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Assignment 6
Due: 11:59pm on Sunday, February 21, 2010
Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Return to Standard Assignment View]

Spring and Projectile

A child's toy consists of a block that attaches to a table with a suction cup, a spring connected to that block, a ball, and a launching ramp. The spring has a spring constant , the ball has a mass , and the ramp rises a height above the table, the surface of which is a height above the oor. Initially, the spring rests at its equilibrium length. The spring then is compressed a distance , where the ball is held at rest. The ball is then released, launching it up the ramp. When the ball leaves the launching ramp its velocity vector makes an angle with respect to the horizontal. Throughout this problem, ignore friction and air resistance.

Part A Relative to the initial conguration (with the spring relaxed), when the spring has been compressed, the ball-spring system has ANSWER: gained kinetic energy gained potential energy lost kinetic energy lost potential energy Correct

Part B As the spring expands (after the ball is released) the ball-spring system ANSWER: gains kinetic energy and loses potential energy gains kinetic energy and gains potential energy loses kinetic energy and gains potential energy loses kinetic energy and loses potential energy Correct

Part C As the ball goes up the ramp, it ANSWER: gains kinetic energy and loses potential energy gains kinetic energy and gains potential energy loses kinetic energy and gains potential energy loses kinetic energy and loses potential energy Correct

Part D As the ball falls to the oor (after having reached its maximum height), it ANSWER: gains kinetic energy and loses potential energy gains kinetic energy and gains potential energy loses kinetic energy and gains potential energy loses kinetic energy and loses potential energy Correct

Part E Which of the graphs shown best represents the potential energy of the ball-spring system as a function of the ball's horizontal displacement? Take the "zero" on the distance axis to represent the point at which the spring is fully compressed. Keep in mind that the ball is not attached to the spring, and neglect any recoil of the spring after the ball loses contact with it.

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ANSWER:

C
Correct

Part F Calculate Hint F.1 , the speed of the ball when it leaves the launching ramp. General approach

Find an expression for the mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) of the spring and ball when the spring is compressed. Then nd an expression for the mechanical energy of the ball when it leaves the launching ramp. ( will be an unknown in this expression.) Since energy is conserved, you can set these two expressions equal to each other, and solve for . Hint F.2 Find the initial mechanical energy

Find the total mechanical energy of the ball-spring system when the spring is fully compressed. Take the gravitational potential energy to be zero at the oor. Hint F.2.1 What contributes to the mechanical energy?

The total initial mechanical energy is the sum of the potential energy of the spring, the gravitational potential energy, plus any initial kinetic energy of the ball. ANSWER:

= Correct

Hint F.3

Find the mechanical energy at the end of the ramp

Find the total mechanical energy of the ball when it leaves the launching ramp. (At this point, assume that the spring is relaxed and has no stored potential energy.) Again, take the gravitational potential energy to be zero at the oor. Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct and other given quantities.

Hint F.4

Is energy conserved?

Because no nonconservative forces act on the system, energy is conserved: Express the speed of the ball in terms of , , ANSWER: = Correct , , , and/or .

Part G With what speed will the ball hit the oor? Hint G.1 General approach will be an

Find an expression for the initial mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) of the spring and ball. Then nd an expression for the mechanical energy of the ball when it hits the oor. ( unknown in this expression.) Since energy is conserved, you can set these two expressions equal to each other, and solve for . Hint G.2 Initial mechanical energy

For the initial mechanical energy, you can use either the expression you found for the mechanical energy of the ball at the top of the ramp or that for the total mechanical energy of the ball plus spring just before the ball was launched. These two expressions are equal. Hint G.3 Find the nal mechanical energy of the ball when it hits the oor. and other given quantities.

Find the total mechanincal energy Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Correct

Hint G.4

Is energy conserved? .

Only conservative forces (gravity, spring) are acting on the ball, so energy is conserved: Express the speed in terms of , , ANSWER: = Correct , , , and/or .

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Circling Ball
A ball of mass is attached to a string of length . It is being swung in a vertical circle with enough speed so that the string remains taut throughout the ball's motion. Assume that the ball travels freely in this vertical circle with negligible loss of total mechanical energy. At the top and bottom of the vertical circle, the ball's speeds are and , and the corresponding tensions in the string are and . and have magnitudes and .

