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WAVELET AND ANN BASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER

K.SRINIVASULU, D. N. VISHWAKARMA and AMRITA SINHA Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi-221005, India Abstract:This paper presents the use of Wavelet and ANN based differential protection of power transformer, which makes the discrimination among normal, magnetizing inrush, over-excitation and internal fault currents. The wavelet transform is applied for the analysis of power transformer transient phenomena, because of its ability to extract information from the transient signal simultaneously in both time and frequency domain. Neural network is used because of its self-learning and highly nonlinear mapping capability.This scheme has been realized through ANN architecture, which is designed and trained using feed forward back propagation algorithm alone, combining BPN with Wavelet (WNN). so that it should recognize and classify all the above operating conditions and faults.The results amply demonstrate the capabilities of combined WNN in terms of accuracy and speed for identification of different events of power transformer. The trained and tested results indicate that it is fast and reliable. Index terms: Power Transformer, Differential Protection, Artificial Neural Network, Wavelet Transform, I. INTRODUCTION In power systems, transformer is one of the essential elements and thus transformer protection is of critical importance. In general, differential relays are used to detect the internal faults of a transformer which involves converting the primary current and secondary currents in a common base and comparing them. Differential protection is the primary protection for larger power transformers. It contains the operation by all types of internal faults, and blocks the operations of the transformer by normal, inrush, overexcitation and external faults. Numerical differential protection has been improved significantly since its inception in 1969 [l]. In 1988, the first industrial application of the differential relay was introduced [2]. A contemporary design of hardware for a digital differential protection algorithm is given by the authors of reference [3]. Transformer inrush is recognized on the basis of the second harmonic components in differential currents (above 16%), which can be obtained by the various digital filters. Other authors, of reference [4], determine the transformer operating conditions on the basis of calculations of unforeseen operating conditions on mathematical transformer models, while the results of the calculation are continuously compared with actual transformer operating conditions. Such calculations are questionable in real time execution, since the mathematical model must be significantly simplified, resulting in the loss of information on the content of higher-harmonic components in transformer current. Considering these factors, many researchers continued their work to develop new algorithms for transformer protection; however, all of these algorithms are either based on the transformer equivalent circuit model or require some transformer data, and this may become susceptible to parameter variations. There has been extensive research on applications of ANNs over the last few years, particularly in the field of pattern recognition. Because this particular protection problem can also be considered as a current waveform recognition problem, the use of ANN seems to be a good choice because of its capability of highly nonlinear mapping feature. But in these proposed methods the extraction techniques are based on either time or frequency domain signals, but it becomes very important to extract both time and frequency features of the signal for accurate discrimination between an internal fault and other operating conditions. Moreover to improve system performance an efficient analysis of high frequency and short duration events must be done. Hence wavelet transform is chosen for analyzing power transformer transients because of its good ability to extract information from the transient signals in terms of both time and frequency domain. The wavelet transform is a relatively new and powerful tool in the analysis of power transformer transient phenomena because of its ability to extract information from the transient signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domain [14]. Recently wavelet transform have been applied to analyze the power system transients as well as fault location and fault detection problems Wavelet transform and ANN was successively applied in power system applications, especially in discrimination of the different transient phenomena in power transformer [15]-[17]. This paper presents a technique to discriminate between an internal fault and the other operating conditions of the power transformer by combining wavelet transform with neural network. In this proposed method, the wavelet transform is firstly applied to decompose the differential current signals of power transformer system into a series of wavelet components each of which covers a specific frequency band. Thus the time and frequency domain features of the transient signals are extracted. Then neural network is designed to classify internal fault from all the other operating conditions of the power transformer and the extracted features from wavelet transforms were used as inputs to these ANN architectures. This approach can detect normal, magnetizing inrush, and over-excitation currents based on recognizing their wave shapes, more precisely, by differentiating their wave shapes from the fault current wave shapes. It gives a trip signal in the case of internal fault only and exercises restraint under healthy, magnetizing inrush and over-excitation conditions. The differential relay using combined Wavelet and ANN (WNN) reported so far provides discrimination between magnetizing inrush current and internal fault only. An attempt has been made in this work to design a novel relay using WNN which can recognize all the possible conditions, such as normal, inrush, over-excitation, external fault, and internal fault, and give the trip signal in case of internal fault only.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Univ. College of Engg., Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA.

