If you do not understand the the bike Jargon, you are not a good biker.

The terms in motorcycle specifications that is listed in the motorcycle magazines and on different Internet sites can seem a little complex for a normal person like you and me. I took the time to do some research and here I am with the basic understanding of bike stuff. Time to learn!

Definition of each term can be written as a big book but here I am trying to mention more terms restricting to the basics. These definitions of the terms used in the motorcycle specifications are intended to help you to learn more about your bikes. The more you understand about your bike there is likelihood that you can help it perform its best! No. of Strokes: My site is discussing only about the four-stroke motorcycle engines, although, there are two-stroke engines too. So I urge you to never get confused a four-stroke with fourcylinder or two-stroke with two-cylinder because these are totally different from each other. The definition of the four strokes in a four-stroke engine is as follows:

Stroke 1- Intake valve(s) open, piston moves down and the air/fuel mixture is sucked inside Stroke 2- All of the valves are closed, piston moves up squeezing the mixture. Stroke 3- All of the valves closed and a spark plug ignites the fuel/air mixture, pushing the piston down. Stroke 4- All but the exhaust valve(s) are open, piston moves up, blowing the old charge out of the exhaust valves.

A short version is Suck, Squeeze, Bang and Blow.

Cooling: By running a coolant through the engine the heat generated in the engine can be exchanged through the radiator just like in a car to make the engine liquid-cooled. However, through airflow just above the fins on the engines these can be air-cooled too. The circulation of engine oil will take place in the engine and the exchange of heat will take place through a small radiator for what is called as oil cooling. Valves: The use of the valves is as mentioned above. For the purpose of intake and exhaust; however, there maybe use of one or more valves. The number of valves used per cylinder or for the whole engine maybe indicated by bike manufacturers. As the indication of closed and opened valves, terms such as SOHC (Single OverHead Cam) or a DOHC (Double OverHead Cam) etc., are also used. To operate the valves, there are other methods as well.

Number of Cylinders: There will be as many as 1 to 6 cylinders in the engines. Small bikes use a single-cylinder engine that is also called as a thumper. Engines with two-cylinders arranged in several configurations can be seen in many bikes that include:

V-twin Here the cylinders are spaced at a particular angle looking like a V to each other. Parallel twin In this, the two cylinders are right next to each other in a vertical position. Flat-twins Here the two cylinders are opposed as seen in the BMW Boxers.

There are many engines that come with more than two cylinders. They include the:

Triples three cylinders are lined up next to each other in a vertical position, say the parallel triples. In-line fours this is similar to a triple except with another cylinder added to it. V-4 engines four cylinders and placed as V, like the one used in Honda ST1300. V-6 engines six cylinders as V, like the ones used in Boss Hoss. Flat-6 engines six cylinders like the one used in Honda Gold Wing 1500/1800s.

There are other engines as well but right now I am not describing them here. Displacement: The volume displaced as the pistons move from their bottom position to their highest position in the cylinders of an engine is called as displacement. Measurement of displacement is either in cubic centimeters (CC) or cubic inches (CI), although, in India we see only the cc displacement bikes. Bore and Stroke: Diameter of the cylinder in the engine in which a piston moves up and down is bore and the distance which the piston moves up and down in the cylinders is known as stroke. Fuel System: To control the mixture of air and fuel, carburetor(s) or fuel injection is used. During Stroke 1, the mixture of air and fuel get prepared to be sucked through the intake valves and in through the cylinders. The carburetor name and the number of carburetors used are usually identified by the specifications. Fuel injection (FI), Digital Fuel Injection (DFI), Programmed Fuel Injection (PGM-FI), Electronic Sequential Port Fuel Injection (ESPFI) etc are the different names used by different bike manufacturers depending on their engine, for the fuel injection.

Compression Ratio: Compression Ratio could be explained like this: Take some 100cc water and pour it through the sparkplug hole when the valves are closed and also when the piston lies at the cylinder bottom. Then, it is like full. And, you can at the most pour only 10cc of water in to the hole to fill it, when the piston comes at the top of its stroke, then the

ratio for compression is 100 to 10 or simply 10 to 1. Engines make more power when there is a higher compression ratio also implying that they require more fuel. Maximum Torque: Torque is the maximum amount of twisting force given by the engine and at what value of engine revolutions per minute (RPM). It can be simply explained as the twisting force. Torque is that quality of the engine that is expressed when you use the throttle aggressively and accelerate hard. It is just the feeling and needless to say will be felt as more forceful when the number is high. Maximum Horsepower: Maximum amount of horsepower delivered by the engine occurs at a particular engine speed. It can be derived through the formula : Horsepower = Torque RPM/5252 .So said, both the horsepower as well as torque are interrelated.

