The Twenty-Fourth KKCNN Symposium on Civil Engineering December 14-16, 2011, Hyogo, Japan

Multi-Objective Optimization For Combination of Green Building Components Po-Han Chen1, Chan Long2,
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Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan(R.O.C) pohanchen@ntu.edu.tw, r99521717@ntu.edu.tw

ABSTRACT Recently, a novel construction idea is increasingly at rage in architecture field---Green Building, which refers to a building which is built without great consumption of natural and energy resources, nor will it produce much unwanted waste material during its life cycle, and such an idea is regarded to be adopted from the early stage such as choosing materials and design to the stage of construction, management and even demolition. In other word, the main difference between a traditionally built building and Green Building is we expect the future buildings can have great contribution to the environment, energy depletion, reduction of waste and the whole human civilization to name a few. To fulfill the achievements, however, we need to pay price for it, namely a higher cost. Thus, it is considered that cost-benefit must be taken into account are we going to make an investment in new measures which improve the state of constructions. In this way, Life-cycle costs(LCC), which is a quantitative evaluation for viable investments economically and financially, can provide the investors or operators with the best suggestions over the cost-benefit. It is all well known that the consumption of energy is the second most expensive cost after a building is finished, and comes into operation, and now we can use the financial profit from LCC to conserve energy like other green buildings in the market which are eco-friendly. And as it was mentioned just now, the cost of the green building is higher than the traditional building, but due to the energy consumption during their life cycle is responsible for the second most expenditure, the extra cost should be able to be neutralized by the advantage of less energy consumption. (see Lauren Bradley Robichaud et al. 2011) There is also a catch, however, that is what if the habitation owner has a limited budget or he/she has a requirement for the capability of the energy saving system? Under these situations, what project should the owner choose to meet the cost-benefit or to conserve the most energy efficiently? Green building or traditional building? Therefore, first of all, this essay is to propose to use BIM to make a construction model first and estimate what the approximate cost of the building is. Secondly, we use software to analyze the yearly energy cost through the model. Thus, with these two software, we can obtain information about what are the best components and materials for different building and provide owners with greater advice. INTRODUCTION Generally, every single construction material has miscellaneous assortments for different construction projects, which will result in different cost, and customers usually choose the cheapest one. However, it is not that simple in green building because customers will also take life cycle cost into consideration, requiring a low-energy consumption and low construction cost project. Unfortunately, these two aims clashes with one another, so we need an effective method to offer directory assistance to our customers. Based on this aim, this essay is going to study BIM and other energy consumption analysis software, looking for parameters which influence a variety of costs over constructions and proposing suggestions for customers to choose what project suits them best. LCCA The analysis of life cycle cost mainly focuses on all costs and profits involved in the whole building life-cycle period, estimating products price with a rather practical way. However, this method is not perfect yet as this kind of technology is still not mature enough and it is little commonly used so far. The cost related to construction is separated into three kinds in buildings life cycle(see Sieglinde Fuller 2005): initial construction cost, operation cost (energy consumption and energy maintenance), demolition cost, replacement cost and residual values. (see Sieglinde K Fuller et al.1995)At present, the main
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Professor Graduate student

culprit for people to see if green building is worth being invested in still highly depends on the extra cost needed for the construction stage, plus how efficient the energy saving system is. (see Greg Kats et al. 2003) As a matter of fact, according to the information from studies over the cost for building life cycle, the cost for constructing and maintaining are both accounting for the majority. Moreover, as mentioned in GRAHAM IVEs thesis(see Graham Ive 2006), it is believed that provided that the loan cost is excluded, then the operation cost will surpass the initial construction cost. This fact is also consistent with the examples found in studies about building life cycle. So upon further analysis, it is found that after the calculation of the cost, the ratio of the operation cost to the initial construction cost is between 1:3 and 1:1.5. (see Sheet 1) Thus, this essay is going to probe into these two costs, pinpointing the problems so that we can have a clear understanding of the value of green building.

