsassume thatthisschemeillustratessomeofthemostcommonoccasions. Weshallfollowtheprojectversionsasshownonscheme1.Atfirstwesuspectthat designstartswithatleastthreeideaprojectswhichexploredifferentsolutionsforthe futurebuilding.(Ofcourse,someexperiencedarchitecturalmastersarepossibletocreate adesignfollowingasingletailormadeopportunity,andinothercasesstudioshold internalcompetitionsandcreateatleast10variantsofpossiblesolutions.)Anew(fourth) versionoftheprojectiscreatedafterthemaindesignideaischosen.Thisisakindof upgradeoftheselectedprojectwithappropriateelementsoftheothertworejected developments.Thesefourversionsareinconceptualdesignphase.Afterwardsin technicalphase,theprojecthastoberechecked,accordingtothelegalframeworkand theinitialcustomerswishes,and,yes,afifthoptionisformed.Then,aftercoordinating andfullyedgingtheprojectcharacteristicswithclients,anewdesignversion(sixth)is usuallystored.Twoothervariantswithchangesappearafterconsultationwith supervisionandengineeringspecialtiestocompletethetechnicalphase.Andaworking draftclearingdetails,whichareusedinconstruction,istheninthversion.(Again,anelite professionalcoulddiminishthenumberofdesignversions,ashecouldpredictthe engineeringstructureorthesupervisorpointofview,butthatishardtohappeneach time,andforeachproject.)Atanystageofdrafting,itispossiblethattheprojecthastobe returnedtoanearlierpointandturnedintoanewversionbecauseofanytechnology problems,budgetsolutionsorchangesofcustomerwishes.And,ofcourse,suchchanges andshiftsbackcanhappenseveraltimes.Followingthatscheme,onecouldsaythat usuallyinthecommunicationbetweendesigners,drafters,investors,customers, specialties,communityengineersandsupervisorsinBulgariacirculateatleastnine versionsofaprojectwhichhavetobecoordinated.Effectivehandlingofthesenine(or more)versionsiscrucialfortheaccuracyandadequacyofthefinalarchitecture. Asarchitecturalpracticemarketpredicatesmoreandmorerapidspeedofdesign creating,manystudiosaresearchingawaytosplitdesigninganddraftingoperationsand usemorehumanpowertoaccomplishthem.Adrafter(anarchitecturalstudentora draftingspecialist)iscommonlyusedintechnicalphase.Hisjobistheaccuratetechnical drawingofideaarchitecturalsketches.AtfirstCADsoftwarefunctionistosimulatea mechanicaldrafter.Today,weuseCADinthreeareasofthedesignprocess:asaspeed draftinghelp,asamathematicaltoolforcreatinguniquegeometry,andasanetworking device. Letsinvestigatethemainmomentswhiledrawingoneprojectversion.Ifwedraw

byhand,therearefouroperationsintheprocess:thinkingoveranidea,drawingiton paper,evaluatingtheresultandtheneditingoftheideaifnecessary.(figure1,scheme 2)Thismethodofdesigning,drawingandperceivinggraphicsisformedhistoricallyinthe architecturalgraphicscultureandisstillsuccessfullyused. WhenoneusesCADsoftwareasamechanicaldraftercombinedwiththe traditional,manualwaysofdesigning,onemoreadditionaloperationinthedrawing processappears.Thisisdataenteringinthecomputer.(figure1,scheme3).Theauthor firstthinks,sketcheshisidea,thenheorsomebodyelseisenteringthedatainthe computer.Themachinedoesallthegeometricmodelingandvisualizestheproducton screenorbyprinting,sotheauthorcanevaluatethedesignanddosomeedits.(Often editsarefirstsketched,thenentered.)Atfirstthismethodofworklooksperfect creativepartisdonebyhand,technicalfasterandmoreprecisewithamachine.Itis alsopossible(andisacommonpractice)tocombineworkwithhandandworkon computerinanyother,moreconvenientcollagesofprocesses.Butasthissystemis mixed,itisslowtocontroledits,andthereexistanumberoftranslationproblemswhen datacreatedbyhandcannotbeenteredinthecomputerunchanged. TheotherwaytodesigniswithCADandCADonly.Again,asinthedrawingby handtherearefouroperationsintheprocessthinking,dataentering(orusingamore intuitivewayforenteringinteracting),evaluatingandediting.