It is great to ride a motorcycle but there are some things you should check on a weekly basis. You should never risk the safety of you or your motorcycle because you did not make enough time to carry out routine maintenance Tires: The tires are a great place to start. Check for the amount of tread, some people will tell

you that a tread depth of 1mm is fine but I personally would not ride with much less than 3. Modern sports bikes, because of the amount of power through the back wheel, wear out their tires in next to no time. So check them regularly and dont try to economise by running them too low. Other important things to check are the pressures and for any cuts or nicks in the walls or tread. Check also for uneven wear that may be caused by alignment or balancing issues. Oil: Check all oil levels but make sure you do this on level ground or you will get false readings. I you live on a hill take the bike somewhere else before carrying out these checks. It is always a good idea to buy small containers of critical fluids so you can top up immediately. If you are like most of us if you put it off it never gets done. Chain: Check the chain or drive belt tension carefully, make sure you refer to your owners manual to find what is the right amount of play. Running to loose can risk it coming off and jamming the back wheel, which is the things nightmares are made of. Too tight and you will soon wear out sprockets and bearings.

Electricals: Make sure all the lights are functioning, particularly the brake light. Unless you want a truck up your back end. Giving the battery a little TLC can help prolong its life, although I find most of them die in a little over 3 years. If you only use your motorbike infrequently it is a good idea to put the battery on charge occasionally or you may find you will have to replace it even sooner. I have a small solar panel that I can plug into the bike which keep it topped up. Brakes: Check the brake hoses, disc pads and make sure the brake fluid is up to the correct level. Hold the front forks firmly and check for play in the steering head bearings. Carry out a similar procedure on the rear swinging arm and the wheels. There should be no play in any of these. If you notice some I suggest a trip to your friendly motorcycle dealer. Lubrication: Finally lubricate the chain and anything else you see that needs a spot of oil. Then just before you ride it have a think about your clothing, will it protect you if you take a spill?. Last but my no means least take a long hard look at your motorbike helmet does it have any damage to the shell and is the strap and buckle in good condition, and doubts replace. All of us bike owners at some point of time must have come across problems with our machines, some may have been minor, some may have been a little serious, having ridden over 40,000 kilometres on my Apache 150, 2007, I figured my experiences would be of great help to all you riders out there. Ive put together some of the most common problems that I and people that I have known have faced and all its solutions. As you may find out, some of it just requires a little effort from your part and nothing more, the best thing to do, though, would be to read your owners manual in your spare time as this will help you get a better understanding of the machine on the whole. Here we go

Low Mileage
This is really what a lot of people really complain about; it has quite a bit of reasons to why it happens, I explain the most common reasons below. Low pressure in tyres can greatly reduce fuel efficiency, Tyres require air to stay in proper shape or else all they will do is create rolling resistance, this makes it harder for the wheels to move and hence decreases mileage. The first thing to do is to check your check your tyre pressure, I do that by kicking the tyres or by trying to push the rubber in using the thumb, if it goes in, get it checked. The manual will have the recommended tyre pressure ratings, you may also find a sticker on the swing arm or on the tank with the same ratings as there was on my bike. You can find air pumps at petrol pumps and at the nearest tyre works. Depending on your riding, check pressure once every month or whenever you experience sluggish engine response. Dirty engine oil can also reduce efficiency, dirty oil can become thick and resistive to movements of parts in the engine, the most obvious sign of dirty oil is when the gear shift lever becomes too hard or noisy during shifts. If you have a bike that has been ridden for over 2,500 Kms without an oil change or if you notice smoke coming out of the tailpipes, check the engine oil, you can do that by removing the oil gauge, which is basically the oil cap. If the oil on the tip of the gauge is black in colour, its about time you changed it, also remember, having good oil in

