Adv. argillic?

Sakurajima, Kyushu: ionized gases Sociedad Geolgica de Chile: July 2011

Bingham Canyon, Utah: >31 Mt Cu!

Bingham porphyry, Utah Redmond et al., 2004

80%

20%

Diorite intrusion: if X magmatic fluid advected, intrusion heat convects ~19X meteoric water

Extreme hydrolytic = advanced argillic

propylitic

F - feldspar stable (potassic) H - hydrolytic (attack by H+) (phyllic and advanced argillic) E - caused by external fluids (propylitic and sodic-calcic)

Giggenbach, 1984, GCA

Sodic-calcic (propylitic)

Na-Ca basin brines

Potassic or phyllic

Lowell and Guilbert, 1970

Dilles et al., 2000

Ann Mason porphyry Cu-Mo

MacArthur porphyry Cu

Adv argillic Depth km 2 argillic sericitic potassic

Time >

~3 km Seedorff et al., 2005

4 ~3 km

Temperature
Seedorff et al., 2005

High Low

potassic

sericitic adv. arg. argillic

80%

20%

Cathodoluminscence

Redmond et al., 2004

Modified from LCMC, 1994

Far Southeast porphyry, Philippines: Cu equiv. grade and quartz vein density

-100 m elev. plan

Vein density ~40%

Vein density ~5% Grade: Cu equiv Chang et al., 2011

Andalusite Al2SiO5

Pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 White mica KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Dickite / kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4

(Na,Ca)1/3(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2!nH2O

Seedorff et al., 2005, from Hemley and Montoyo, 1964, etc.

Mineral stabilities vs fluid compositions

Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001, after Hemley et al., 1980

150

pyrophyllite muscovite

El Salvador, Chile: Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001, after Hemley et al., 1969

Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001

El Salvador, Chile: Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001

Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001

El Salvador, looking ~SE

pyrophyllite

alunite lithocap (late)

Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001

Fluids from alteration at presentday level of exposure

kes

b Peb

le di

n sitio tran roph py

(andal)

dickite

Muscovite overprint

Deep biotite

Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001

Watanabe and Hedenquist, 2001

paleosurface? early qtz-alun lithocap?? late Q-A

Lithocap with metals present??

retrograde pyroph

encapsulated potassic, sulfides

2M1 musc

Damiana exotic

Erosion at El Salvador

Magma mine, Arizona: 1875~1990s; 2nd Ag, cc

hm-py-cp-bn (gn-spl) mantos

cc-en-bn vn, ser (dk-zy)

H E

1998 resource: 455 Mt at 1.2% Cu, 0.02% Mo; 1250-1550 m below surface, 1050 x 365 x 305 m

http://riotinto.msgfocus.com/q/1cRLO25OxfDl/wv

Chuquicamata, Chile

Sericite halos to pyqtz veins; ccp, bn, cv, cc, en, tn, spl

R. Sales, C. Meyer, J. Proffett, compiled by M. Einaudi

3 km
Zn Cu
serkaol pyroph kaol-dick serkaol

1 km
Seedorff et al., 2008
m Rusk et al. (2008)

Main Stage

QSP

3 km

pre-Main Stage (potassic)

pre-Main Stage (potassic)

potassic centers

Rusk et al. (2008)

Sulfide zoning in porphyries: Greys=potassic Lined=sericitic overprint

Marco Einaudi, 2002, unpub.

Early, higher temp no pyrite

Bingham Chuquicamata Potrerillos El Salvador Gibraltar Sungun Ann Mason Silver Bell Sierrita-Esperanza Butte cp (bn-cp) dg-bn-cp dg-bn-(cp) (mt)-bn-cp mt-bn-cp mt-cp-py (mt-bn-cp) bn-cp (dg-bn)-cp bn-cp bn-cp (bn)-cp cp-py (bn)-cp cp-py bn-cp cp cp-py mt-cp-py (EDM)

Late, lower temp pyrite

py-cp-(tn) mt-cp cp-py py-cp-bn, py-bn cp-py cp-py bn-cp, cp-py (SC) cp-py cp-py (C) py-hm-(cp) py py-cp py-en, py-bn py, cv, dg, en, cp py-cp-tn py, tn, en py-cp

bnss + cp,
dominant

cp + py

mt-cp-py (SC) py, cv, dg, bn, cp, en py-cp (S)

ore

assemblage

Early to intermediate (potassic to phyllic), high to low T, progressively higher sulfd state in porphyry; -metals introduced early or intermediate alunite host phyllic potassic

illite

Einaudi, Hedenquist, Inan, 2003

Einaudi et al., 2003, modified by Seedorff et al., 2005

Sillitoe, 1994

Sillitoe, 1990

Marte Au-rich porphyry, Maricunga, Chile

?

Singer et al., 2008 J. Muntean unpub.

epithermal
?

Au

1 km

Maricunga (Refugio): Verde West

Muntean and Einaudi, 2000

Maricunga (Refugio): Geology

Muntean and Einaudi, 2000

Qtz diorite porphyry

Maricunga: Pancho
Muntean and Einaudi, 2000

Maricunga porphyry Au:

low-grade to barren

banded silica gel + mt, recrystallized

Muntean and Einaudi, 2000

Early Mineralization

Late Mineralization
Sector Collapse? Ore-B earing Q uartz -Alunite Le dg es

Early Barr en Quartz-Alunite Ledges Magmatic Vapor Met eoric Water Banded Quartz Veinlets ?

Magmatic Brin e

High strain rate

2
D V eins

F aulting

?
Supercritical Magmatic Flui d

Magma

Approximate Time Range (m.y.)

Evolution of porphyry systems

Sillitoe, 2010

Varying depths and intervals between base of lithocap and top of porphyry Only some (few) lithocaps are mineralized

Petelovo

IF rapid syn-hydrothermal uplift... lithocap collapse; HS ore, if present, overprints porphyry

Wafi, Papua New Guinea

Telescoped porphyry Cu-Au
Sillitoe, 1999

M. Herve, 2010

Pampa Escondida

M. Herve, 2010

Pampa Escondida

Preservation of lithocap, or erosion to transitional levels

Co. Catedral (barren)

37.5 Ma

37.7 Ma

36.1 Ma

Lepanto, Victoria Cerro Casale FSE El Salvador

Porphyry systems

Porphyry systems: asymmetric (shallow) alteration

Residual (vuggy) qtz Qtz-alun (py), dick-kaol

500 m

Sillitoe, 2010

Economic Geology

Hedenquist et al., 1998; Chang et al., 2011

Porphyry systems: steep tilting Porphyry systems: deeply eroded

Sillitoe, 2010

Economic Geology