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II.

SIMULATION OF THE POWER SYSTEM

A Three-phase 110/220 kV,100 MVA power system included a 150 km transmission line, as shown in Fig. 1, has been used to produce the differential currents The simulation was done by means of SimPowerSystems (MATLAB) software. Table. 1 represents the associated data with this power system. The combination of condition system shown in Table. 2, have been produced using this system Faults are located at different points of transmission line. Also, they involve inrush current and over excitation condition with different voltage angles and with different loads. Here secondary current is converted to primary side to make a common base. Breakers are connected to different positions for obtaining data for above different conditions of power transformer. Differential current is obtained by subtracting the secondary current to primary current.

ability and multi-resolution analysis The Wavelet Transform has been used to analyze the transients in power transformer The data obtained from the MAT LAB simulations are given to the MATLAB Wavelet Transform tool to calculate DWT coefficients of the signal.There are many types of mother wavelets, such as Harr, Daubichies, Coiflet and Symmlet wavelets. The choice of mother wavelet plays a significant role in detecting and localizing different types of fault transients. In addition to this, the choice also depends on a particular application. In this study, we are particularly interested in detecting and analyzing low amplitude, short duration, fast decaying and oscillating type of high frequency current signals. One of the most popular mother wavelets suitable for a wide range of applications used is Daubichiess wavelet. In this paper Db6 wavelet is used.

Fig-1 Simulated power system model Table 1:Simulated Power System Parameters Transformer nominal power 100 MVA, 50 Hz & frequency Transformer winding R=.002 pu, L=.08 pu parameters Transformer core loss 500 pu resistance R=.2568 ohm/km, L=2e-3 Line parameters (150 km) H/km, c=8.6e-9 F/km TABLE2 TRAINING PATTERNS DATA GENERATION Condition Internal Faults: Single Phase to ground, system Double phase and three phase faults at Transformer terminals Inrush : At different voltage angles by closing the breaker connected Over-excitation : At different over voltages Voltage angle 0, 10, 20..to 180 degree Load(MW) 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 III. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROPOSED WAVELET AND NEURAL NETWORK

a) Wavelets Transform: Feature extractions based on wavelet transform have been widely investigated for medical image processing, military radar applications, power system fault protection, etc. Two important characteristics make wavelet very attractive for the purpose of fault detection. These features are time localization

Fig.2. Filter Analysis Fig. 2 illustrates the implementation procedure of a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), in which x[n] is the original signal, h[n] and g[n] are low-pass and high-pass filters, respectively. At the first stage, an original signal is divided into two halves of the frequency bandwidth, and sent to both high-pass filter and low-pass filter. Then the output of lowpass filter is further cut in half of the frequency bandwidth, and sent to the second stage; this procedure is repeated until the signal is decomposed to a pre-defined certain level. The set of signals thus attained represent the same original signal, but all corresponding to different frequency bands. It is worth pointing out that the frequency band of each detail of the DWT is directly related to the sampling rate of the original signal. If the original signal is being sampled at Fs Hz, the highest frequency that the signal could contain, from Nyquists theorem, would be Fs/2 Hz. This frequency would be seen at the output of the high frequency filter, which is the first detail. Thus the band of frequencies between and would be captured in detail 1; similarly, the band of frequencies between and would be captured in detail 2, and so on. but in this paper wavelet decomposition is done on the signal and DWT coefficients of the Level 1 signals are obtained Detailed coefficients at level1, N-1 d1[n] = x[k] h[n-k] -----------------(1) k=0 Approximation coefficients at level 1, N-1 a1[n] = x[k] g[n-k] ------------------- (2) k=0

Department of Electrical Engineering, Univ. College of Engg., Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA.