Part A Find Hint A.1 , the difference between the magnitude of the tension in the string at the bottom relative to that at the top of the circle. How to approach this problem

Identify the forces that act on the ball as it moves along the circular path. Then, write equations for the sum of the forces on the ball at the top and the bottom of the path. Next, use Newton's second law to relate these net forces to the acceleration of the ball. Notice that the ball does not move with uniform speed so the acceleration of the ball at the top of the circle is different from the acceleration at the bottom of the circle. To nish the problem, you may want to use energy conservation to relate the speed of the ball at the bottom of the circle to the speed at the top. Hint A.2 Find the sum of forces at the bottom of the circle

What is the magnitude of the net force in the y direction acting on the ball at the bottom of the circle? Express your answer in terms of the variables given in the problem. You may use ANSWER: to represent the acceleration of gravity, 9.8 .

= Correct

Hint A.3 Find

Find the acceleration at the bottom of the circle

, the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the bottom of its circle. and possibly other given quantities.

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Answer Requested

Hint A.4

Find the tension at the bottom of the circle in the string when the ball is at the bottom of the circle.

Find the magnitude of the tension Hint A.4.1

What physical principle to use . of the ball at the bottom of the circle.

Apply Newton's 2nd law in the y direction to obtain Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Answer Requested , ,

, and the speed

Hint A.5

Find the sum of forces at the top of the circle

What is the magnitude of the net force in the y direction acting on the ball at the top of its circle? Express your answer in terms of the variables given in the problem. You may use ANSWER: to represent the acceleration of gravity, 9.8 .

= Answer Requested

Hint A.6 Find

Find the acceleration at the top of the circle

, the magnitude of the vertical acceleration of the ball at the top of its circle. and possibly other given quantities.

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

Answer Requested

Hint A.7

Find the tension at the top of the circle

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Find the magnitude of the tension Hint A.7.1

in the string when the ball is at the top of the circle.

Relationship to solution for (see Hint 3), noting carefully where various directions (signs) are reversed. , and the speed of the ball at the top of the circle.

Follow the same steps you used to nd Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = , ,

Answer Requested

Hint A.8

Find the relationship between

and in terms of .

The total mechanical energy of the system is the same when the ball is at the top and bottom of the vertical circle. Use conservation of energy to write an expression for Your answer may also include ANSWER: , , and .

= Answer Requested

Express the difference in tension in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

and . The quantities

and

should not appear in your nal answer.

The method outlined in the hints is really the only practical way to do this problem. If done properly, nding the difference between the tensions, elegantly.

, can be accomplished fairly simply and

A Mass-Spring System with Recoil and Friction

An object of mass is traveling on a horizontal surface. There is a coefcient of kinetic friction between the object and the surface. The object has speed on its return trip, it stops. when it reaches and encounters a spring. The object compresses the spring, stops, and then recoils and travels in the opposite direction. When the object reaches Part A Find , the spring constant. Hint A.1 Why does the object stop? Hint not displayed Hint A.2 How does friction affect the system? Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Energy stored in a spring Hint not displayed Hint A.4 Compute the compression of the spring Hint not displayed Hint A.5 Putting it all together Hint not displayed Hint A.6 The value of Hint not displayed Hint A.7 Find for this part of the motion Hint not displayed Hint A.8 Find for this part of the motion Hint not displayed Express in terms of , , , and .

ANSWER: = Correct

Drag on a Skydiver
A skydiver of mass Part A jumps from a hot air balloon and falls a distance before reaching a terminal velocity of magnitude . Assume that the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity is .

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What is the work Hint A.1

done on the skydiver, over the distance , by the drag force of the air? How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Hint A.2

Find the change in potential energy Hint not displayed

Hint A.3

Find the change in kinetic energy Hint not displayed

Express the work in terms of , , ANSWER:

, and the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity .

= Correct

Part B Find the power Hint B.1 supplied by the drag force after the skydiver has reached terminal velocity . How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Magnitude of the drag force Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Relative direction of the drag force and velocity Hint not displayed Express the power in terms of quantities given in the problem introduction. ANSWER: = Correct

Problem 7.63
A skier starts at the top of a very large, frictionless snowball, with a very small initial speed, and skis straight down the side (the gure ).

Part A At what point does she lose contact with the snowball and y off at a tangent? That is, at the instant she loses contact with the snowball, what angle snowball to the skier make with the vertical? ANSWER: = 48.2 Correct does a radial line from the center of the

Problem 7.83
A cutting tool under microprocessor control has several forces acting on it. One force is constant is Part A Calculate the work done on the tool by if this displacement is along the straight line that connects these two points. = 2.65 . Consider the displacement of the tool from the origin to the point , a force in the negative -direction whose magnitude depends on the position of the tool. The 2.10 , 2.10 .

