No.

ICC-01/04-01/06 1/17 14 March 2012

OriginaI: Eng!ish No.: ICC-01/04-01/06
Dale: 14 March 2012


TRIAL CHAMBER I

BcInrc: Judgc Adrian Fu!Inrd, Prcsiding Judgc
Judgc E!izabcth Odin Bcnitn
Judgc Rcn B!attmann




SlTUATlON lN THL DLMOCRATlC RLPUBLlC Ol THL CONGO
lN THL CASL Ol THL PROSLCUTOR t .THOMAS LUBANGA DYlLO


Pub!ic

5ummary nI thc "Judgmcnt pursuant tn Artic!c 74 nI thc 5tatutc"

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No. ICC-01/04-01/06 2/17 14 March 2012
Dccisinn/Ordcr/Judgmcnt tn bc nntiIicd in accnrdancc with Rcgu!atinn 31 nI
thc ReguIutlons of the Court tn:

Thc OIIicc nI thc Prnsccutnr
Mr Luis Moreno Ocamo
Ms Ialou ensouda

Cnunsc! Inr thc DcIcncc
Ms Calherine MabiIIe
Mr }ean-Marie i|u DuvaI

Lcga! Rcprcscntativcs nI thc Victims
Mr Luc WaIIeyn
Mr Iranck MuIenda
Ms Carine aila uyangandu
Mr }oseh Kela Orvinyo
Mr IauI Kabongo Tshibangu

Lcga! Rcprcscntativcs nI thc App!icants




Unrcprcscntcd Victims




Unrcprcscntcd App!icants Inr
Participatinn/Rcparatinn



Thc OIIicc nI Pub!ic Cnunsc! Inr
Victims
Ms IaoIina Massida

Thc OIIicc nI Pub!ic Cnunsc! Inr thc
DcIcncc




5tatcs Rcprcscntativcs



REGI5TRY
Amicus Curiac




Rcgistrar
Ms SiIvana Arbia
DcIcncc 5uppnrt 5cctinn


Victims and Witncsscs Unit


Dctcntinn 5cctinn


Victims Participatinn and Rcparatinns
5cctinn
Othcr


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TriaI Chamber I (TriaI Chamber or Chamber) of lhe InlernalionaI CriminaI
Courl (Courl or ICC), in lhe case of Prcsccuicr t. Tncnas Iu|anga Oqi|c
(Iu|anga case), issues lhe foIIoving Summary of lhe }udgmenl ursuanl lo
ArlicIe 74 of lhe Slalule:

A. Intrnductinn

1. This is lhe summary of lhe Chamber's }udgmenl under ArlicIe 74 of lhe
Rome Slalule as lo vhelher lhe Iroseculor has roved lhe guiIl of lhe
accused.

B. Chargcs against thc accuscd

2. On 29 }anuary 2007 lhe Ire-TriaI Chamber issued ils Decision on lhe
Confirmalion of Charges. The Ire-TriaI Chamber confirmed lhal lhere
vas sufficienl evidence lo eslabIish subslanliaI grounds lo beIieve lhal:
Thomas Lubanga DyiIo is resonsibIe, as co-erelralor, for lhe charges of
enIisling and conscriling chiIdren under lhe age of fifleen years inlo lhe IILC
and using lhem lo arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies vilhin lhe meaning of arlicIes
8(2)(b)(xxvi) and 25(3)(a) of lhe Slalule from earIy Selember 2002 lo 2 }une 2003.

AddilionaIIy, lhe Ire-TriaI Chamber confirmed lhal lhere vas sufficienl
evidence lo eslabIish subslanliaI grounds lo beIieve lhal:
Thomas Lubanga DyiIo is resonsibIe, as co-erelralor, for lhe charges of
enIisling and conscriling chiIdren under lhe age of fifleen years inlo lhe IILC
and using lhem lo arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies vilhin lhe meaning of arlicIes
8(2)(e)(vii) and 25(3)(a) of lhe Slalule from 2 }une lo 13 Augusl 2003.


