Adetola Abdulkadir

Period 4B

Chapter 17: Therapy I. Therapy A. It is just recently in human history that humans have begun working on mental health therapies that actually make sense and have some success B. Mental health therapies fall under two categories: the psychological therapies and the biomedical therapies 1. Learned psychological disorders are treated with psychological therapy, or psychotherapy; which is a emotionally intense interaction between a trained therapists and the one who is suffering. 2. Biologically rooted disorders are treated with biomedical therapy; which is a prescribed medication or medical procedure acting directly on the nervous system II. The Psychological Therapies III. Psychoanalysis A. Sigmund Freuds psychoanalysis theory was the first psychological therapy; it encompassed Freuds belief that a patients free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences released feelings that had been repressed before, which give the patient insight on themselves B. In psychoanalysis, the blocking of thoughts that cause anxiety from ones consciousness is referred to as resistance. A psychoanalyst would want one to interpret, or provide insight, based on these resistances C. During ones disclosing of sensitive material to their therapists, one can experience strong positive or negative feelings for the analyst. Freud believes this means one is transferring their emotions linked with other relationships to the analyst, and this is transference D. Psychodynamic therapists try focusing on themes across important relationships (including childhood and therapists relationships) 1. These therapists talk face to face with patients, one a week, and only for a couple weeks to couple months E. Interpersonal psychotherapy is a brief version of psychodynamic therapy, and is very effective in treating depression IV. Humanistic Therapies A. Humanistic therapists try boosting self-fulfillment by helping people grow in their self-awareness and self-acceptance. 1. Humanistic therapists focus on The present and future more than the past. Present feelings Conscious thought, not the unconscious Taking immediate responsibility for ones feelings and actions Promoting growth instead of curing illness

B. Carl Rogers client-centered therapy is a widely used humanistic technique; this focuses on the persons conscious self-perception instead of their interpretations C. Rogers also used a technique called active listening, which is echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what the person is expressing verbally and nonverbally, and then acknowledging the expressed feelings V. Behavior Therapies A. Behavior therapy applies learning principles to eliminate troubling behavior. B. Counterconditioning pairs the trigger stimulus with new responses incompatible with fear. It is a technique behavior therapists frequently use. C. Exposure therapies is a widely used method of behavior therapy that exposes people to what they normally try to avoid 1. Systematic desensitization is a type of exposure therapy that gradually makes one relax when faced with anxiety-provoking stimuli 2. Virtual reality exposure therapy is the same technique as systematic desensitization except using virtual reality to create the anxiety inducing environment. D. Aversive conditioning attempts to substitute a negative response with a positive response to a harmful stimulus E. Using rewards to modify behavior is a varying technique. Therapists create a token economy sometimes. This is an operant conditioning procedure where people earn a token of some kind when exhibiting a desired behavior, and can later turn in the tokens for privileges/treats F. Critics of behavior modification focus on two things, one is whether the patient will be able to go on when the reinforcers stop or the patient is no longer being provided tokens? The other question is where it is even ethical for a human to control anothers behavior VI. Cognitive Therapies A. The cognitive therapies assume that ones thinking effects their feelings. Cognitive therapy teaches new and more adaptive ways of thinking and acting. 1. Using gentle questioning, cognitive therapists try to discover peoples irrationalities and help with them. B. Cognitive-behavior therapy aims to alter the way people act and think. This combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy VII. Group and Family Therapies A. Family therapy is a form of group therapy that treats the family as a system. It attempts to guide members of the family to better relationships and communications

VIII. Evaluating Psychotherapies IX. Is Psychotherapy Effective? A. There are many reasons that people are skeptical of psychotherapy 1. People often enter therapy in only a crisis 2. The client may need to believe the therapy was actually worth it 3. Clients usually speak kindly about their therapists *Hence, testimonials can be misleading B. Meta-analysis is a procedure meant to statistically combine the results of many different research studies. X. Evaluating Alternative Therapies A. Most alternative therapies do not have any evidence about their validation. 1. Eye movement desensitization When people imagine traumatic scenes, their eye movements are triggered, which enables them to unlock and reprocess previous memories 2. Light Exposure therapy Those who get lethargic during days without much light have seasonal affective disorder (SAD), being exposed to intensive light daily is Light Exposure therapy XI. Commonalities among Psychotherapies A. There are some perspectives and goals that all therapies have in common 1. All therapies try to instill that hope in the demoralized patients that they get. 2. Every therapy offers explanations of symptoms and offers an alternative way of looking at themselves and the world 3. Therapies also stress the importance of empathic, trusting, and caring relationships XII. The Biomedical Therapies XIII. Drug Therapies A. Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect the mind and behavior. It has helped push forward drug therapy greatly B. Antipsychotics are very powerful drugs, and longtime use of it can cause tardive dyskinesia, which is a neurotoxic effect that causes involuntary movement XIV. Brain Stimulation A. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a therapy for severely depressed patients that send brief currents of electricity to that B. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (rTMS) Is performed on wide awake patients for about twenty minutes.