(figure1,scheme4)Using computerinearlystagesofdesignasasketchingtoolneedsalotofpracticeandquite goodknowingofthesoftwareproducts. AsnoticesbySchankSmith(2005,pp.2)sketchingoflinesonpaperassumes specificbodilybehaviour:movingofhandsandfollowingthesemovementsbyeyes,so drawinglinesbasicallysuggesttheideaofmovement.Anotherexampleofperceiving differenceswhiledrawinganddataenteringisshownonfigure2.Scheme1onfigure2 showsademonstrationoflawofcontinuity,oneofthegestaltlawsofperceptual organization.Thelowholdsthatgroupsofelementsseemtobeconnectedbylineswhich areseeninawaythatfollowsthesmoothestpath.Thelinesthatareformedalsolookto continueoutsidethedrawingarea.Onscheme2,3and4onfigure2wecanseehow similarlinesaredrawnbyhand,enteredonscreenasnumbersoreditedininteracting waytoredefineashape.Perceptionofcontinuitydiffersinallthethreeschemes.The cognitivevaluesofdrawingarenowasubjectofexaminationbyvariousneuroscientists, butaspointedbytheartsteacherBettyEdwards(1999,pp.4),'drawingabilityseemsto be,inpartatleast,anabilitytomakeashiftinbrainstatetoadifferentmodeof seeing/perceiving.'Thisisevenmoreimportantwhenitcomestodesignwithdrawings, andwhensketchingturnsintoawayofthinking. Basedontheseschemesofdrawingprocesseswecanassumetwodirectionsin CADdeveloping: asaconvenienthelperindigitizingworkdonebyhand,orassoftwarewhichideal perceiveingisanimitationofhandgraphics asaindependentdrawingtool,withitsownperceiving,draftingcultureand development. Ofcourseonesoftwareproductcanincludebothdirectionsinitsstrategy. Oneofthefirstattemptstosavegraphicinformationwithjustverbaltoolsare

Ptolemy'scelestialmaps.Asitwasnotpossibleforhimtoillustratehismanuscripts (dictatedsimultaneouslytoscribes)withequalimages,hecreatedaformalrecording systembywhicheachownerofamanuscriptisabletoillustrateitalone.Onenowcould saythatthistypeofformal(verbal)recordisthebasisofcomputermodeling. CADsoftwareusesmachinelanguagestomakeaformalrecordofageometric modelandanyofitsedits.Animportantsemanticfeatureofthisrecordisitsfull coresponceonemachinetermcorrespondsexactlytoonespatialsolution.Lateronthis onesolutionisalteredwitheditsanddetailing.Onthecontrarywhileworkingbyhand,a planorsideviewmaysatisfymanyvariantsofspatialsolutions,untilalltheelementsof theprojectdrawingsaresettled.Thereforethehandmadeplanisinitiallymulticiphered asviewsandformsandinthedesignprocessallpossilblevariantsofitsimplementation dropout,onebyone,whilethefullsetofdraftingdocumentsiscompleted.Thisleadsto highspeedofmanualdesignatthebeginningasonedonothastolimitandgive characteristicsofanyprimarychoices.Alsothismeansalowspeedinfinalstagesof editing,becauseelementsmustbecompletelyredrawnifchanged.Conversely,when workingwithcomputergraphicsoneachievessmalloriginalspeedatideaphase,because alltheparametersofthedataaretobedefined,butlateralldesiredmodificationsand editsatthetechnicalandfinaldrawaremademuchfaster. Usuallyinpracticeitispossibletocompensatetheslowerdesignspeedof manuallydraftingwitharepetitionofelementsandstructuresinthebuilding,whichare tobedrawnonceandmarkedonsomeschemesasidenticalafterthat.Evenfully preparedindustrialunificationwithstandarddesignsisusedinsomebigoffices.The designspeedsarealsocomparableifabsolutelyuniqueobjectsarecreated.Ontheother hand,incomputermodelingonceanobjectisdone(orentered)itcanbemadealibrary andspreadinmanyprojectsanditcanbeusedrepeatedlybythesystemmucheasier.In additionCADsoftwareisgettingspecializedinraisingupslightlydifferingvariationsof