C. Jurisdictinn

3. Iursuanl lo ArlicIe 19 of lhe Slalule, lhe Courl shaII salisfy ilseIf lhal il
has |urisdiclion in any case broughl before il. The Democralic ReubIic
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of lhe Congo (DRC) became a Slale arly on 11 AriI 2002 and,
ursuanl lo ArlicIe 14 of lhe Slalule, Iresidenl KabiIa referred lhe
silualion in lhe DRC lo lhe Iroseculor in March 2004. Ire-TriaI Chamber
I concIuded lhal lhe case faIIs vilhin lhe Courl's |urisdiclion, and lhe
AeaIs Chamber confirmed lhe Ire-TriaI Chamber's Decision on lhe
accused's chaIIenge lo lhe |urisdiclion of lhe Courl. The ersonaI,
lemoraI, lerriloriaI and sub|ecl-maller eIemenls lhal are reIevanl lo lhe
Courl's |urisdiclion have nol aIlered since lhe Decision on lhe
Confirmalion of lhe Charges, and lhe issue has nol been raised by lhe
arlies or any Slale before lhe TriaI Chamber.

D. BricI casc histnry

4. The firsl slalus conference before lhe TriaI Chamber vas heId on 4
Selember 2007, and lhereafler lhere vere 54 slalus conferences rior lo
lhe commencemenl of lhe lriaI. The foIIoving is a summary of lhe main
roceduraI evenls vhich had a significanl imacl on lhe course of lhe
roceedings.

5. The lriaI vas slayed lvice as a consequence of discIosure issues. The firsl
slay vas imosed by lhe Chamber on 13 }une 2008, and il vas Iifled on
18 November 2008. A second slay vas imosed on 8 }uIy 2010. The
resenlalion of evidence resumed on 25 Oclober 2010.

6. The arlies and lhe IegaI reresenlalives of viclims made lheir oening
slalemenls on 26 and 27 }anuary 2009. The roseculion caIIed ils firsl
vilness on 28 }anuary 2009. The roseculion's oraI evidence concIuded
on 14 }uIy 2009.
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7. On 3 Selember 2009, lhe Chamber ad|ourned lhe resenlalion of
evidence ending an inlerIoculory aeaI. The AeaIs Chamber issued
ils |udgmenl on lhe maller on 8 December 2009 and lhe evidence
resumed on 7 }anuary 2010.

8. The defence resenled a bifurcaled case. In lhe firsl arl lhe defence in
essence caIIed inlo queslion lhe leslimony of aII lhe roseculion's chiId
soIdier vilnesses, a rocess lhal incIuded lhe resenlalion of rebullaI
vilnesses by lhe roseculion. On 10 December 2010, lhe defence fiIed an
aIicalion seeking a ermanenl slay of lhe roceedings. The Chamber
issued a Decision dismissing lhe defence aIicalion on 23 Iebruary
2011.

9. The second arl of lhe defence evidence vas inlroduced lhereafler and
on 20 May 2011 lhe resenlalion of evidence formaIIy cIosed.

10. The TriaI Chamber heard 67 vilnesses, and lhere vere 204 days of
hearings. The roseculion caIIed 36 vilnesses, incIuding 3 exerls, and
lhe defence caIIed 24 vilnesses. Three viclims vere caIIed as vilnesses
foIIoving a requesl from lheir IegaI reresenlalives. AddilionaIIy, lhe
Chamber caIIed four exerls. The roseculion submilled 368 ilems of
evidence, lhe defence 992, and lhe IegaI reresenlalives 13 (1373 in lolaI).
In addilion lo lhe vrillen submissions, lhe oraI cIosing argumenls of lhe
arlies and arlicianls vere heard on 25 and 26 Augusl 2011. Since 6
}une 2007, vhen lhe record of lhe case vas lransmilled lo lhe TriaI
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Chamber, lhe Chamber has deIivered 275 vrillen decisions and orders
and 347 oraI decisions.

11. In accordance vilh ArlicIe 68(3) of lhe Slalule, viclims have arlicialed
in lhe case, and in arlicuIar lhey have aIied lo inlroduce evidence,
lhey have queslioned vilnesses and lhey have advanced vrillen and
oraI submissions vilh lhe Ieave of lhe Chamber and vilh lhe assislance
of lheir IegaI reresenlalives. The lolaI number of individuaI viclims
aulhorised lo arliciale in lhe roceedings is 129 (34 femaIe and 95
maIe viclims).

