SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT:

I) SURGE ARRESTERS: Lightning or surge arresters serve to bleed a high-voltage surge to ground before it reaches the line or equipment which they are to protect. They do this by presenting a lower-impedance path to ground than that presented by the line or equipment. The voltage surge breaks down the insulation of the arrester momentarily, allowing the surge to go to ground and dissipate itself; the insulation of the arrester then recovers its properties, preventing further current from owing to ground, and returning the arrester to a state ready for another operation. Lightning or surge arresters consist basically of an air gap in series with another element which has the special characteristic of providing a relatively low resistance or impedance to the current produced by a high-voltage surge, and a high resistance or impedance to the ow of power current at the relatively low operating voltage of the distribution line to which it is connected.(See Picture 1 & 2) 2) VOLTAGE & CURRENT TRANSFORMERS: The material that follows is a brief summary of information on instrument transformers as measure-ment elements. AC range extension beyond the reasonable capability of indicating instruments is accomplishedwith instrument transformers, since the use of heavy-current shunts and high-voltage multiplierswould be prohibitive both in cost and power consumption. Instrument transformers are also used toisolate instruments from power lines and to permit instrument circuits to be grounded.The current circuits of instruments and meters normally have very low impedance, and currenttransformers must be designed for operation into such a low-impedance secondary burden. The insu-lation from the primary to secondary of the transformer must be adequate to withstand line-to-ground voltage, since the connected instruments are usually at ground potential. Normal design isfor operation with a rated secondary current of 5 A, and the input current may range upward to many thousand amperes. The potential circuits of instruments are of high impedance, and voltage trans-formers are designed for operation into a high-impedance secondary burden. In the usual design, the rated secondary voltage is 120 V, and instrument transformers have been built for rated primary volt-ages up

to 765 kV. Instrument transformers are broadly classified in two general types: (1) dry type, having molded insulation (sometimes only varnishimpregnated paper or cloth) usually intended for indoor installation, although large numbers of modern transformers have molded insulation suitable for outdoor operation on circuits up to 15 kV to ground; and (2) liquidfilled types in steel tanks with high-voltage primary terminals, intended for installation on circuits above 15 kV. They are further classified according to accuracy: (1) metering transformers having highest accuracy, usually at relatively low burdens; and (2) relaying and control transformers which in general have higher burden capacity and lower accuracy, particularly at heavy overloads. This accuracy classi-fication is not rigid, since many transformers, often in larger sizes and higher voltage ratings, are suitable for both metering and control purposes. Current transformers, whose primary winding is series connected in the line, serve the doublepurposes of (1) convenient measurement of large currents and (2) insulation of instruments, meters,and relays from highvoltage circuits. Such a transformer has a high-permeability core of relatively small cross section operated normally at a very low flux density. The secondary winding is usually in excess of 100 turns (except for certain small low-burden through-type current transformers used for metering, where the secondary turns may be as low as 40), and the primary is of few turns and may even be a single turn or a section of a bus bar threading the core. The secondary circuitthe current elements of connected instruments or relaysmustnever be opened while the transformer is excited by primary current, because high voltages are induced which may be hazardous to insulation and to personnel and because the accuracy of the transformer may be adversely affected. Voltage transformers (potential transformers) are connected between the lines whose potential difference is to be determined and are used to step the voltage down (usually to 120 V) and to sup-ply the voltage circuits of the connected instrument burden. Their basic construction is similar to that of a power transformer operating at the same input voltage, except that they are designed for opti-mal performance with the high-impedance secondary loads of the connected instruments. The core is operated at high flux density, and the insulation must be appropriate to the line-to-ground voltage.
The Sub-station has CVTs & CTs of ABB, BHEL as shown in the figures.

3) SWITCHGEAR ASSEMBLIES: Disconnects Disconnects are switches designed not to be opened when any amount of load current ows through them. Their use is generally limited to places where no load current or only a small charging current is to be interrupted. Air-break Switches Air-break switches are generally used to interrupt relatively small amounts of load current, such as in sectionalizing primary feeders or interrupting the exciting current of large transformers or a group of smaller transformers. Oil Switches Where load currents are to be interrupted relatively often, oil switches not designed to interrupt fault currents are used. Here, the switch is opened under oil, the oil serving to quench the arc that forms. 4) CIRCUIT BREAKERS: Types A circuit breaker generally is an oil switch but is built more rug-gedly to enable it to interrupt not only the relatively large load currents but also the much larger fault currents which may occur on a circuit. Most circuit breakers are designed to have their contacts open in a vacuum or in an ambient of inert gas such as sulfur hexauoride (SF6). Operation All types of circuit breakers are designed to operate automatically in opening the circuit under fault conditions, or to be opened or closed manually when desired. Circuit breakers are usually actuated by overcurrent- or fault-sens-ing relays which serve to open them. This is done by tripping a com-pressed spring. Opening may be achieved in from 2 to 60 or more cycles, including the extinguishing of the arc, from the time the relay contacts are made. Relays also control their reclosure, which is accomplished by means of solenoids or electric motors. Circuit breakers may be set for a single operation, or for multiple reclosing operations before locking out. (See pictures).Breakers manufactured by ABB
& BHEL are present in Wagura.

