8.

THE ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT The abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem Fill in the blank / (FITB) The biotic components consists of -------------------- : Autotrophs, ------------------Heterotrophs Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Decomposers Example: Example: Example: Example: Example: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Food Chain , Food webs and Trophic level

Trophic level 1

Functional group Producers

Food chain 1 Grass

Food chain 2 Water plants

Primary consumers

Rats

Tadpoles

Secondary consumers

Snakes

Dragonfly nymphs

Tertiary consumers

Hawks

Frogs

Pyramid of numbers Represents the number of individuals at each trophic level of food chain at a particular time. The number of organisms decreases up the trophic levels. Hawks
trophic level 4 trophic level 3 trophic level 2 trophic level 1 tertiary consumers secondary consumers primary consumers producers

Snakes

Rats

Grass

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QUESTION TO ANSWER / QTA 1

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows a terrestrial ecocystem. (a) Abiotic and biotic components influence the lives of organism. Fill in the boxes in Figure 1 to show two more abiotic components and two more biotic components. [2 marks]

(b) On Figure 2, mark and label one example off the following organisms. (i) (i) Producer (ii) Consumer (iii) Decomposer [2 marks]

(c) Based on figure 2 , construct one food chain consisting of four trophic level. 1st trophic level 2nd trophic level 3rd trophic level 4 th trophic level

[2 marks]

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(d) An organism in the 3rd trophic level in Figure 1 has decreased in number. (i) Based on the food chain you have constructed in (c), suggest a way to increase the numbers of this organism again. . ... [1mark] (ii) Explain your suggestion in (d)(i) . . . [2 marks] ( e )The organisms in the trophic level in Figure 1 absorbs 15 000 kJ solar energy. Energy loss at each trophic level is 90%. Calculate the total every transferred to the organisms in the 3rd trophic level.

= -------------------------kJ [2 marks]

Energy Flow i The producers absorb -------------------energy from the sun and convert it into ------------------- stored in organic molecules during -------------------. ii When a carnivore eats a -------------------, the herbivores available energy is transferred on to the carnivore. The carnivore also loses energy through respiration, ------------------- and -------------------. iii About -------------------of the energy lost to the environment, only ------------------ is converted into new tissue and storage material (bio mass).

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QTA 2 Figure 2 represents the energy flow through a food chain consisting of four organisms. The total energy in the tissue of the green plant is shown in the box.
90% energy loss 500 kJ Green plant Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer 90% energy loss 90% energy loss

Figure 2 (a) Complete the other boxes to show the total energy in the tissues of each of the consumer, assuming 90% loss of energy at each of the stage in the food chain. [1 mark] (b) State one process is likely to be responsible for the loses of energy from one stage to another .. .. [1 mark] (c)(i) What is meant by the term producer in the food chain? . .... [2 marks]

(ii) State the source from which the producer obtains its energy .... [1 mark] (d) Explain why there are rarely more than four or five trophic levels in a food chain. ... ... ... [2 marks]

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(e)

Paddy

caterpillar

sparrow

eagle

Based on the above food chain, explain how the practice of spraying crops with insecticides, for example DDT can lead the predator being harmed. .. .. . .. [2 marks]

(f) Construct a food web involving the following organisms found in a freshwater pond. Start with producers at the bottom of your web. Green algae, large carnivorous fish, water beetle, tadpoles, water fleas, water snails, small fish, mosquito larvae

Water beetles

large carnivorous fish

Small fish

Water fleas

mosquito larvae

water snails

Green algae

[3 marks]

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Interactions between organisms

Symbiosis

-------------------

-------------------

Competition

-------------------

-------------------

-----------------

Interaction between biotic components

(a) Symbiosis A close interaction between different species which ------------------- ------------------and ------------------- with each other for an extended period of time. (i) Commensalisms One partner benefits (commensal) while the other (-------------------) derives neither ------------------- nor -------------------. Epiphytes plants which grow on other plants to obtain ------------------- and support. example: pigeon orchids, staghorn ferns and birds nest ferns. Epizoics animals which live on the body of other animals a -------------------gets free transportation and feeds on food scraps left behind by the ------------------(ii) Mutualism A relationship between two species of organisms in which ------------------- . Example 1: Association of leguminious plants and -------------------.