12. Al lhe requesl of lhe accused and in accordance vilh ArlicIe 76(2) of lhe
Slalule, lhe Chamber in an oraI Decision ruIed lhal lhere vouId be a
searale senlencing hearing if lhe accused is convicled.

E. Factua! nvcrvicw

13. The TriaI Chamber heard lhe leslimony of severaI exerl vilnesses and il
revieved documenlary evidence lhal reIales lo lhe exislence of an inler-
elhnic confIicl in Iluri belveen 1999 and 2003.

14. Againsl lhis background, lhe Union des Ialrioles CongoIais (UIC)
vas crealed on 15 Selember 2000. AIlhough Thomas Lubanga vas one
of lhe UIC's founding members and ils Iresidenl from lhe oulsel, lhe
nalure of lhe grou vhen il vas crealed is a maller of disule in lhis
case. These loics are anaIysed in grealer delaiI beIov vhen lhe
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Chamber deaIs vilh lhe individuaI criminaI resonsibiIily of lhe
accused.

15. The UIC and ils miIilary ving, lhe |crcc Pairiciiquc pcur |a Ii|craiicn !u
Ccngc (IILC), look over in Iluri in Selember 2002.

F. Thc Burdcn and 5tandard nI PrnnI

16. Under ArlicIe 66 of lhe Slalule, lhe accused is resumed lo be innocenl
unliI lhe Iroseculor has roved his guiIl. Ior a conviclion, each eIemenl
of lhe crime charged musl be eslabIished beyond reasonabIe doubl.

G. Intcrmcdiarics

17. An issue lhal occuied lhe Chamber for a significanl arl of lhis lriaI
concerned lhe use by lhe roseculion of IocaI inlermediaries in lhe DRC.
The Chamber is of lhe viev lhal lhe roseculion shouId nol have
deIegaled ils invesligalive resonsibiIilies lo lhe inlermediaries as
anaIysed in lhe |udgmenl, nolvilhslanding lhe exlensive securily
difficuIlies lhal il faced. A series of vilnesses have been caIIed during
lhis lriaI vhose evidence, as a resuIl of lhe essenliaIIy unsuervised
aclions of lhree of lhe rinciaI inlermediaries, cannol safeIy be reIied
on.

18. The Chamber senl a considerabIe eriod of lime invesligaling lhe
circumslances of a subslanliaI number of individuaIs vhose evidence
vas, al Ieasl in arl, inaccurale or dishonesl. The roseculion's
negIigence in faiIing lo verify and scrulinise lhis maleriaI sufficienlIy
before il vas inlroduced Ied lo significanl exendilure on lhe arl of lhe
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Courl. An addilionaI consequence of lhe Iack of roer oversighl of lhe
inlermediaries is lhal lhey vere olenliaIIy abIe lo lake advanlage of lhe
vilnesses lhey conlacled. Irreseclive of lhe Chamber's concIusions
regarding lhe credibiIily and reIiabiIily of lhe aIIeged former chiId
soIdier vilnesses, given lheir youlh and IikeIy exosure lo confIicl, lhey
vere vuInerabIe lo maniuIalion.

19. The Chamber has vilhdravn lhe righl of six duaI slalus vilnesses lo
arliciale in lhe roceedings, as a resuIl of lhe Chamber's concIusions
as lo lhe reIiabiIily and accuracy of lhese vilnesses.

20. Likevise, lhe Chamber has nol reIied on lhe leslimony of lhe lhree
viclims vho leslified in Courl (a/0225/06, a/0229/06, and a/0270/07),
because lheir accounls are unreIiabIe. Given lhe maleriaI doubls lhal
exisl as lo lhe idenlilies of lvo of lhese individuaIs, vhich inevilabIy
affecl lhe evidence of lhe lhird, lhe Chamber decided lo vilhdrav lhe
ermission originaIIy granled lo lhem lo arliciale as viclims.

