Defining and non-defining relative clauses Relative clauses are formed with a relative pronoun and a clause: -Who(for

people) - which(for things) - that(for people or things) - where(places) - whose(belonging to a person or thing) - when(times) Language note: whom is the object form of who and is sometimes used in formal, written language. It is rarely used in spoken language. We use defining relative clauses to identify a thing, person, place or time. Without this information the sentence isnt complete or doesnt make sense. In defining relative clauses where the pronoun is the object, the pronoun can be left out. Tears help people to establish a bond with people(that) they care for. He used an experiment (that) be carried out at Vassar College. We use non-defining relative clauses to add extra information about a person or thing, or add a comment on the whole sentence. Without this information the sentence still makes sense. We use commas to separate the clause from the rest of the sentence. Cold air and wind, which dry out the eyes, cause reflex tears. People with tears were clearly idenitified as being sad, which in itself isnt surprising. In non-defining clause we dont use that and we cant leave out the pronoun.

Emotional tears, that result from emotional experiences, are unique to humans. Emotional tears, which result from emotional experiences, are unique to humans. The experiment, was repeated several times, produced clear results. The experiment, which was repeated several times, produced clear results. Language note: non-defining relative clauses are mostly used in formal or written speech. Grammar 1 Read the rules in the box. Then underline the relative clauses in the sentences from the listening below. Write the sentences as examples in the correct place in the rules. Their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye. In addition, cold air of wind, which dry out the eyes, cause the tear glands to produce reflex tears. Your tear ducts are also connected to your nose, which is why tears sometimes run down into it. Emotional tears help people to establish a bond with people they care for. -defining relative clauses identify a thing, person or place; without this information, the sentence isnt complete or doesnt make sense Example: Their job is to wash out foreign objects that come into contact with the eye. -in defining relative clauses where the relative pronoun is the object, the pronoun can be left out Example:___________________ -non-defining clauses add extra information about a person, place or thing; without this information the sentence still makes sense; the clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas; the relative pronoun cant be left out

Example:___________________ -non-defining clauses can also give a comment on the whole sentence Example:___________________ -non-defining clauses are mostly used in formal, written speech 2.Complete the text with relative pronouns where necessary. Professor Randolph Cornelius, (1)_______ is an expert in crying, studied tears using an experiment (2) ______ he carried out at Vassar College in the US. He showed participants pictures with people (3) ______ had tears rolling down their face and other pictures in (4) ______ the peoples tears had been deleted. The people with tears were clearly identified as being sad, (5) ______ in itself isnt surprising. But when participants looked at the people (6) ______ tears had been deleted, they often couldnt identify their emotions. The experiment, (7) ______ Cornelius repeated several times with the same results, clearly shows what a powerful signal tears guve.