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Operating Systems Some Definitions

Habermann
An Operating System is set of programs that creates an apparent computing systems, i.e, an extension of the original hardware (that is, it is a Virtual Computer)

Operating Systems
Background and Introduction

Tanenbaum

An Operating System is the Mother (In the S. Hussein sense. As in the Mother of all wars) of all programs, which controls all of the computer's resources and provides the base upon which the application programs can be written

Anand Dersingh
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Operating Systems Some Definitions

Sayers
An Operating System is a set of programs and routines which guide a computer in the performance of its tasks and assist the programs (and programmers) with certain support functions

Operating Systems Some Definitions

Stallings
An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware. It has three objectives: convenience efficiency ability to evolve

ANSI
An Operating System is software which controls the execution of computer programs and which may provide scheduling, debugging, I/O control, accounting, compilation, storage assignment, data management and related services

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Operating Systems
User

Cross platform executable files

Can an application program compiled on Windows run on Linux or MacOS?

Application

Operating System

Hardware

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Well known PC Operating Systems

Windows XP, Vista, 7, Server 2008, etc Linux MacOS

Does a smart phone use OS?

Android Google iOS Apple Blackberry OS RIM Windows Mobile Microsoft

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Why do you think smart phones need to have OS?

Processor Registers
User-visible registers
Enable machine or assembly language programmer to minimize main memory references by optimizing register use For high-level languages, an optimizing compiler will attempt to make intelligent choices of which variables to assign to registers and which to main memory locations

Control and status registers

Used by processor to control operating of the processor Used by privileged OS routines to control the execution of programs
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Computer Components: Top-Level View

Control and Status Registers

Program counter (PC)
Contains the address of an instruction to be fetched

Instruction register (IR)

Contains the instruction most recently fetched

Program status word (PSW)

Contains status information or condition codes Condition codes or flags
Bits set by processor hardware as a result of operations Example
Positive, negative, zero, or overflow result

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Instruction Execution
Two steps
Processor reads (fetches) instructions from memory Processor executes each instruction

Instruction Register
Fetched instruction loaded into instruction register Categories
Processor-memory, processor-I/O, data processing, control

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Instruction Fetch and Execute

The processor fetches the instruction from memory Program counter (PC) holds address of the instruction to be fetched next PC is incremented after each fetch

Characteristics of a Hypothetical Machine

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Example of Program Execution

Classes of Interrupts

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Interrupts
Interrupt the normal sequencing of the processor Most I/O devices are slower than the processor
Processor must pause to wait for device

Interrupts
Consider a PC that operates at 1 GHz, which would allow roughly 109instructions per second. A typical hard disk has a rotational speed of 7200 revolutions per minute for a half-track rotation time of 4 ms, which is 4 million times slower than the processor. What do these two numbers imply?

Interrupts are provided primarily as a way to improve processor utilization

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Program Flow of Control

Transfer of Control via Interrupts

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Program Flow of Control

Interrupt Stage
Processor checks for interrupts If interrupt
Suspend execution of program Execute interrupt-handler routine

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Instruction Cycle with Interrupts

Virtualization Products
Vmware VirtualBox Citrix Etc.

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Virtualization
Why do we need them?

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