21. The Chamber has concIuded lhal lhere is a risk lhal inlermediaries I-
0143, I-316 and I-321 ersuaded, encouraged, or assisled vilnesses lo
give faIse evidence. These individuaIs may have commilled crimes
under ArlicIe 70 of lhe Slalule. Iursuanl lo RuIe 165 of lhe RuIes, lhe
resonsibiIily lo iniliale and conducl invesligalions in lhese
circumslances Iies vilh lhe roseculion. Invesligalions can be inilialed
on lhe basis of informalion communicaled by a Chamber or any reIiabIe
source. The Chamber communicales lhe reIevanl informalion lo lhe
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OTI, and lhe Iroseculor shouId ensure lhal lhe risk of a confIicl of
inleresl is avoided for lhe uroses of any invesligalion.

H. Armcd cnnI!ict and its naturc

22. AIlhough lhe Ire-TriaI Chamber in ils Confirmalion of Charges Decision
delermined lhal for arl of lhe reIevanl eriod lhe confIicl vas
inlernalionaI in characler, lhe Chamber concIudes lhal lhe UIC/IILC, as
an organised armed grou, vas invoIved in an inlernaI armed confIicl
againsl lhe Armee IouIaire CongoIaise (AIC) and olher Lendu
miIilias, incIuding lhe |crcc !c |csisiancc Pairiciiquc cn |iuri (IRII),
belveen Selember 2002 and 13 Augusl 2003. AccordingIy, aIying
ReguIalion 55 of lhe ReguIalions of lhe Courl, lhe Chamber has changed
lhe IegaI characlerisalion of lhe facls lo lhe exlenl lhal lhe armed confIicl
reIevanl lo lhe charges vas non-inlernalionaI in characler.

I. Lcga! dcIinitinn nI cnnscriptinn, cn!istmcnt and usc

23. The charges againsl lhe accused incIude lhree dislincl criminaI acls. The
Chamber has concIuded lhal lhe crimes of conscrilion and enIislmenl
are commilled al lhe momenl a chiId under lhe age of 15 is enroIIed inlo
or |oins an armed force or grou, vilh or vilhoul comuIsion. These
offences are conlinuous in nalure. They end onIy vhen lhe chiId reaches
15 years of age or Ieaves lhe force or grou.

24. As regards lhe offence of using chiIdren under lhe age of 15 lo
arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies, lhe Chamber has concIuded lhal lhis
incIudes a vide range of aclivilies, from lhose chiIdren on lhe fronl Iine
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(vho arliciale direclIy) lhrough lo lhe boys or girIs vho are invoIved
in a myriad of roIes lhal suorl lhe combalanls. AII of lhese aclivilies,
vhich cover eilher direcl or indirecl arlicialion, have an underIying
common fealure: lhe chiId concerned is, al lhe very Ieasl, a olenliaI
largel. The decisive faclor, lherefore, in deciding if an indirecl roIe is
lo be lrealed as aclive arlicialion in hosliIilies is vhelher lhe suorl
rovided by lhe chiId lo lhe combalanls exosed him or her lo reaI
danger as a olenliaI largel. In lhe |udgmenl of lhe Chamber lhese
combined faclors lhe chiId's suorl and lhis IeveI of consequenliaI
risk mean lhal aIlhough absenl from lhe immediale scene of lhe
hosliIilies, lhe individuaI vas nonelheIess acliveIy invoIved in lhem.

J. Thc Iacts rc!ating tn thc cnnscriptinn and cn!istmcnt nI chi!drcn
undcr thc agc nI 15 and using thcm tn participatc activc!y in thc
hnsti!itics

25. Il is aIIeged lhal lhe accused, |oinlIy vilh olhers, conscriled and
enIisled chiIdren under lhe age of 15 years inlo lhe armed grou of lhe
UIC/IILC and lhal he used lhem lo arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies
belveen 1 Selember 2002 and 13 Augusl 2003.

26. The Chamber has concIuded lhal lhe UIC/IILC vas an armed grou.

27. The Chamber finds lhal belveen 1 Selember 2002 and 13 Augusl 2003,
lhe armed ving of lhe UIC/IILC vas resonsibIe for lhe videsread
recruilmenl of young eoIe, incIuding chiIdren under lhe age of 15, on
an enforced as veII as a voIunlary basis.