the engine is really important for the engine to last long without any troubles. Servicing in recommended intervals is what you should always do. Check the manual (usually the end) to find service information and intervals. My bike had to be serviced at the first thousand Kilometers and after that it was at every 2,500Kms. Carburettor tuning also needs to be checked, carburettors basically have two screws, an engine idle RPM screw and an Air/fuel mixture screw, the A/F screw adjusts the ratio of air versus fuel going into the engine, so a more air and less fuel means better efficiency but lower performance and vice versa. The trick is, to find the right balance of both performance and efficiency. If you have a new bike that hasnt run 7,500 Kms, I recommend that you dont do anything to the carburettor as this will be done by the mechanics during service. If your bike happens to be fuel injected, you can skip this part as the onboard ECU system automatically adjusts your Air/Fuel Mixture settings. For all others, a proper, step by step guide can be found on this page. If you are too lazy to do it, you can head over to the service centre and ask them to tune the carburettor, its just a 10 minute work. Tight Brakes: When the brakes are too tight, it can increase the effort needed by the engine to turn the wheels, place the bike in neutral and on the centre stand and manually rotate the wheels, they must be able to rotate freely and without much effort, If the front or the rear tyres are hard to rotate, loosen the brakes by a notch and try again, if its a disc brake unit, take it to the company workshop to check them. Driving styles can also affect efficiency, It may seem silly to go on at 40Km/h or something but thats not what you should be doing unless it is indicated to do so, travel at a speed where the engine sounds relaxed, somewhere at 5,000 Rpm would be fine and avoid late braking. If you see an obstacle in front, brake early and slow down gently, also accelerate gently until you reach the desired speed. These steps will help you be safer and more efficient. Carbon Deposits: If you happen to own a bike that has been ridden for over 30,000 Kms a possible reason for low efficiency would be carbon deposits on the piston and other components, I felt a decrease in performance and efficiency after about 30,000 Kms and got it in for service, the mechanic advised that I do a decarbonisation of the engine, when the engine was opened, I was shocked to see that the piston was coated with a 5mm thick carbon layer, it was fully covered in it. He promptly scrubbed it off and cleaned the engine. Later I noticed that the performance and efficiency was back to what it was like in the early days, It was awesome. The reason for this carbon deposition is the low quality of fuel and although I had used premium fuels for about 10,000Kms It hasnt helped too much. Most people notice low performance after 25,000 to 30,000 Kms and decide to sell off the machine; they could just follow these steps and continue using it for a longer period. Valve Setting: If you have checked all of the above and have found no results, then the last thing you can do is valve setting, this requires an experienced mechanic and can be time consuming as the engine head will have to be opened, this must be done only as a last resort after checking all the above mentioned issues. There are two valves on most machines in India apart from the TVS Flame (which has three) and the R15 (which has four), there is an intake and an exhaust valve,

and with time, the valve clearance can become vary from the factory recommendation, A mechanic would need to check the valves for clearance and whether it is still the way it should be. This is done at periodic services but you can request them to do so if you wish. Improper Break-In: All single cylinder bikes need to be ridden well within a specified speed and engine RPM, usually, it in the first 1000 Kilometers, it may be hard to do so when you have already waited a while to get your hands on the machine but if you want it to deliver the claimed mileage figures, you must do so. Also avoid giving the bike to others during this period as they may not be aware of this. If you have ridden it so and do get low efficiency, try warming up the engine every time you start the bike in the morning, preferably for about 5 minutes, then be gentle with your riding styles. This can help you make up for lost grounds and hopefully can help regain the efficiency.

Poor Performance
Another common complaint with bikes is the poor performance of the machine, this can happen after a while of ownership, there are several common reasons that you can look into as mentioned below Air Filter: The air filter is cleaned every time the bike is taken in for service, given the Indian riding conditions, it gets dirty after about a 1000Kms, if you ride around the city or around dusty areas a lot, you must clean the air filter if you notice poor performance. Consult your owners manual as it will have step-by-step instructions on how to do so. Fuel Quality: Poor quality of fuel can also be the reason for poor performance, different pumps have different mixes that claims to deliver better performance, rather than listening to recommendations, try filling up from different petrol pumps to find the fuel that gives the best feel and performance from your bike, the engine note may also change along with the fuel quality but its up to you to find out what the bike likes the most. Lack of Warm Ups: Warming up the engine in the morning starts is like how the gym instructor makes you warm up before you get into the exercise. Its something that you must do every time, for an example, BMWs have a rev counter in which the red line RPM increases as the engine temperature goes up, as the temperature reaches an optimum level, the red line RPM will be at its maximum. This is what we must follow ourselves, when properly warmed up in the morning, you will note that the engine feels better and performs well for the whole day. Its just the little thing that you need to take care of. Also put the choke to good use in the mornings. Tyre Pressure: As tyre pressure is low, the rolling resistance increases, this lowers performance as well as efficiency, maintain it at the optimum levels at all times, check it at least once every month and fill up as needed. Low engine Oil: Running an engine on low oil can lead to serious damage of the engine components and in some cases can also be permanent, like seized pistons and other parts, if there is by chance any leak, have it checked immediately by a mechanic and if possible, tighten any