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The maximum, normalisation and average values of detail and approximation coefficients are used to train the neural network d1max = maximum value of d1[n] = max[d1[n]] d1norm=normalisationvalue of d1[n] =norm[d1[n]] d1avg =average value of d1[n] = avg[d1[n]] a1max = maximum value of a1[n] = max[a1[n]] a1norm=normalisation value of a1[n] =norm[a1[n] a1avg =average value of a1[n] = avg[a1[n]] For each phase 6 input values so for three phase 18 input values are used to train the neural network The developed ANN is one of the ANNs that are biologically inspired, that map sets of inputs into sets of outputs through a neural network. Each neuron in each layer generates one normalize output, as a function of its normalized inputs. The used network architecture is multi-layer, that is one input layer, one hidden layer, and one output layer. All layers are fully connected and of the feed forward type. The outputs are nonlinear functions of the input, and are controlled by weights that are computed during learning process. The used learning process is the supervised type, and the used learning paradigm is the back propagation (BP). NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND TRAINING: The first step to formulate the problem is identification of proper input and output set. A Three layer feed forward network has be chosen in this work for implementing Wavelet and ANN (WNN) based protection. The three layers are input layer hidden layer and output layer. The input layer contains 18 neurons and output layer contains 4 neurons One hidden layer is taken and number of neurons is varied from 10 to 50 in order to arrive at final architecture. After enough experimentation, one hidden layer of 40 neurons apart from 18 inputs and 4 output has been selected. All the architectures were trained for 2000 epochs. The training functions and parameters are given in table- 3. Table- 3 Training function and parameters Training Input ranges [ -1, 1 ] function Adaption Performance learning LEARNGDM function function Hidden layer Output layer transfer TANSIG transfer function function Epochs 2000 mc Goal
Max-fail Mem_redu

LEARNGD-Gradient descent weight and bias learning function TRAINGDA-Gradient descent back propagation with adaptive learning rate Network Performance And Numerical Results A software nntool (graphical user interface) in MATLAB SIMULINK has been used for training process. Since the network has to distinguish among four kinds of signals, 4 sets of example signals (cases) have been obtained for this purpose. These cases are normal, , internal fault currents, magnetizing inrush, over- excitation. Following figure -2 show the differential currents of transformer at different conditions.

Fig-3 (a) Normal condition :

IV.

Fig-3(b) Internal fault condition

TRAING DA MSE TANSIG 0.95 10000000 0 20 Inf 0.7

Fig-3(c) Inrush condition

Fig-3 (d) Over-excitation condition DWT as a Feature Extractor (Time-frequency Domain): The Plots of Difference current below demonstrate the importance of having DWT as Feature Extractor of the Neural Network classifier Through using the features of the DWT extracted from differential current data, the DWT can help

0.00000011
40 1

Mu-max
Show Time Learning Rate

Min_grad
Mu

1e-10
0.001

Department of Electrical Engineering, Univ. College of Engg., Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA.

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with the discriminating of different data clusters and groups, thus, benefit the predictive and detective system. The following figures shows the plot the coefficients of the discrete wavelet transform of difference current for different conditions (Normal condition, fault condition Inrush condition and over excitation condition)

Fig 4(a).DWT of Difference current for Normal condition

Fig 4(b).DWT of Difference current for Internal Fault condition

Fig 4(c). DWT of Difference current for Inrush condition

Fig 4(d). DWT of Difference current for Over Excitation condition

DWT coefficients for each condition obtained, For instance the Average value, maximum value and normalization value can be calculated for these DWT coefficients. The total number of the DWT coefficients stays the same due to the nature of the discrete transform process. The mean values of d1 (first level), a1(first level), The average value of d1 (first level), a1 (first level), and The normalization of d1 (first level), a1(first level) are calculated and stored. Each of the value of every single coefficient is also a feature of the data. The Neural network is two layered with four neurons in the output layer; however, the network consists of 40 hidden neurons and 18 inputs ( detail and approximate coefficients) . 740 training sets of samples (580 sets for training and 160 sets for testing purpose) generated by SimPowerSystems in MATLAB. signals are sampled at the sampling rate of 40 samples per cycle (over a data window of half cycle).The Wavelet transform has been used to analyze the transients in the power transformers. The data obtained from the simulations are given to the MATLAB(Wavelet Analysis) software to calculate DWT coefficients of the signals.. This 580 training sets of coefficients contain 4 different conditions of power transformer (normal, magnetizing inrush, overexcitation, internal fault ) 100 sets of coefficients have been taken for normal, 240 sets of coefficients taken for internal fault, 140 sets of coefficients taken for inrush, 100 sets of coefficients taken for over excitation condition. After enough experimentation a network with 40 neurons in the hidden layer apart from 18 inputs and 4 outputs has been found suitable for monitoring the different conditions of power transformer. The outputs of the network have a unique set (e.g., 1000 = normal, 0100=internal fault, 0010= inrush, 0001 =over-excitation,). This network i.e. with 4 outputs monitors all the conditions occurring in the power transformer and it issues the trip signal only in case of internal fault condition i.e. when output is 0100. Concerning the ANN architecture, parameters such as the number of inputs to the network and the number of neurons in the hidden layer were decided empirically. This process involves experimentation with various network configurations. It has been discovered that ANN with less number of input and 40 neurons in hidden layer perform satisfactorily using the BP training algorithm. The learning process was terminated after 2000 cycles. The training error after 2000 epochs was 0.000097 for the proposed network and was within acceptable limit. The network responds in a very adequate way, performing the discrimination among normal, inrush, over-excitation, and internal fault currents correctly for all cases. The competitive model and their performance are being discussed here. Table 4 shows the different ANN topologies and their corresponding errors. On the basis of performance, networks have been classified as very good, good, or not good. By very good performance the authors mean that the network can be trained to achieve the error goals and can respond adequately

