NWET - 2012

4th National Workshop on EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING with Focus on "Modern Power Distribution: Technical, Non-technical and Regulatory Aspects" [NWET-2012] 17 th - 18 th February 2012

N W E T 2 0 1 2

Organized by:Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar - 751024 www.silicon.ac.in
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Silicon Institute of Technology through its Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering is organizing a National Workshop on Emerging Technologies in Electrical Power Engineering (NWET-2012) with focus on Distribution system. As India prospers, its prosperity has to be backed by making more electrical energy available to common citizen. Our electrical energy production and transmission has made good progress, but the distribution system is awfully behind. The distribution system losses in Odisha are around 43%. I am sure that discussion during the workshop will show new ways to modernize distribution sector and reduce energy loss so that our requirement for setting up new power plants gets attenuated over at least the near future. This will give us some breathing space before new and renewable energy sources become commercially viable. I wish the NWET-2012 a great success.

MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR (ACADEMIC)

Director (Academic)
Silicon Institute of Technology

Prof.K.K.Das

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On behalf of organizing committee I heartily welcome you to the National Workshop on Emerging Technologies in Electrical Power Engineering (NWET2012) during 17th & 18th February 2012 to our Institute. The workshop is organized by the department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Silicon with an objective to acquaint participants with the emerging techniques in the field of power distribution.

MESSAGE FROM EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

The response to the call for participation was overwhelming due to the efforts of Prof.S.K.Balita, Prof.R.P.Panda, Convener Prof.A.K.Tripathy and members of organizing committee. Eminent persons like CMD of CESU, chairman of GRIDCO, member OERC, ExVC, BPUT would share platform with professors from IIT Kharagpur & Bhubaneswar to discuss the burning issue of distribution system loss and modernization of the existing distribution system. I take this opportunity to thank all the speakers and other researchers and scientists for their valuable time spared for us. I deeply appreciate their commitment for the success of NWET2012. We are grateful to members who selflessly volunteered to help in planning and organizing this workshop. In particular I express my deep appreciation to the H.O.D, EEE, Silicon Guesthouse, Silicon Canteen and Cafeteria for their support. Thank you, Once again & welcome to Silicon.

Executive Director
Silicon Institute of Technology

Nitai Gaur Dhall

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The department of Electrical and Electronics of Silicon Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar is conducting NWET2012 with focus on Distribution System modernization. The subject in itself is a challenge to the field engineers and to the research community. Energy audit, new technology and man management are to be focused to improve the bottom line of distribution. Power quality issues are to be addressed and the sector should believe in setting and achieving new bench marks. I am happy that this interesting subject is the focus of the workshop. I look forward to a very interactive workshop, with very eminent people invited to participate and address. I am sure the workshop will be involving and informative

MESSAGE FROM CONVENER NWET - 2012

Director Research Prof.A.K.Tripathy

Silicon Institute of Technology

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ORGANIZERS

Chief Patron

Joe Mediath Chairman, Board of Governors, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar Prof. A.K. Tripathy FNAE Director (Research), Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar (Ex. Director General of CPRI, Bangalore) Prof. P.K.Dash, Director, M.D.R.C, SOA University Prof. K K Dash, Director (Academics) Silicon Institute of Technology, Dr. Omkar Nath Mohanty, (Ex. V ice Chancellor of BPUT) Sri. N.Murugesan, DG-CPRI Prof. P. K .Hota, CET, Bhubaneswar Er. P.K. Routray, Ex-Director, NALCO Sri. B.K.Mishra, Member, OERC Er. A. K. Choudhury, OREDA Prof. P.K. Satpathy, BPUT, Bhubaneswar Er. A.P.Panda, OPTCL

Convener

Advisory Committee

Chief Coordinators

Prof. R.P Panda, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. S. K Balita, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. Seema Behera, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. Priyanka Kar, SIT, Bhubaneswar

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Organising Committee :

Prof. I. C. Choudhury, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. L. N. Pathy, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. R. N. Mishra, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. Sachin Das, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. N. Swain, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. D.R.Nayak, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. B.Panda, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. N.Guru, SIT, Bhubaneswar Prof. L Mitra, SIT, Bhubaneswar