bolts around the area where it leaks. Check the oil level every 2,500 Kilometers and top up if needed. Chain Slack: A slacking chain can make engine response feel poor and can also reduce the acceleration. If you hear a lot of chain noise or noise from the chain cover, its time you greased it up and tightened it. Carburettor Tuning: Improper A/F setting can also be the reason for low performance, Click on this link to find out how you can adjust it yourself, also remember not to do this if the bike is new or hasnt run at least 7,500 Kms as the service mechanics would do this themselves during that period. Carbon Build Up: When my bike was 30,000 Kilometers old, it couldnt win a drag with the 150cc Fazer, which was much heavier and was ridden by a less experienced rider, this made me even think of selling it off. But then I told this to the TVS mechanic who recommended that I do an engine decarbonisation. This required me to leave the bike at the workshop for a whole day so that the engine head had to be removed, when I saw the piston, I was genuinely shocked, it was coated in a thick and dry carbon layer, it was so hard that you needed a screw driver to even scratch the surface, he told me that it was the reason why the bike didnt go as fast as it should. After the cleaning and valve setting, I found that I could stay on par with the same Fazer. Performance was the same as what it was in the early days and now the needle touches 80 without me even knowing it. Considering that this is a 40,000Km and almost 3 year old machine, it is quite impressive.

Bad Brakes
Brakes are one of the most important elements of a bike and it is even more important here in India as we must be prepared to stop before the odd obstacles we may find every day. Drum Brakes: If you face poor braking on the drum brakes at the rear or front of the bike, you must check for free play of the brake lever or pedal. If there is too much of a free play, tighten the bolt as shown in the picture, you must tighten it to a point where the wheels will be able to rotate freely and you would be able to apply maximum pressure. Another reason for poor drum brake performance can be dirty brake pads and build up of brake dust. If you have a bike that has been driven for over 20,000Kms and if you experience weak braking without the squeaking noise, you may have a dirty brake pad. You can get it cleaned and serviced at your local workshop. If you happen to notice the squeaking noise every time you apply the brakes, it may be time to replace the pads. Disc Brakes: If you happen to face poor disc brake performance, dont worry, its nothing that cant be fixed. Firstly check for brake fluid levels, and whether it is filled up well. If there is enough fluid and if you still have the problem, you can do something known as air bleeding, sometimes, air gets into the tube between the pump and the callipers and this can reduce the braking force. Even though it can be done by you, it is recommended to take it to the bikes service centre. Air bleeding can not only improve brake performance, it can also increase the feel

and sharpness of the brakes. Also try pumping the disc brakes, that is, by applying the brake with full force and releasing, for about 10-20 times (while stationary), this can also provide a boost in braking power. Also, If you happen to notice weird metal scraping noises coming from the disc brakes even when you have are not applying the brakes, its about time to replace the brake pads, if you continue to ride for over 500 Kms in this condition, you may end up damaging the discs which can cost quite a lot.

Electric Starter Fails

This is a useful feature that can save us the embarrassment of causing a traffic jam after stalling the engine. You may find it not working on some fine morning. Check for the following signs: Battery level: The battery may have run out of acid which must have reduced its efficiency, if you notice that the starter works once you start riding for a long time, but doesnt when you try in the morning, get the battery acid levels checked. Your bike charges the battery as you ride so just keep it filled up at the first signs of trouble. Starter Relay: This is part of the electric system that provides current to the starter, sometimes a failure of this component can stop the starter from working, if you hear just a tick noise from the starter every time you press the starter button, it may be either because of a low battery or a failing starter relay.

Things to Remember
Your bike needs a little bit of care and attention if you would want it to last long just the way you like, so here are a few tips that can help you keep the bike and eventually yourself happy: 1. Warm Ups: Warm up the engine well in the mornings before you head out for a journey, this can help a lot in extending engine life and performance. 2. Check Tyre Pressure: Once a month, inspect the tires for signs of low pressure, keep them topped up for the best. 3. Chains: If you notice chain noise or looseness, simply get the chain tightened, its just a matter of 10 minutes at the most. 4. Periodic Service: Note that most bikes have a service interval of around 2,500 Kilometers, be sure to visit the service station in the specified intervals, check the manual to know more about the intervals. 5. Avoid Cheap Parts: If in case, a part does go bad, avoid replacing it with cheap alternatives or quick fixes, all manufacturers test parts for durability and quality and that is the way you should be going. So these are the simple points you should keep in mind, I have mentioned the most common problems faced by bike owners and their possible solutions, I know there are a lot more than this, but I will be sure to cover even more areas in Part 2 of this article. Meanwhile, if you own a bike

and have come across problems, please share with us, how you managed to solve it, do mention the type of bike and the Kilometers it ran along with the comment.