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28. MuIliIe vilnesses leslified credibIy and reIiabIy lhal chiIdren under 15
vere voIunlariIy or forcibIy recruiled inlo lhe UIC/IILC and senl lo
eilher lhe headquarlers of lhe UIC/IILC in unia or ils miIilary lraining
cams, incIuding al Rvamara, Mandro, and MongbvaIu. Video
evidence cIearIy shovs recruils under lhe age of 15 in lhe Rvamara
cam.

29. The evidence demonslrales lhal chiIdren in lhe miIilary cams endured
harsh lraining regimes and vere sub|ecled lo a variely of severe
unishmenls. The evidence aIso eslabIishes lhal chiIdren, mainIy girIs,
vere used by UIC/IILC commanders lo carry oul domeslic vork. The
TriaI Chamber heard evidence from vilnesses lhal girI soIdiers vere
sub|ecled lo sexuaI vioIence and rae. Wilnesses secificaIIy referred lo
girIs under lhe age of 15 vho vere sub|ecled lo sexuaI vioIence by
UIC/IILC commanders. SexuaI vioIence does nol form arl of lhe
charges againsl lhe accused, and lhe Chamber has nol made any
findings of facl on lhe issue, arlicuIarIy as lo vhelher resonsibiIily is
lo be allribuled lo lhe accused.

30. The evidence has eslabIished beyond reasonabIe doubl lhal chiIdren
under lhe age of 15 vere conscriled and enIisled inlo lhe UIC/IILC
forces belveen 1 Selember 2002 and 13 Augusl 2003.

31. The leslimony of muIliIe vilnesses and lhe documenlary evidence
have demonslraled lhal chiIdren under lhe age of 15 vere vilhin lhe
ranks of lhe UIC/IILC belveen 1 Selember 2002 and 13 Augusl 2003.
The evidence roves lhal chiIdren vere deIoyed as soIdiers in unia,
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Tchomia, Kasenyi, ogoro and eIsevhere, and lhey look arl in fighling,
incIuding al Kobu, SongoIo and MongbvaIu. Il has been eslabIished lhal
lhe UIC/IILC used chiIdren under lhe age of 15 as miIilary guards. The
evidence reveaIs lhal a seciaI Kadogo Unil vas formed, vhich vas
comrised rinciaIIy of chiIdren under lhe age of 15. The evidence of
various vilnesses, as veII as video foolage, demonslrales lhal
commanders in lhe UIC/IILC frequenlIy used chiIdren under lhe age
of 15 as bodyguards. The accounls of severaI vilnesses, aIong vilh lhe
video evidence, cIearIy rove lhal chiIdren under lhe age of 15 acled as
bodyguards or served vilhin lhe residenliaI guard of Mr Lubanga.

32. In aII lhe circumslances, lhe evidence has eslabIished beyond reasonabIe
doubl lhal chiIdren under lhe age of 15 vere used by lhe UIC/IILC lo
arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies belveen 1 Selember 2002 and 13
Augusl 2003.

K. Lcga! ana!ysis nI Artic!cs 25(3)(a) and 30 nI thc 5tatutc

33. The Chamber has concIuded lhal ursuanl lo ArlicIes 25(3)(a) and 30 of
lhe Slalule, lhe roseculion musl rove in reIalion lo each charge lhal:
(i) lhere vas an agreemenl or common Ian belveen lhe accused
and al Ieasl one olher co-erelralor lhal, once imIemenled, viII
resuIl in lhe commission of lhe reIevanl crime in lhe ordinary
course of evenls,
(ii) lhe accused rovided an essenliaI conlribulion lo lhe common
Ian lhal resuIled in lhe commission of lhe reIevanl crime,
(iii) lhe accused meanl lo conscril, enIisl or use chiIdren under lhe
age of 15 lo arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies or he vas avare lhal
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by imIemenling lhe common Ian lhese consequences viII occur
in lhe ordinary course of evenls,
(iv) lhe accused vas avare lhal he rovided an essenliaI
conlribulion lo lhe imIemenlalion of lhe common Ian, and
(v) lhe accused vas avare of lhe facluaI circumslances lhal
eslabIished lhe exislence of an armed confIicl and lhe Iink belveen
lhese circumslances and his conducl.