Sheet 1. ICC OC ratio of LCC BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING(BIM) BIM stands for Building information modeling and Building information model, a process which generates and manages construction information during its life cycle, and this process will produce a BIM product which is an object-orientated CAD system. The system embodies two concepts; they are virtual building and project database. These two concepts additionally encompass building geometry, spatial relationships, geographic information, quantities and properties of building components and all other information related to construction.(see Ghang Lee et al. 2005, Ian Howell et al. 2005) As mentioned before, there is a fundamental difference in design between a green building and a traditional building, so what customers are mainly concerned about is the extra cost put in during the initial construction, such as setup of a sun shading board, modification of window types and a heat-proof roof to name a few. Thus, we can work out the initial construction cost and other construction aspects to get the best analysis through operating BIM. ENERGY SIMULATION ANALYSIS At the moment, software for energy simulation analysis, a kind of program which is mainly responsible for anticipation of a building annual energy consumption and simulation of real situation of a building visually, has been commonly used and commonly applied to early design of buildings.(see Richard Paradis 2010) Energy simulation software will take a few aspects into consideration when it works, including a buildings geometric shape, direction, materials, faade design, climatic information, interior circumstances, owners activities and schedule, air conditioning, lighting system and all other information related to the building.(see Donald R. Wulfinghoff et al.2009) Through the analysis, energy consumption and annual operation cost can be calculated so that the best advise can be given. OPTIMIZATION Implementing multiple programs will encounter conflicts, such as problem of low cost but high productivity, or a variety of conditional restrictions like what is the best combination among diverse financial investment plans, so we have to estimate every probable program, compare them and then synthesize every potentially viable combination to analyze the best result. Green building is a dual-goal strategic program, as the name it is, it tries to realize two goals. One is the lowest energy consumption cost, which will result in high construction cost. Another one is the lowest initial construction cost, but unfortunately it will lead to high energy consumption. Thus, use of BIM and software for energy consumption estimation is a must for generating the best analysis mathematically for customers, see Fig. 1.

Fig.1 Optimization Processing CONCLUSIONS Green building consists of a number of architectural parts, and which will decide what are the initial construction cost and the energy consumption cost. So far in this essay, BIM, energy consumption analysis and MOO have been discussed for realization of the dual-goal, and provided that MOO analysis can be applied as an useful assistance for constructors to find out satisfying methods for the dual-goal, then it will help settle strings of parameter instabilities of different green building and effectively generate the best construction plan. REFERENCES BIM and Cost Estimating, Autodesk, http://www.consortech.com/bim2/documents/BIM_cost_estimating_EN.pdf Charles J. Kibert, Sustainable Construction Green Building Design and Delivery, P174-175, 2008 Chia-Ruei Chang, Research on the life-cycle costs of gymnasiums - A case study on the gymnasiums of National Taiwan University, NTU, 2005 Donald R. Wulfinghoff, Prof. Rajan Rawal, Dr. Vishal Garg, Dr. Jyotirmay Mathur, Energy Simulation, Energy Conservation Building Code Tip Sheet , Version 1.0(Reprinted), 2009 Chuck Eastman, Building Information Modeling, Digital Building Lab, 2009 http://bim.arch.gatech.edu/?id=402 Sieglinde K Fuller and Stephen R. Petersen, Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program P1-2 Wiki Energy Conservation, 1995 Sieglinde Fuller, Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) http://www.wbdg.org/resources/lcca.php Ghang Lee , Rafael Sacks , Charles M. Eastman, Specifying parametric building object behavior (BOB) for a building information modeling system, Automation in Construction 15, 758 776, 2006 Graham Ive, Re-examining the costs and value ratios of owning and occupying buildings, Building Research & Information, 34:3, 230-245, 2006 Greg Kats and Capital E, The Costs and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings, A Report to Californias Sustainable Building Task Force, October 2003 Ian Howell and Bob Batcheler, Building Information Modeling Two Years Later Huge Potential, Some Success and Several Limitations, 2005 Lauren Bradley Robichaud and Vittal S. Anantatmula, Greening Project Management Practices for Sustainable Construction Journal of Management in Engineering, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 48-57, January 2011 Lo Yu-Ying, Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Maintenance Strategy for Student Dormitory Buildings, NTU, 2010 Multi-Objective Optimization, Wiki, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-objective_optimization Richard Paradis, Energy Analysis Tools, National Institute of Building Sciences, 2010 http://www.wbdg.org/resources/energyanalysis.php Wang Ya-Hui, Analysis on life-cycle cost of experimental school building in the university emphasis on the stage of maintenance management, NTU, 2005 Yu-An Tai, Operational Management of University Library Based on Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, NTU, 2007