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(iii) Parasitism One organism ------------------- (parasite) while the other is harmed (---------------). Types : a. Ectoparasites b.Endoparasites

(b)Saprophytism
Living organisms obtain food from ------------------- and ------------------- organic matter Example : Saprophytic bacteria, ------------------- and -------------------

(c )Prey-predator
An organism (prey) is haunted and ------------------- by a stronger and bigger organism (predator).

Prey

Predator

------------------- by the predator ------------------- in size compared to the predator The prey population is -------------- than the predator population The prey relies on speed or ------------------- to avoid being caught by the predators.

Predators usually have long canine teeth, ------------------- vision and sharp claws to capture and kill their prey. Have hooked ------------------- to tear the flesh of their prey.

The prey predator relationship between a rat and an owl. The rat is the ------------------- of the owl. The owl is the -------------------. An increase in the ------------------- population followed by an ------------------- in the ------------- population. When the rat population ------------------- due to increasing predation or other factors such as the spread of diseases, the owls ------------------- ------------------- becomes limited and this leads to a ------------------- in the population of predators. The preypredators regulate each others population in a cyclical manner which maintains the populations of both organisms in a ------------------- -------------------

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The interactions between biotic components in relation to feeding.

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows a plant species P with green leaves on a tree trunk. The interaction between species P and the host plant, Q is ------------------- Species P is a type of ------------------- which is able to synthesize their own food by ------------------process. It grows on the tree trunk to achieve a greater height so that it can receive more ------------------- for photosynthesis process. It does not absorb nutrients from the host tree. The host tree neither gains nor loses How species P obtains their needs and adapted to the environment Roots system Occupied by -------------------. The ants bring all kinds of rubbish and remnants of food to the roots. These materials gradually ------------------- into humus. Leaf Arrangement in the form of a ------------------It can collect falling ------------------- which then decomposes into humus Corrugated leaves with ------------------- can direct rainwater and dew to the roots Leaf with thick cuticle to reduce -------------------

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QTA 3 Interdependence between organisms is a phenomenon that is always operating between in a community of organisms.

Figure 4 (a) Name the type of relationship between the mushroom and the decaying branch.

.. (b) What is the benefit gained by the mushroom through this association in (a)?

[ 1 mark ]

.. .. [ 1 mark ] ( c) State the function of the parts labeled X and Y X : ... Y :. [ 1 mark ] (d) Give two important contributions of mushrooms to man. (i) . (ii) . [ 2 marks] (e) (i) Suggest one example of an organism that shares the same method of nutrition as in Figure 4. [ 1 marks] (e) (i) Explain the role of this organism in the ecosystem

. [ 2 marks]

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Competition

An interaction between organisms to get the same resources that is in ---- -------------- supply. ------------------- organisms will migrate or die Animals compete for shelter, ------------------- and breeding mates. Plants compete for water, nutrients, light and space.

Types of competition

------------------- competition
* Members of the ------------species compete for the same resources. * Examples: 1. Paramecium -------------aurelia themselves. 2. maize plants among themselves. among

------------------- competition
* Competition between ------

------------- species
* Examples: 1. Paramecium -------------aurelia and Paramecium

------------------2. maize plants and paddy plants.

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8.2

COLONISATION AND SUCCESSION IN AN ECOSYSTEM Ecosystem

Species Community
MEANING

TERM

Species

A group of organisms that look alike and have ------------------ characteristics, share the same ecological niche and are capable of inter ------------------- and producing fertile ---------For example, ------------------- and water lilies are two different species of water plants.

Population

A group of organisms of the ------------------- species living in the same ------------------- at the same time. For example, a population of elephants living in a jungle.

Community

Several ------------------- of different species living in the same habitat in an ecosystem. For example, a freshwater pond community.

Ecosystem

A community of ------------------- organisms ------------------with each other and with the ------------------- environment. Examples : -------------------, a wetland and a pond

Niche

The ------------------- of an organism in the ecosystem. Organisms that undergo metamorphosis in their life cycles occupy different niches. For example, a ------------------- lives entirely in ----------------- and utilizes different resources from those of an adult frog which lives mainly on -------------------.

Habitat

natural

environment

where

organisms

-------------------

Example, a single tree can be a habitat for caterpillars and ------------------.

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COLONISATION AND SUCCESSION IN MANGROVE SWAMP QTA 4 : Figure 5 shows the geographical distribution of mangrove trees along the east coast.

