Experiment # 09

Objective: To study performance characteristics of Pelton turbine Apparatus reqd.: 1) Pelton turbine with water supply pump set and rope brake type dynamometer 2) Flow measuring unit Orifice meter and pressure gauge 3) Piping system 4) Storage tank 5) Hand held tachometer

Theory: Hydraulic turbines are defined as those machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used in running an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. Pelton wheel is a tangential flow impulse turbine. This turbine is used for higher heads. Figure shows schematic layout of a Pelton wheel. A Pelton wheel consists of four major components: Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement (spear) Runner and buckets Casing and Breaking jet Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement (spear): The amount of water striking the buckets of the runner is controlled by providing a spear in the nozzle as shown in the fig. A spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or automatically in an axial direction. When the spear is pushed forward the amount of water is reduced and viceversa. Runner with buckets: It consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets evenly spaced are fixed. The shape of the buckets is of a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Each bucket is divided into two symmetrical parts by a dividing wall which is known as splitter. The splitter divides the jet into two equal parts and the jet comes out at the outer edge of the bucket. The buckets are shaped in such a way that the jet gets deflected through 1600 or 1700.

Casing: Casing prevents splashing of the water and discharges it to tail race. Breaking jet: When the nozzle is completely closed there would not be any discharge from the nozzle. However, the runner continues to rotate because of inertia. In order to stop the runner in a shorter period, a small nozzle is provided to direct the jet of water on the back of vanes. This jet is called the breaking jet.
Casing

Runner

Vane (Bucket)

Spear Nozzle

Procedure: 1) Ensure the turbine is not loaded by moving the spear to the closed position 2) Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve 3) Slowly open the gate valve situated above the turbine and set the pressure head to the required level (4m) by monitoring the pressure gauge. 4) Slowly open the turbine spear by rotating the hand wheel until turbine attains the required speed. 5) Allow the turbine to stabilize by running it in this condition for about 30 minutes. 6) After stabilizing slowly load the turbine using dead weights in steps of 5kg and open the spear at the same time for attaining its normal speed and note down the readings.

7) After each load settings, note down the supply head pressure gauge readings, discharge manometer readings, turbine shaft speed, brake weight and spring balance readings and tabulate as shown. 8) Calculate the input supply to the turbine and output from the turbine and the turbine efficiency for each setting using the necessary formulae as mentioned. 9) After the completion of one set of readings, repeat the steps 6-8 by unloading the turbine in steps of 5kg. 10) Calculate the efficiency values in each case. 11)Plot the efficiency v/s load graph to study performance characteristic of the given turbine. Equipment specifications: Turbine: Rated supply head Discharge Normal speed Power ouput Jet diameter PCD Jet ratio No. of buckets Brake drum diameter, D Rope brake diameter, t Mass of rope, m Supply pumpset: Brand/Model Rated head Discharge Normal speed Power required Size Type Flow measuring unit: Inlet dia of orifice Diameter ratio Area ratio Diameter of orifice plate Manometer type Orifice meter constant, K 45m 630lpm 1000rpm 3.7kW 22mm 260mm 12 18 300mm 15mm 1 kg CRI/ 15 H4 45m 630lpm 2880 rpm 15hp 65mmx65mm Centrifugal, single and suction volute 65mm 0.6708 0.45 43.602 Double column 4.4414 x 10-3 m5/2/s

Calculations: Effective brake drum radius, Re = D/2 +t = 0.165m Input total head, H = Pressure gauge reading, P (kg/cm2) x 10 m of water Orifice meter head, h = (p1 p2) x 10 m of water (if pressure gauges are used) h = (h1 h2) x 13.6 m of water (if Hg U-tube manometer is used) Discharge, Q = K h m3/s Input power, IP = x Q x H kW , where = 9.81kN/m Brake drum net load, W = W1 + m W2 kg, where, W1 = Dead balance weight in kg W2 = Spring balance reading in kg Turbine output, OP = 2NWRe x 9.81 / 60000 kW Efficiency, = OP/IP x 100 % Conclusion:

Orifice pr. gauge/ Orificemeter Manometer reading head Discharge Speed Output Input p2/h2 p/h m m3/s kg rpm kW h Q W1 W2 W N OP IP

Spring balance Net reading load

Efficiency

p1/h1

kg/cm2

Pressure gauge reading

Hydraulic turbines are classified based on the type of energy available at the inlet, direction of flow, head at the inlet and specific speed. These types, with brief description are given below: Type of energy at inlet: Impulse turbine The energy available at the turbine inlet is only kinetic energy. Reaction turbine - The energy available at the turbine inlet has both kinetic as well as pressure energy. Direction of flow: Tangential flow Water flows along the tangent to the runner Radial flow Water flows in the radial direction through the runner Axial flow Water flow is along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of runner Mixed flow Water enters in the radial direction but leaves in the axial direction. Head at the inlet: High head, medium head and low head Specific speed of the turbine: Low specific speed, medium specific speed and high specific speed

Sl. No.

kg/cm2