5) TRANSFORMERS: Transformers play a central part in the design of distribution systems; they reduce the high voltage of the primary to the low utilization voltage of the secondary. Single-phase The standard single-phase distribution transformer is generally designed with the secondary coil in two parts, which may be connected in parallel for two-wire 120-V operation, or in series for three-wire 120/240 V operation. The latter is the most commonly used connection for singlephase distribution systems. The load is balanced between two 120-V circuits; with perfect balance, no current ows in the center or neutral wire. Ratings and Temperature The maximum temperature generally accepted is that beyond which the insulation is apt to be damaged. Standards set by engineering and manufacturing groups specify an allowable temperature rise of 55C above an ambient of 40C, based on the average temperature of the windings; allowing a 10C difference between hot spot and average temperatures in the windings, a maximum temperature of 105C is indicated. Transformers are rated in volt-amperes (or kVA) rather than watts. the age and condition of the transformer and its components. Transformer Sizes Standard sizes of distribution transformers change from time to time as economics and situations change. Kilovolt-ampere capacities presently in greatest use include: Single-phase units: 10, 25, 37-1/2, 50, 100, 167, 250, 333, and 500 kVA. Older units that still exist in service include 1, 1-1/2, 3, 5, 7-1/2, 15, 75, 150, and 200 kVA. Voltage Ratings Standards of voltage ratings, on both the primary and secondary sides, as well as the numerical and percentage voltage variations above and below nominal voltage ratings, are specied in the selection of taps included in the primary winding of the transformer

Cooling Small transformers are air cooled and insulated. For units of larger rating and higher voltage, oil cooling becomes economical, because oil provides greater insulation strength than air for a given clearance, and augments the rate of removal of heat from the windings. Almost all power transformers are oil immersed.The different techniques used are Air insulated, air cooled(Natural air cooling (AN), Forced air cooling (AF)), Oil immersed, air cooled (Natural oil circulation, natural air flow (ONAN), Natural oil circulation, air blast (ONAF), Forced oil circulation, natural air flow (OFAN) , Forced oil circulation, air blast (OFAF) ), Oil immersed, water cooled (Natural oil, water (internal cooler) (ONWF), Forced oil, water (external cooler) (OFWF)) Parallel operation The following information is required when the parallel operation of transformers is considered: A) output and temperature rise of the transformers; B) polarity for one-phase units; angular displacement for three-phase units-IEC group reference or phasor diagram; C) turns ratio on all tappings; D) percentage impedance at 75 C; and E) percentage resistance drop at 75 C, or the load loss. Tappings & Tapchangers Almost all transformers incorporate some means of adjusting their voltage ratio by means of the addition or removal of tapping turns. This adjustment may be made on-load, as is the case for many large transformers, by means of an off-circuit switch, or by the selection of bolted link positions with the trans-former totally isolated. Transformer users require tappings for a number of reasons: To compensate for changes in the applied voltage on bulk supply and other system transformers. To compensate for regulation within the transformer and maintain the output voltage constant on the above types.

 On generator and interbus transformers to assist in the control of system VAr ows. To allow for compensation for factors not accurately known at the time of planning an electrical system. To allow for future changes in system conditions. 6) REACTORS: Where relatively high-voltage primary feeders (23-kV and above) operate in metallic sheathed cables and are rather long, the capacitance effect of the cable may cause undesirable voltage rises along the feeder. Reactors connected between the primary conductors and the neutral or ground are inserted in the feeder at appropriate points to hold customer voltages within permissible limits; shunt reactors act in a similar fashion as shunt capacitors. (See Pictures) 7) MISCELLENOUS: Buses: Two kinds of inter-linking conductors called buses are commonlt used.The Transfer Bus & The Main Bus. Wavetraps: These serve as low pass filters & filter out the PLCC signals Tertiary Transformers & their buses.