D Figure 5

1 (a) (i) Name the mangrove trees in zone A to D. A : B : C : D : [4 marks] (ii) Among the mangrove trees stated in (a) (i), which is the pioneer species? [2 marks] (b) State two problems faced by the pioneer species in the colonization of swampy area. ... [2 marks ] (c) Explain two adaptive characteristics that enable the pioneer species to survive in the swamp area. .... . .. ................... [2 marks] (d) (i) What is meant by viviparous seedlings? [ 1 mark ] (d) (ii) What is the benefit of this to the mangrove plant? . [1 mark] ......................................................................................................................................

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A. SUCCESSION IN A MANGROVE SWAMP

Avicennia sp. and ------------------- zone (---------------species ) Extensive ------------------- systems ------------- ----- and collect sediments. The ------------------- becomes more compact and ------------------The ground becomes higher

Rhizophora sp. zone (successor species) Replace the pioneer species The ------------------- roots trap silt and ---------------. The soil firmer, ------------------- and ------------------ ------------------- submerged by sea water

Bruguiera sp. zone Replace the Rhizophora sp. The roots ------------------- more silt and mud. Modify the ------------------- structure. Terrestrial plants like the nipah palm and ----- ------------- then ------------------- the bruguiera sp. (B) Colonisation and succession in a pond Terrestrial forest and then a ------------------

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8.3 POPULATION ECOLOGY THE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE TO STUDY THE POPULATION SIZE OF ORGANISM

Quadrat sampling technique to study and estimate the population size of ------------------

Sampling techniques

Capture, mark, release and recapture To estimate the population size of ------------------

to estimate the ------------------- and ------------------ of organisms. QTA 5

Figure 6

Figure 6, show an oil palm estate. An oil palm estate is identified as a habitat for owls and rats. The manager of oil palm estate plans to use biology control to control the population size of rats which are damaging the oil palm in the estate. Based on ecological studies, some students have carried out a study to estimate the size of the rats population between the area of estate. The result obtained are recorded in Table 1 Steps in the collection of samples Number of rats captured, marked and released Number of rats recaptured 3 days later Number of marked rats Station X Station Y

110 130

70 50

60

25

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1 (a) What technique is used for estimating the population of the rat? .. [1 mark] (b) (i) Give two characteristics of the material used for marking the rat. .. .. . [2 marks] ( b)(ii) Where will you release the rat after they are marked? .. .. [1 mark] (c) Why are the rat caught again after three days? [1 mark] (d) Estimate the population of the rat in station X and station Y. . .. ........ . [2 marks] (e) Give three reasons for the difference in the population of the rat in two stations. ... .. . [3 marks] CAPTURE, MARK, RELEASE AND RECAPTURE TECHNIQUE Formula : Population size (number of individuals in the first sample) x (number of individuals in the second sample)

=
number of marked individuals recaptured

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THE EFFECT OF THE ABIOTIC FACTORS ON THE POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF AN ORGANISM

Temperature
the population distribution of Pleurococcus sp. is

------------------- at a mild temperatures. temperatures

Humidity Light intensity

- ------------------light Intensity is more favourable for Pleurococcus sp. An experiment to investigate the effect of the abiotic factors on the population growth rate of an organism. (investigate the population distribution of Pleurococcus sp.)

- a ------------------humidity is more suitable for the growth of Pleurococcus sp

Aspects
- the aspects such as lower temperatures and low light intensities are ------------------- for the growth of Pleurococcus sp.

pH value
- the population distribution of Pleurococcus sp. is higher at a neutral pH

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8.4 BIODIVERSITY Classification of organisms into the five kingdoms

Monera - composed of ------------------organisms - -------------------, have cell walls, no ------------------bound nuclei and organelles. - photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic - typical shapes: rod, round,spiral - examples : Cyanobacteria, Protista - -------------------, algae, protozoa - membrane-bound nuclei and organelles. - -------------------, heterotrophic or both - examples : spirogyra sp. amoeba sp. paramecium sp.