ANSWER:

= -12.9 All attempts used; correct answer displayed

Part B Calculate the work done on the tool by if the tool is rst moved out along the x-axis to the point 2.10 , and then moved parallel to the y-axis to 2.10 , 2.10 .

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ANSWER:

= -17.2 Correct

Part C Compare the work done by along these two paths. Is conservative or nonconservative?

ANSWER:

The force is conservative. The force is not conservative. Correct

Part D Explain. ANSWER: My Answer:

Problem 7.86
A particle moves along the x-axis while acted on by a single conservative force parallel to the x-axis. The force corresponds to the potential-energy function graphed in the gure . The particle is released from rest at point .

Part A What is the direction of the force on the particle when it is at point ANSWER: ?

positive negative Correct

Part B At point ?

ANSWER:

positive negative Correct

Part C At what value of is the kinetic energy of the particle a maximum?

Express your answer using two signicant gures. ANSWER: = 0.75 Correct

Part D What is the force on the particle when it is at point Express your answer using two signicant gures. ANSWER: = 0.010 Correct
0

Part E What is the largest value of reached by the particle during its motion?

Express your answer using two signicant gures.

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ANSWER:

= 2.2 Correct

Part F What value or values of correspond to points of stable equilibrium?

Express your answer numerically using two signicant gures. If there is more than one point, enter each point separated by a comma. ANSWER: = 0.75,1.9 Correct

Part G Of unstable equilibrium? Express your answer numerically using two signicant gures. If there is more than one point, enter each point separated by a comma. ANSWER: = 1.4 Correct

The Impulse-Momentum Theorem

Learning Goal: To learn about the impulse-momentum theorem and its applications in some common cases. Using the concept of momentum, Newton's second law can be rewritten as , (1)

where

is the net force

acting on the object, and

is the rate at which the object's momentum is changing. and , then integration of both sides of equation (1) gives . (2)

If the object is observed during an interval of time between times

The right side of equation (2) is simply the change in the object's momentum

. The left side is called the impulse of the net force and is denoted by .

. Then equation (2) can be rewritten as

This equation is known as the impulse-momentum theorem. It states that the change in an object's momentum is equal to the impulse of the net force acting on the object. In the case of a constant net force acting along the direction of motion, the impulse-momentum theorem can be written as . (3) Here , , and are the components of the corresponding vector quantities along the chosen coordinate axis. If the motion in question is two-dimensional, it is often useful to apply equation (3) to

the x and y components of motion separately. The following questions will help you learn to apply the impulse-momentum theorem to the cases of constant and varying force acting along the direction of motion. First, let us consider a particle of mass moving along the x axis. The net force is acting on the particle along the x axis. is a constant force.

Part A The particle starts from rest at . What is the magnitude , , and . of the momentum of the particle at time ? Assume that .

Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER:

Correct

Part B The particle starts from rest at . What is the magnitude , , and . of the velocity of the particle at time ? Assume that .

Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: = Correct

Part C The particle has momentum of magnitude at a certain instant. What is , , , and . , the magnitude of its momentum seconds later?

Express your answer in terms of any or all of

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ANSWER:

Correct

Part D The particle has momentum of magnitude at a certain instant. What is , , , and . , the magnitude of its velocity seconds later?

Express your answer in terms of any or all of ANSWER: = Correct

Let us now consider several two-dimensional situations. A particle of mass is moving in the positive x direction at speed . After a certain constant force is applied to the particle, it moves in the positive y direction at speed .

Part E Find the magnitude of the impulse Hint E.1 delivered to the particle.

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Hint E.2

Find the change in momentum Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

and . Use three signicant gures in the numerical coefcient.

Correct

Part F Which of the vectors below best represents the direction of the impulse vector ?

ANSWER:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Correct

Part G What is the angle between the positive y axis and the vector as shown in the gure?

ANSWER:

26.6 degrees 30 degrees 60 degrees 63.4 degrees

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Correct

Part H If the magnitude of the net force acting on the particle is Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , , how long does it take the particle to acquire its nal velocity, in the positive y direction?

, and . If you use a numerical coefcient, use three signicant gures.