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OUR OFFICIAL SPONSORS

CPRI Benguluru

PRDC Benguluru

CESU Odisha

UNOPOS Enterprises Bhubaneswar

ENZEN GLOBAL Bhubaneswar

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Team Silicon Silicon Institute of Technology is Odisha's premier centre for technological education with an established track record over the last decade. We are constantly changing to adapt to the needs of students by accepting innovations and embracing modern technology . Our endeavour has been to make "success" a habit with our students-while breezing in the corporate world or pursuing higher studies. Team Silicon is determined to build a complete institute with creative leadership and a culture of team work that would move beyond teaching. Today we also have a residential campus at Sambalpur Odisha. Academics at Silicon Academics at Silicon is value based and is highlighted by a ground of enthusiastic and highly motivated faculty members. They teach beyond the curriculum, provide motivation for research and higher education and enable corporate readiness. The right balance of experience and youthful vigor ensures special and personalized attention and builds students ability to meet special challenges as they move ahead in their career. The institute take that extra mile to provide professionalism and allround personality development. Our academic curriculum is driven by a learner-centric approach. The faculty members play the role of guide, counselor, mentor and facilitator. Focused and need based personalized coaching, continuous adoption of modern techniques in learning, special education programmes and extension schools are some of the cornerstones of Silicon's academia. Feedback from the students is taken to regulate and fine-tune the teaching approach.

THE INSTITUTE

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Courses Offered Under Graduate (UG) Computer Science & engineering (BTECH) Electrical and Electronics Engineering (BTECH) Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering (BTECH) Information Technology (BTECH) Applied Electronics & Instrumentation (BTECH) Post Graduate (PG) Master in Computer Applications (MCA) Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering (MTECH) Computer Science & Engineering (MTECH) Power System Engineering (MTECH) The Department The Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at Silicon Institute of Technology was established in the year 2001. In a short span of time the department has grown well with a student capacity of 60 in 2001 to 120 in 2010. Prof.Sisir Kumar Balita is the current head of the department who has a good number of years of teaching experience. He is assisted by a team of 19 faculties and 6 support staff. Prof A K Tripathy, Former DG, CPRI & presently Director (research), Silicon Institute of Technology is a professor of the department and mentoring the department in a progressive direction. The department has well-developed laboratories, skilled support and good infrastructure with a total investment of more than Rs 1 crore on lab equipments and operational maintenance. The department works hard towards the fulfillment of the vision and mission of the institute. The Department offers two courses namely 1. B a c h e l o r o f Te c h n o l o g y i n E l e c t r i ca l & E l e c t ro n i c s Engineering 2. Masters of Technology in Power System Engineering

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NWET is a forum for the industry & academia to discuss & share the knowledge on emerging technologies & practices. NWET-2009 and NWET-2010 were conducted with focus on HVDC, FACTS and Advances in grid management and power trading respectively. NWET-2011 was focused on Energy conservation. NWET 2012 was conducted at Silicon Institute of Technology (SIT), Bhubaneswar, Orissa on 17th & 18th February 2012. The main objective of this workshop was to acquaint the participants with the emerging techniques in the field of modern power distribution. The workshop brought practicing engineers from industry and academics together to discuss various problems that are making many of the Indian distribution systems non viable for supplying power to the end users while meeting regulatory restrictions. The best practices were discussed with current area of research and development in the field. The various topics covered were 1. Technical aspects of distribution system modernization a. Distribution system planning b. Technical loss and management of loss c. Reliability improvement, maintenance and trouble call management d. Energy conservation, green building concepts, energy efficient lighting, pumps, heat power, co-generation e. SCADA and automation, smart metering f. Renewable energy sources, energy alternatives for rural as well as urban system, g. Modeling and Analysis 2. Non technical aspects a. Commercial losses due to theft, defective meters, non billing and poor recovery, Socio economic and legal issues, subsidies and its impact, performance based penalty and incentive schemes, Customer involvement and stake holding concept. b. Regulatory aspects, Open access in distribution, Leasing and franchising ,decentralization of distribution privatization and accountability, socio economic tariff fixation, IEC 61850 and protocol and metering protocol, Case studies Total 80 participants attended this workshop. In this workshop many eminent speakers from different industries and from different institutes like Mr. V Arunachalam from CPRI, Er. K P Koner from OREDA, Mr. Hemant Sharma, chairman GRIDCO, Mr. P. S. J.

ABOUT THE WORKSHOP

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Gupta from PRDC, Mr. Bibhu Swain from Power Tech. consultants, Mr. Philip Nayak DGM operation fron ENZEN Global solution Pvt. Ltd., Mr. B K Mishra from OERC, Er. A C Mallick former Director GRIDCO, Prof. P K Hota Principal CET Bhubaneswar, Prof. A K Pradhan IIT Kharagpur, Prof. Subhransu Samantaray from IIT Bhubaneswar, Prof. B N Das from REC Bhubaneswar were invited. Dr. Omkarnath Mohanty former Vice Chanceller, BPUT, Mr. B. C. Jena, Chairman, CESU & Prof. P. K. Dash from SOA University addressed the delegates during the inaugural session on the 2nd day of workshop there was a panel discussion among the participants and delegates.