Kingdom

Animalia

- ---------------- ------------------eukaryotes - well-------------------- tissues - examples : mammals, fish reptiles

Fungi - multicellular eukaryotes - -------------------, have hyphae called --------------- they have no ----------------- examples : yeast mucor sp. mushrooms

Plantae - all -------------- plants

- ------------------autotrophic eukaryotes, immobile photosynthetic - have ------------------- cell walls - examples : flowering plants fern

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_________________ __________________ system. Organisms Genus Species Scientific name ------------------QUESTION TO ANSWER Explain how a classification is use to name Panthera leo and Panthera tigris The naming of organisms is based on the ------------- ------------ ------------Each organism has ------------------- name in latin. First name begin with capital letters refers to the -------------------, second refers to -------------------, written in Italic -------------------I s the genus in which the lion and tiger are placed. However, they are of a different -------------------. The lion belongs to the species ------------------- while the tiger belongs to the species -------------------. 8.5 THE IMPACT OF MICROORGANISMS ON LIFE Types of microorganisms To which organisms do the following descriptions apply? W Tobacco mosaic virus 1. Parasite 2. Saprophyte 3. Form spores 4. A multicellular organism 5. Genetic material is a single strand of RNA 6. Reproduces by binary fission X Yeast Y Bread mould Z Bacillus Human Wolf Canus lupis Frog Rana pipiens

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THE EFFECTS OF ABIOTIC COMPONENTS ON THE ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS

ABIOTIC COMPONENT

EFFECTS

Temperature

- ------------------- at low temperature - the optimum temperature is between ------------------- beyond ------------ the growth of microorganisms is inhibited - microorganisms and their spores can be ------------------- at a temperature of about 121C The activity of yeast is optimal at a temperature of --------.

Light intensity

- prefer ------------------- or low light intensities - ------------------- intensities of sunlight or ultraviolet rays can ------------------- microorganisms - ------------------- and photosynthetic bacteria need light to photosynthesize The activity of yeast is higher at a ------------------intensity of light.

pH value

- most bacteria prefer slightly ------------------- conditions . pH ------ moulds, yeast and protozoans prefer acidic conditions (pH 4.5 pH 5.0) - extreme pH can kill the microorganisms The activity of yeast is optimum in the ------------------medium.

Nutrient

- all microorganisms except ------------------- need nutrients and water for reproduction and growth - without nutrients or water, microorganisms will die or form ---------------- The higher the concentration of nutrients, the --------------the activity of yeast.

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QTA 6 :THE IMPACT OF MICROORGANISMS ON LIFE

Figure 7 : The impact of microorganisms on life

Microorganisms are found everywhere on the surface of the earth. Many types of microorganisms are harmless and are actually quite beneficial to humans. (a) State 5 types of microorganisms found on earth. 1. 4. 2. 5 3.

[2 marks] th e (b) With example, explain the importance of any 3 types of microorganisms. . . . . [3 marks] (c)(i) From Figure 7 name 2 groups of nitrogen fixing bacteria and state briefly their way of life. . [3 marks] (c)(ii) What is the meaning of nitrogen fixing bacteria? [2 marks]

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(d)

What is compound x ? [ 1 marks] .

(e)

What is the use of microorganisms in biotechnology ? . .. [ 2 marks]

(e)

What is the importance of preservation and conservation of biodiversity ? . .. [ 2 marks] GUIDED ESSAY :THE ROLE OF USEFUL MICROORGANISMS

1.

Decomposition a. Carried out by a group of ------------------- bacteria and fungi, called --------------b. Secrete ------------------- that break down complex organic nutrients into ------------------ inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide, water and ----------------this reduces pollution by preventing the accumulation of the remains of decaying organisms. c. Maintain life on earth by recycling and ------------------- nutrients into the soil.

2. Digestive system in human Symbiotic bacteria in human ------------------- synthesise vitamin B12 and ------------------Deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to anaemia, ------------------- needed for blood clotting. 3. Alimentary canal of termites Termites feed on ------------------- which contains cellulose, they do not have the enzymes (-------------------) to digest the cellulose. Trichonympha sp. is a mutualistic protozoans present in the alimentary canal of termites and secrete -------------------.