elementsandstructures,whichenrichthebuildingspaces,andaremuchmoreslowerto bedrawnbyhand. LetsexaminesomefeaturesofcreatingCADgraphicsasanindependentexpressive visualform.Themaincharacteristicofcomputinginallareas(includingarchitectural graphics)istheeaseofcloning(coping)elementsandpartsofthedesign.InCADsoftware, particularlyeffectiveversionofcopyingistheuseoffullypreparedlibrariesofelements. Furthermorereadyclasses(families)oflibraryelementswithmodifiableparametersare introduced,andarenowdevelopingandimplementing.Theseoptionsincreasethe drawingspeedintimesandbegintoaffectthedesignitself:theeasymanipulationof parametersisaprerequisitetoexplorationandconceptualintentionaluseofreiterations inmorecomplexandfascinatingschemes,combinationsandprogressions.Architectureas modelingwithclassesofelements,whilemodifyingtheircomponents,isabasisoftheso calledparametricdesign.AccordingtotheEncyclopediaofPCMagazin,parametric modelingis'usingthecomputertodesignobjectsbymodelingtheircomponentswithreal worldbehaviorsandattributes...Parametricmodelersoftwarealsoprovidestabularviews ofthecomponents(partslist,doorschedule,windowschedule,etc.)andmaintainstheir associationwithotherviewsofthemodel.'Soparametricdesignasastylisticmanifest (alsoknownasdigitalorgenerativearchitecture)usesarchitecturalmodelingentirely

basedonvariationsofbuildingcomponents.(Sometimesthosetermsinmorenarrow senseareassociatedwiththeuseofparametricelementsandobjectsdevelopedwiththe assistanceoftheRhinocerosandGrasshopper.) Furthermorecomputergraphicsisusednotonlyasadesigntool,butasahighly acurategeometricdescriptionofaspatialobject,readytobeproduced.Thusithasa directapplicationinCAM(ComputerAidedManufacturing).CADmodeledobjects,even suchwithhighlycomplexformscanbeelaboratedthroughcomputercontrolledprocess ofdelineatingelements,fullcasting,3Dprintingandlasercutting.Theassembling operationsforsuchobjectscanalsobecontrolledbycomputer.Particularlyinteresting studyinthisdirectioncanbeseeninthereportofTr.AlHaddad(2008),aboutthe2007 seminarheldinGeorgiaTech,whichexaminessomeoptionsforparametricmodulationof highgradeconcreteinordertocreateelementsofabrickwall. AnotherapplicationofCADproductsistheirdirectinvolvingwiththebuilding structuresandappearancewiththerealtimecontrolsystems.FirstlyCADisusedtocreate abuildingmodelandtosimulatesomepartsofitsbehaviorinorderoffindingbest technologysolutions.Laterwhenthebuildingisconstructed,itsrealelementsare actuatedandcontrolledwithcomputer.Somedifferentcasesofusingrealtimecontrol systemsinarchitecture,astheDigitalWaterPavilioninZaragozaareshownbyRatti (2011). TheprogressofCADtechnologyasanimitationofworkbyhandhappensinseveral ways.ExistingonpapergraphicscanbeimportedinCADthroughtheuseofdigitizersfor vectorgraphics,orbyscanneddirectlyhandsketches,images,photosandcollages. Anotheroptionsarecreatedbydevelopingvariousfreehandtools,softwaresolutionsthat aretrackinghandmovementsandanumberoftouchscreendevicesthroughwhicha manualsketchcanberecordedasrasterorvector.Rasterprogramsandtwodimensional computersketchesarewidelyusedtocreatesuccessfulartisticgraphicstudies.Thereare lotsofoptionsforincorporatingsuchprogramsortheirabilitiesinarchitecturalsoftware: AutocadRasterDesign,Scan2CADandmanyothers.Also,cognitivecharacteristicsof sketching,especiallysensingoftheeyemovementcanbesomehowrecreatedby integrating3Dviews,camerasandanimationsinthearchitecturalsoftware.Thereare alsopossibilitiesforusing3Dgamesdevelopmenttoolsforfasterandmoreintuitive creating(orreviewingasinShiratuddin&Thabet,2011)ofbuildingstructures,asthe createdintheSchoolofConstructionattheUniversityofSouthernMississippiBuildITC4 softwarethatisbasedontheC4Enginegamesdevelopmenttools.