L. Thc Iacts rc!ating tn thc individua! crimina! rcspnnsibi!ity nI Mr
Thnmas Lubanga

34. The evidence has confirmed lhal lhe accused and his co-erelralors
agreed lo, and arlicialed in, a common Ian lo buiId an army for lhe
urose of eslabIishing and mainlaining oIilicaI and miIilary conlroI
over Iluri. In lhe ordinary course of evenls, lhis resuIled in lhe
conscrilion and enIislmenl of boys and girIs under lhe age of 15, and
lheir use lo arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies.

35. The Chamber has concIuded lhal from Iale 2000 onvards Thomas
Lubanga acled vilh his co-erelralors, vho incIuded IIoriberl
Kisembo, osco Nlaganda, Chief Kahva, and commanders TchaIigonza,
agonza and Kasangaki. Mr Lubanga's invoIvemenl vilh lhe soIdiers
(incIuding young chiIdren) vho vere senl lo Uganda for lraining is of
significance. AIlhough lhese evenls faII oulside lhe eriod covered by
lhe charges and are oulvilh lhe lemoraI |urisdiclion of lhe Courl, lhey
rovide evidence on lhe aclivilies of lhis grou, and lhey heI eslabIish
lhe exislence of lhe common Ian before and lhroughoul lhe eriod of
lhe charges.
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36. The accused vas in confIicl vilh Mr Mbusa Nyamvisi and lhe
|asscn||cncni Ccngc|ais pcur |a Ocnccraiic - Mcutcncni !c Ii|craiicn
(RCD-ML) from al Ieasl AriI 2002, and he Ied a grou lhal soughl lo
bring aboul oIilicaI change in Iluri, incIuding lhe removaI of Mr Mbusa
Nyamvisi by force, if necessary. The accused remained in conlroI, by
deIegaled aulhorily, vhiIsl he vas delained during lhe summer of 2002
and he senl Chief Kahva and Mr eiza lo Rvanda lo oblain arms.
During lhal eriod, IIoriberl Kisembo, osco Nlaganda and Chief
Kahva, lhree of lhe accused's rinciaI aIIeged co-erelralors, vere
generaIIy resonsibIe for recruilmenl and lraining, vhich incIuded girIs
and boys under lhe age of 15.

37. The accused and al Ieasl some of his co-erelralors vere invoIved in
lhe lakeover of unia in Augusl 2002. Thomas Lubanga, as lhe highesl
aulhorily vilhin lhe UIC/IILC, aoinled Chief Kahva, IIoriberl
Kisembo and osco Nlaganda lo senior osilions vilhin lhe UIC/IILC.
The evidence has eslabIished lhal during lhis eriod, lhe Ieaders of lhe
UIC/IILC, incIuding Chief Kahva, and osco Nlaganda, and Hema
eIders such as IIoy Mafula, vere aclive in mobiIisalion drives and
recruilmenl camaigns in order lo ersuade Hema famiIies lo send lheir
chiIdren lo |oin lhe UIC/IILC. Those chiIdren recruiled before lhe
formaI crealion of lhe IILC vere incororaled inlo lhal grou and a
number of miIilary lraining cams vere added lo lhe originaI faciIily al
Mandro. The Chamber has concIuded lhal belveen 1 Selember 2002
and 13 Augusl 2003, a significanl number of high-ranking members of
lhe UIC/IILC and olher ersonneI conducled a Iarge-scaIe recruilmenl
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exercise direcled al young eoIe, incIuding chiIdren under lhe age of
15, on bolh voIunlary and coercive bases.