Department of Electrical Engineering, Univ. College of Engg., Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA.

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Table 4: Performance of network architectures with 18 inputs, 4 outputs, and Variable neurons in the hidden layer (Training epochs: 2000) ANN Training Training Performance topology error time (seconds) 18_10_4 0.000523 71 G 18_20_4 0.000653 61 NG 18_30_4 0.000600 50 NG 18_40_4 0.000097 37 VG 18_50_5 0.000598 70 NG NG = not good; VG = very good; G = good. to the test; by good the same can be achieved by increasing the number of iterations. It has been found that a net with 18 inputs, 40 nodes in hidden layer, and 4 outputs is capable of reducing the error up to 0.000097, which is quite accurate for this problem. Figure 5 shows the learning error over 2000 cycles of the architecture (18-40-4), which is continuously decreasing, whereas the same of the other topology shows zigzag behavior. Therefore, for these cases the performance is not good. The response can be improved further by undertaking further extensive training, but it is realized that the same is not desired. By Using the detail and approximate coefficients to train the NN the training time is taken less and for testing it takes only few milliseconds. The outputs for test and trained patterns are shown in Tables 5 and 6, respectively

The outputs show the satisfactory result for the architectures. The ANN recognizes the fault in all cases and gives the trip signal output within half of cycle after the internal fault occurrence. It is obvious from the test results that the tested output is very close to trained output for both of the architectures; however, the architecture (16-40-5) performed better for discriminating different cases and requires less number of inputs. As the FFNN classification time (the required time to produce an output for a given input) depends on the number of units in the network, it is very important to have the lowest number of units but without putting on the line the quality of the classification. This architecture is shown in Figure 6.

Fig.5.Learning error over 2000 cycles for 18_40_4topology The plot shows the mean squared error of the network starting at a large value and decreasing to a smaller value. It means network learning. Table 5: Trained output for the architecture Types of Cases Normal Internal Fault Inrush Over excitation ANN Architecture 18_40_4 18_40_4 18_40_4 18_40_4 1 2

Fig-6 Actual architecture CONCLUSION: In this paper Wavelet and NN model for protection of power transformer have been analyzed. The 18_40_4 architecture could correctly discriminate among the different conditions in power transformer such as normal, magnetizing inrush over-excitation, internal fault. The FFBP is efficient in solving classification problems and a differential relay can be considered as a classifier which identifies what kind of event occurs on the network. The WNN has been trained for all the possible sets of simulated data under different operating conditions of transformer. WNN based differential relaying for power transformer shows promising security, accuracy and speed. The WNN effectively distinguishes and gives trip signal within half of cycle which is considered to be very fast. V.