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4 Nitrogen cycle

a. The nitrogen cycle allows nitrogen to be utilized by organisms and --------------to the physical environment. b. Plants can only ------------------- nitrogen in the form of -------------------, nitrite or nitrate ions. c. Nitrogen fixing bacteria such as -------------------. (lives in the soil) and ------------------ (lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants) can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ------------------- compounds (NH3 and NH4) through a process called -------------------. d. Nitrates are taken up by the roots of plants and converted into plant ------------When the animals eat the plants, the organic nitrogen is transferred into the body of animals and becomes animal protein e. Waste matter, ------------------- and animals which die and decompose are converted into ammonium compounds. f. Ammonium compounds are converted into -------------------and nitrates by ------------------ through a process called -------------------. g. Ammonia converted into nitrites (NO2-) by ------------------h. Nitrites converted into nitrates (NO3) by -------------------. i. The cycle is balanced by a continuous return of nitrogen to the atmosphere by -------------------which break down nitrates and release nitrogen back into the atmosphere.

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The effect of harmful microorganisms 1. Harmful microorganisms can ------------------- the food and substances. 2. 3. Microorganisms that cause diseases are called -------------------. Organisms that transmit the pathogens are called --------------------------------------.

How the diseases spread i) Direct contact - a contagious disease can be spread by ---------------- with an infected person or using their personal items such as ---------------- clothing. ii) Airborne and droplet transmission - airborne transmission is a method where the pathogens can change into ------------and then transmitted by liquid Airborne and droplet transmission - airborne transmission is a method where the pathogens can change into -------------and then transmitted by liquid Food and water - microorganisms enter the alimentary canal through contaminated food and water, ------------- hands Methods of controlling pathogens Vaccines - a suspension of ------------------- or ------------------bacteria or viruses Antibiotics - Penicillin and streptomycin are produced by microorganisms which inhibit the growth or -----------other microorganisms, esp. bacteria -------------- droplet transmission is a method where ---------------- droplet transmission is a method where

which is inoculated into the body to induce the production of -------------------. Example : BCG

Disinfectants - solutions used to ------------------surgical equipment, kill microorganisms on the floor. Examples : phenol, formaldehyde

Antiseptics - used on cuts and ------------------- to kill and inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Examples : acriflavin, -------------------

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GUIDED QUESTION PAPER 3 :QTA 7: Complete the report below Objective: Estimating the percentage coverage of plants using the quadrat sampling technique. Problem statement: What is the percentage coverage for plant species P and Q in the selected sample? Hypothesis : .. Variables i. manipulated: .. ii.responding: . iii. constant: .. Apparatus: 1m X 1m quadrat Technique: To estimate .. Procedure: 1. Survey and select a suitable sampling area. 2. Identify two plant species, P and Q to be sampled in the area. 3.Place ten square quadrats, each 1m2 on the sampling area randomly. 4. Divide each quadrat into . small quadrat using nails and strings. 5. Each small quadrat measures . (The size of each small quadrat is .) 6. Count the number of small quadrats for the plant species P. (Count only the small quadrats that are covered . or more by the species.) 7. Count the total area covered by the plant species P by multiplying total number of covered with the area of one small quadrat (0.01 m2). 8. Repeat . 9. Record the observation in the table below. 10. .. the percentage coverage of species P and Q using the formula below
Percentage coverage = Total area covered by the species Number of quadrats X area of one quadrat X 100%

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Result.
Total area Species Area covered by the species in each quadrat (1m2)) covered by the species (m2) 1 P Q 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percentage coverage %

Conclusion: ..

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GUIDED QUESTION PAPER 3: QTA 8 Lemna minor is a species of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family Lemnaceae. The plants grow mainly by vegetative reproduction: two daughter plants bud off from the adult plant. An experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of abiotic factor such as pH on Lemna sp. growth. Experiment is done under controlled conditions: 12 hours a day light exposure and using the same Knops solution. Petri dish is filled with 20 ml Knops solution with different pH value and 5 Lemna sp. each. The Knops solution is treated by adding acid or alkali to achieve the pH value needed. ** Knops solution is a solution which contains essential nutrient for plants growth. Petri dish Knops solution Lemna minor Figure 1 After 7 days, the observation is made and the result shown in Table 1. .

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Table 1 pH value Petri dish Number of Lemna sp.

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10

12

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Based on the experiment, answer all questions below.

(a) State the number of Lemna sp. in the spaces provided in Table 1. [3 marks]

(b) (i) Based on Table 1, state two observations that can be made in this experiment. Observation 1: .. Observation 2: .. [3 marks] (ii) State the inference for each observation made in (b) (i). Inference for observation 1: Inference for observation 2: : [3 marks]

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2.

Based on the experiment, define operationally the abiotic factor in an ecosystem. [3 marks]

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