(Shiratuddinand Fletcher,2007).Anothertrendinthisdirectionisfavoring3Dsketchingtoolsthatallow quickintuitiveconstructionofconceptualmodelswhenscreeningthesolutions. Itisknownthatcomputertechnologyhasoneofthefastestevolutiontoday. ApplicationsofCADsoftwarearechangingovertime,notonlybythenotionsofsoftware developersandarchitecturaldesignersbutalsobynewtechnologicalconceptsabout computersandworkwiththem.OneofthefirstideasforcreatingCADgraphicsistheuse ofspecializedhardware:digitizers,tablets,scanners,plottersandmostofallacomputer modeledasdesignstationtoperformcertainoperationsinvisualizationofobjectsthe best.Thisconceptisstillgenerallyvalid,moreorlesswiththehardwareprofiling recommendedbysoftwaredevelopers.SystemrequirementsforCADgraphicscanbe

moregeneralthantheneedsofaspecificprograms:theycanbespecializedfor3D visualizations,gameenvironment,architectureorindustrialdesign,animationandvideo, orasstationforretouchingandprocessingofhighqualitytwodimensionalgraphics.But alongwiththis,theideaofaPCisprocessedtheideaofanaffordableandrelatively powerfulcomputerthatcaneasilycarryalmostallgraphicsoperations.Thisbroaden accessturnstheuseofcomputerintocommonhomeorofficetoolandcausesagreat simplificationoftheinterfaceandtheingenuousnessofoperations.Thuslightersoftware packagesareachievedandcomputerswerepromotedinmoreandmoreareasofhuman activity.TheCADgraphiccapabilitieswereintroducedtoabiggerpublicwithsimplified andfreetoolsliketoday'smyHouseandDesignWorkshopLite,orareavailableonlinelike theirheirsMyDeco3DRoomPlanner,Plan3D,Homestylerorothers.Mostofthe companiesintheinteriordesignindustryalsocreateafreedesignertooloperatingwith theircommercialcatalog'sandpromotingtheirproducts. Creationofcomputergraphicsisconceptuallyshiftedonemoretimewhen networkpotentialwasbeingexplored.Networkofferseitherlinksbetweenequalplayers inthedesignprocess,orstructuresmadeofspecializeddesignserversandsmaller terminalsconnectedtothem.Thisrequirestheelaborationofnetworkingrulesdefining sharingorder,rightstomodifyinformationandspecialprotocolsforgroup communication.Differentmethodsforsimultaneousoperatingbynumberofarchitectural designersinonefileareproposed.Therearealsodevelopmentsofacommonplatform whichistobeusedbyallinvolvedinthedesignprofessionalsarchitects,engineersand technologists.Thisworksintwodirections:firstallthetechnologyelementscanbe controlledandconsistentwiththearchitecturedesign,andsecondsomeofthem(like solarpanels)canbeeasilyintroducedasnewpartsofthearchitecturalpalettes.Versions ofsuchaplatformexistinseveralarchitecturalprogramsasBIM(BuildingInformation Modeling)concept.Besidescoordinatingthefinalmodelbyallthespecialists,BIM technologyprovidessimulationsofsomeaspectsofthereadybuildingbehavior. AccordingtoZeiger'sarticle(2009),PaulSeletsky,seniormanagerofdigitaldesigninthe NewYorkofficeofSOM,statesthat'adoptingBIMrequiresadoptingBIMculturea newwayofthinkingaboutbuildingdesignbasedonperformance,notjustform.Italso requiresadifferentkindofpractitioner,onewhocanshapeshiftbetweenthedesignand technicaldemandsofanyproject.'Byhisopinionthisshouldbeanadditionalexpertan architectwhoknowsthebasicarchitecturalprogramsandiscapable'tolookcriticallyand holisticallyontheproject.'Thisspecialistisoftentobeincludedinseveraldesigningteam atthesametime. StandartizedworkwithBIMinnetworkingprotocolgreatlyincreasesproductivity ofarchitecturalstudios,designteams,andtheentireconstructionindustry. PerhapsthenextlevelofnetworkingwithgraphicsinCADsystemwillbe developedinsomeoncomingtechnologylikeworkinacloud.Acloudisdesignedasa networkfocusedonseveralhightechclusters,equippedandsupportedbysoftware developerswithastandardizedCADprogram,andavailabletroughInternetwithvarious devices.Workinginthecloudwillbepaidasaservicesubscription.Littleprivateclouds alreadyexistsuchastheoneofLittleDiversifiedArchitecturalConsulting,describedby France(2010).Themainideaofcloudnetworkis:accessanywhereandanytime,which