38. The Chamber is salisfied beyond reasonabIe doubl lhal as a resuIl of lhe
imIemenlalion of lhe common Ian lo buiId an army for lhe urose of
eslabIishing and mainlaining oIilicaI and miIilary conlroI over Iluri,
boys and girIs under lhe age of 15 vere conscriled and enIisled inlo lhe
UIC/IILC belveen 1 Selember 2002 and 13 Augusl 2003. SimiIarIy, lhe
Chamber is salisfied beyond reasonabIe doubl lhal lhe UIC/IILC used
chiIdren under lhe age of 15 lo arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies
incIuding during ballIes. They vere used, during lhe reIevanl eriod, as
soIdiers and as bodyguards for senior officiaIs incIuding lhe accused.

39. Thomas Lubanga vas lhe Iresidenl of lhe UIC/IILC, and lhe evidence
demonslrales lhal he vas simuIlaneousIy lhe Commander-in-Chief of
lhe army and ils oIilicaI Ieader. He exercised an overaII coordinaling
roIe as regards lhe aclivilies of lhe UIC/IILC. He vas informed, on a
subslanlive and conlinuous basis, of lhe oeralions of lhe IILC. He vas
invoIved in lhe Ianning of miIilary oeralions, and he Iayed a crilicaI
roIe in roviding IogislicaI suorl, incIuding roviding veaons,
ammunilion, food, uniforms, miIilary ralions and olher generaI suIies
lo lhe IILC lroos. He vas cIoseIy invoIved in making decisions on
recruilmenl oIicy and he acliveIy suorled recruilmenl inilialives, for
inslance by giving seeches lo lhe IocaI ouIalion and lhe recruils. In
his seech al lhe Rvamara miIilary cam, he encouraged chiIdren
incIuding lhose under lhe age of 15 years, lo |oin lhe army and lo
rovide securily for lhe ouIace once deIoyed in lhe fieId afler lheir
ICC-01/04-01/06-2843 14-03-2012 15/17 SL T

No. ICC-01/04-01/06 16/17 14 March 2012
miIilary lraining. Iurlhermore, he ersonaIIy used chiIdren beIov lhe
age of 15 amongsl his bodyguards and he reguIarIy sav guards of olher
UIC/IILC slaff members vho vere beIov lhe age of 15. The Chamber
has concIuded lhal lhese conlribulions by Thomas Lubanga, laken
logelher, vere essenliaI lo a common Ian lhal resuIled in lhe
conscrilion and enIislmenl of girIs and boys beIov lhe age of 15 inlo
lhe UIC/IILC and lheir use lo acliveIy arliciale in hosliIilies.

40. The Chamber is salisfied beyond reasonabIe doubl, as sel oul above, lhal
Thomas Lubanga acled vilh lhe inlenl and knovIedge necessary lo
eslabIish lhe charges (lhe menlaI eIemenl required by ArlicIe 30). He
vas avare of lhe facluaI circumslances lhal eslabIished lhe exislence of
lhe armed confIicl. Iurlhermore, he vas avare of lhe nexus belveen lhe
said circumslances and his ovn conducl, vhich resuIled in lhe
conscrilion, enIislmenl and use of chiIdren beIov lhe age of 15 lo
arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies.


M. Cnnc!usinn nI thc Chambcr

41. AIlhough }udges Odio enilo and IuIford have vrillen searale and
dissenling oinions on arlicuIar discrele issues, lhe Chamber has
reached ils decision unanimousIy.

42. The Chamber concIudes lhal lhe roseculion has roved beyond
reasonabIe doubl lhal Mr Thomas Lubanga DyiIo is guiIly of lhe crimes
of conscriling and enIisling chiIdren under lhe age of fifleen years inlo
lhe IILC and using lhem lo arliciale acliveIy in hosliIilies vilhin lhe
ICC-01/04-01/06-2843 14-03-2012 16/17 SL T
meanig of Articles 8(2)(e)(vii) and 25(3)(a) of the Statute from early
September 2002 to 13 August 2003.
Done in both English and French, the English version being authoritative.
&(U'c
cv\ r v N
ycA
Judge Adrian Fulford
Judge Elizabeth Odio Benito Judge Ren Blattmann
Dated this 14 March 2012
At The Hague, The Netherlands
No. ICC-01/04-01/06 17/17 14 March 2012
ICC-01/04-01/06-2843 14-03-2012 17/17 SL T