So far, we have considered only the situation in which the magnitude of the net force acting on the particle was either irrelevant to the solution or was considered constant. Let us now consider an example of a varying force acting on a particle. Part I A particle of mass Find the speed Hint I.1 kilograms is at rest at seconds. seconds. A varying force is acting on the particle between seconds and seconds.

of the particle at

Use the impulse-momentum theorem Hint not displayed

Hint I.2

What is the correct antiderivative? Hint not displayed

Express your answer in meters per second to three signicant gures. ANSWER: = 43.0 Correct

A Relation Between Momentum and Kinetic Energy

Part A A cardinal (Richmondena cardinalis) of mass 3.70102 magnitude Hint A.1 of the baseball's momentum? How to approach the problem and speed ) is given by , and the magnitude of the momentum by . Combining these equations into a single expression and a baseball of mass 0.144 have the same kinetic energy. What is the ratio of the cardinal's magnitude of momentum to the

Recall that the kinetic energy of an object (of mass

can then be used to eliminate , giving an expression of the kinetic energy in terms of the momentum instead of the velocity. We can then use this relation, along with the assumptions, to nd the ratio of the momenta in terms of the masses. Hint A.2 Find a relationship between kinetic energy and momentum of an object with mass and momentum .

Select the general expression for the kinetic energy ANSWER:

Correct

Use the fact that the kinetic energies of the cardinal and the baseball are the same to nd an equation for the ratio

ANSWER:

= 0.507 Correct

Part B A man weighing 740 Hint B.1 and a woman weighing 490 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed have the same momentum. What is the ratio of the man's kinetic energy to that of the woman ?

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Hint B.2

Find a relationship between momentum and kinetic energy Hint not displayed

ANSWER:

= 0.662 Correct

A Game of Frictionless Catch

Chuck and Jackie stand on separate carts, both of which can slide without friction. The combined mass of Chuck and his cart, Chuck and Jackie and their carts are at rest. Chuck then picks up a ball of mass ball, his speed relative to the ground is , is identical to the combined mass of Jackie and her cart. Initially,

and throws it to Jackie, who catches it. Assume that the ball travels in a straight line parallel to the ground (ignore the effect of gravity). After Chuck throws the . The speed of the thrown ball relative to the ground is . .

Jackie catches the ball when it reaches her, and she and her cart begin to move. Jackie's speed relative to the ground after she catches the ball is When answering the questions in this problem, keep the following in mind: 1. The original mass of Chuck and his cart does not include the mass of the ball. 2. The speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity. An object's speed will always be a nonnegative quantity.

Part A Find the relative speed Hint A.1 between Chuck and the ball after Chuck has thrown the ball.

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Express the speed in terms of ANSWER: =

and

Correct

Make sure you understand this result; the concept of "relative speed" is important. In general, if two objects are moving in opposite directions (either toward each other or away from each other), the relative speed between them is equal to the sum of their speeds with respect to the ground. If two objects are moving in the same direction, then the relative speed between them is the absolute value of the difference of the their two speeds with respect to the ground. Part B What is the speed Hint B.1 of the ball (relative to the ground) while it is in the air? How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Initial momentum of Chuck, his cart, and the ball Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Find the nal momentum of Chuck, his cart, and the thrown ball Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct , , and .

Part C What is Chuck's speed Hint C.1 (relative to the ground) after he throws the ball?

How to approach the problem Hint not displayed

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct

, and .

Part D Find Jackie's speed Hint D.1 (relative to the ground) after she catches the ball, in terms of How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint D.2 Initial momentum .

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Hint not displayed Hint D.3 Find the nal momentum Hint not displayed Express in terms of , , and .

ANSWER: = Correct

Part E Find Jackie's speed Hint E.1 (relative to the ground) after she catches the ball, in terms of . How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Express in terms of , , and .

ANSWER: = Correct

Exercise 8.20
Block in the gure has mass 1.00 , and block has mass 3.00 . The blocks are forced together, compressing a spring between them; then the system is released from rest on a level, frictionless surface. The spring, which has negligible mass, is not fastened to either block and drops to the surface after it has expanded. Block acquires a speed of 1.40 .

Part A What is the nal speed of block ANSWER: ?

= 4.20 Correct

Part B How much potential energy was stored in the compressed spring? ANSWER: = 11.8 Correct

Problem 7.74
A 2.00package is released on a and incline, 4.00 from a long spring with force constant 120 that is attached at the bottom of the incline . The coefcients of friction between the package and the incline are . The mass of the spring is negligible.

Part A What is the speed of the package just before it reaches the spring?

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ANSWER:

= 7.30 Correct

Part B What is the maximum compression of the spring? ANSWER: = 1.06 Correct

Part C The package rebounds back up the incline. How close does it get to its initial position? ANSWER: = 1.32 Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 93.3%. You received 111.9 out of a possible total of 120 points.

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