suggestsasinglegraphicstandardusedfordesigningandrecordingdatabyallrelevant digitalappliance,includingmobilenetwork.Allpowerfulsystemresourcesfordrafting, visualizationandpresentationontheotherhandwillbefocusedinthecloud,sameasthe storageandinformationmanagement,andsoftwareadministration.Astepinthis directionistheapplicationAutoCADWSAndroid,announcedfirstbyDexignerNetwork (2011)whichenablesusersofAutodesksoftwaretoview,editandsharetheirprojects freethroughmobileWebbrowsersanddevices. Onecouldassumethatadditionalhardwarecomfortforworkincloudwouldbea systemwithsixthsensedescribedbyMistry(2010).Itincludesaprojectingapplianceand asmall,portableinterfacethatistracking(withaminicamera)humangestures.The technologyenablesustousehandmovementsforinteractionwithscreenimages projectedonanyexistingsurface.Theprojectionscanshoweitherinformationwindow, keyboard,ordrawingscreenandthankstothecameratracingtheycanbeaccessedwith handsasifwithamousedevice.Andalsotheideathatadrawingdetailorsilhouettecan beprojectedeasilyinarealsize,onarealplaceandthenredrawnisfascinating.Thesixth sensesoftwareinterfaceallowsaccesstotheInternetandcanbemanagedbyaserverin anetwork.Itisbelievedthatthistechnologywillentermassmarketin2020. Computertechnologyisfirstlydevelopedasareliefforcertainmathematicalor technicaloperations,butitcreatesitsownspecificmethodologyofwork.Therearea greatnumberofreportsofwhatsomechosenCADprogramsarecapableof,and somehowtheiroriginaluseconceptremainsinthebackground.CADsoftwareis upgradingsorapidthatitisquitehardtobeassimilatedontimeinthearchitectural education,ortobehandledinarchitecturalpractice.Ontheotherhandsomepartsofits technologygetoldordropoutfromusealmostimmediatelyaftertheirintroducing.So theinformationstoredwiththemisgettingunreachable,andthetimeandeffortspentfor theirlearningislostinvain.Yetthereisnocommonpracticefordealingwithallnew possibilitiesandproblems. WecanconcludethatthemaintrendofworkwithCADgraphicstodayismuch morethefullutilizationofnewhardwareandsoftwaretechnologies,ratherthan facilitatingthemanualdrawinginthedesignorimitationofhandworkwithgraphics.Thus itisimportanttomaintaintheinformationaboutpreviouslyexistingtraditionsin architecturaldesignandthewaysofcognitiveperceptionoftheprojectedobject. Developmentsinthisareaareyettocome. Intheendweshallemphasizethemassiveinfluxofcomputertechnologybothin designandinourdailylives.CADgraphicsgoesmoreandmoreimportantnotonlyasa worktoolfordesignersbutasavisuallanguagesharedbyallparticipantsinadesign process:clients,investors,public,authorities,engineeringspecialties,manufacturers.CAD softwareevolveswithanextremeprogressspeed,butitspalettesofnewpossibilities requiresdifferentarchitecturaltrainingandnewwaystoorganizethearchitectural informationanddesignpractice.StillunderstandingofdesignprocesseswithCAD softwareisnecessaryforparticipatinginthefutureofarchitecturalindustryandevenof ourwholesociety.

Figure1.Variantsofcreatedindesignprocess;Operationsindesigningonlybyhand,by CADorusingbothofthetools.

Figure2.DemonstrationofLawofContinuityinperceptionandexamplesofperceiving whiledrawingbyhand,enteringdataandinteracting.

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