A 0.9776 0.00034 0.0000016 0.000165

P 1 0 0 0

A 0.0040 0.996 0.0153 0.00094

P 0 1 0 0

A 0.0041 0.0107 0.989 0.00478

Outputs 3

P 0 0 1 0

4 A 0.00267 0.000839 0.00051 0.9987

P 0 0 0 1

Table 6:Tested output for the architecture Types of Cases Normal Internal Fault Inrush Over-excitation ANN Architecture 18_40_4 18_40_4 18_40_4 18_40_4 1 2 Outputs 3 4 A 0.0266 0.00117 0.000125 0.99900

0.9776 0.0037 0.00076 0.0005517

P 1 0 0 0

A 0.0039 0.991 0.0000034 0.0035

P 0 1 0 0

A 0.0040 0.0059 0.9980 0.00029

P 0 0 1 0

P 1 0 0 1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Univ. College of Engg., Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA.

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10. BKasztenny and E.Rosolowski, Multi-Objective Optimization of a Neural Network based Differential A.J. Degens, Microprocessor Implemented Digital Relay for Power Transformers IEEE, 1999 Filters for Inrush Current Detection, Electrical Power 11. M.R. Zaman and M.A. Rahman , Experimental Testing and Energy Systems, Vol-4,No-3, pp.196-205, July 1982 of the Artificial Neural Network Based Protection of H. K. Verma and A. M. Bosh, A microprocessor-based Power Transformers, IEEE Transactions on Power inrush restrained differential relay for transformer Delivery, Vol-13, No-2, April 1998 protection, Journal of Microcomputer Applications, no. 12. Zahra Moravej, D. N. Vishwakarma and S. P. Singh, 9, pp-313-318, 1986 ANN Based protection Scheme for Power Transformer, Michel Habib, Miguel A. Marin, A comparative Electric Machine and Power Systems, 28:875-884, 2000 Analysis of Digital Relay in Algorithms for the 13. Zahra Moravej, and D. N. Vishwakarma, ANN Based differential protection of 3 phase Transformers, IEEE Harmonic Restraint Differential Protection of Power Transactions on power systems, Vol.3, No.3 pp.1376Transformer, IE(I) Journal-EL, Vol 84, June 2003 1384 August 1988 14. Okan Ozgonenel, 2005. Wavelet based ANN approach Keizo Inagaki, Masaru Higaki, Yoshiaki Matsui and for transformer . International journal of Kentaro Kurita, Digital Protection Method for Power computational intelligence, vol. 2 No. 3. Transformer Based on an Equivalent Ckt Composed of 15. S.Sudha and Dr.A.Ebenezer Jeyakumar 2007.Wavelet Inverse Inductance, IEEE Transactions on Power Based Relaying For Power Transformer Protection. Delivery, Vol-3, No-4, pp.1501, Oct 1988 Gests International Transaction on computer Science and M. s. Sachdev, and M. Nagpal, A Recursive Least Error Engineering. March, vol. 38, No. 1. Squares Algorithm for Power system Relaying and 16. S.Sudha and Dr.A.Ebenezer Jeyakumar 2007.Wavelet Measurement Application, IEEE Trans. On Power Based Relaying For Power Transformer Protection. Delivery, Vol-6, No-3, pp-1008-1015, July 1991 J.Comput.Sci.,Sci.Publ.,USA 3:454-460 T.S. Sidhu, M.S. Sachdev, H.C. Wood, M. Nagpal, 17. P.L. Mao, R.K. Aggarawal, "A Novel Approach to the Design Implementation and Testing of Microprocessor Classification of the Transient phenomena in Power Based High Speed Relay for Detecting Transformer Transformers Using Combined Wavelet Transform and Winding Faults, IEEE Tran. On Power Delivery, Vol-7, Neural Network", IEEE Transactions on Power No-1, pp.108-117, January 1992. Delivery, Vol.16, No.4, pp.655-660, October 2001 Limin Fu. Neural Network in Computer Intelligence. 18. H. Khorashadi-Zadeh Power Transformer Differential McGrew-Hill, Inc, New Delhi 1994 Protection Scheme Based on Symmetrical Component J.Pihler, D. Dolinar, Improved Operation of Power and Artificial Neural Network, IEEE Sep-23-25, 2004 Transformer Protection Using Artificial Neural Network, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,Vol-12,No-3,July 1997 J.Pihler, D. Dolinar, Improved Operation of Power Transformer Protection Using Artificial Neural Network, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol-12, No-3, July 1997

Department of Electrical Engineering, Univ. College of Engg., Osmania University, Hyderabad, A.P, INDIA.