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17-02-2012 9 - 9.45 AM Registration 9.45 - 11 AM Inaugural Function 11 - 11.15 AM High Tea 11.15 AM - 12 Noon V. Arunachalam Addnl. Director Central Power Research Institute, Bangalore Smart Meters, SCADA & Automation of Distribution System 12 - 12.30 PM Er. K.P.Koner OREDA, Bhubaneswar Renewable Energy promotion for Distribution system in Odisha 12.30 - 1 PM Mr. Hemant Sharma Chairman, GRIDCO Address 1 - 1.30 PM Prof. A.K.Tripathy Director (Research) Silicon Institute Technology, BBSR New Generation of Equipments For Distribution System 1.30 - 2.30 PM Lunch Break 2.30 - 3.15 PM Prof. P.K.Hota Principal, CET, Bhubaneswar Distributed Generation & Hybrid Power System 3.15 - 4 PM Tea Break 4 - 4.45 PM Mr. P.S.J. Gupta, Senior Consultant PRDC, Bangalore Application of GPS & GIS for Conducting Power Distribution Business 4.45 - 5.30 PM Prof. Seema Behera SIT Bhubaneswar Integration of Renewable Energy with Grid: Challenges & Its Mitigation

WORKSHOP SCHEDULE

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18.02.2012 10 - 10.45 AM Prof. A. K.Pradhan IIT, Kharagpur Bridging Emerging Technologies for The Future Distribution System 10.45 - 11.30 AM Er A.C. Mallick Open Access in Distribution System 11.30 - 11.45 A.M Tea Break 11.45 AM - 12.30 PM Prof. Subhransu Samantaray IIT, Bhubaneswar Islanding Detection In Micro Grid 12.30 - 1 PM Prof. B.N.Das REC, Bhubaneswar Planning of Distribution System For Loss Reduction: Odisha Reference 1 -1.30 PM Mr. Bibhu Swain Sr. Consultant & Certified Energy Auditor, Power Tech Consultants Regulatory Aspects of Standard of Performance of DISCOM & Increasing Energy Efficiency by Energy Audit & Renewable Energy Project 1.30 - 2.15 PM Lunch Break 2.15 - 3 PM Mr. Philp Nayak DGM Operation Enzen Global Solutions Pvt Ltd. Commercial Loss Due to Theft, Defective Meters, NonBilling & Poor Recovery, Socio Economic & Legal Issues, Subsidies & Its Impact, Performance Based Penalty & Incentive Scheme, Customer Involvement & Stake Holding Concepts 3 - 3.30 PM Case Study by Various Discoms 3.30 - 4 PM Er. B.K.Mishra Member. OERC, Odisha Role of OERC in Improving Distribution System in Odisha 4 - 4.45 PM Panel Discussion & Validetery Function 4.45 PM High Tea 14

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VIEWS EXPRESSED BY EMINENT SPEAKERS DURING THE WORKSHOP

What university thinks today the industry sees it tomorrow

Institutes do not give finished products; they only create an inquisitive mind

Prof. P.K.Dash Director, M.D.R.C, SOA University

Odisha is privileged. A number of new technologies in the areas of energy & materials are getting introduced in Odisha ahead of even developed countries
Prof. O. N. Mohanty RSB Group

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if we consider that not a single rupee has been given by RAPDRP or by State Govt. to the Distribution Sector. Time has come when students can play a role in reducing distribution loss through active participation

Odisha has done well

Er B C Jena Chainman CESU

Reduction in distribution losses is only possible by introducing IT in appropriate places Tand reducing human intervention

Er. Hemant Sharma CMD, GRIDCO

a lot has to be done to reduce losses from 43% to 15%. We gain Rs. 200 crores for each percentage of loss reduced. OERC keeps customers interest in mind while dealing with electricity tariff ...
Mr. B C Jena Member OERC

In spite of small improvements

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Initially the electricity sector was directly under Government through Irrigation and Power Department. The State Electricity Boards were formed as per Electricity Supply Act-1948 to undertake generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy. By virtue of this Act Odisha Electricity Board was formed 1.4.1961 with a view to develop Electrical energy in a big way to meet the growing Industrialization and demand of general public generate,Transmit and Distribute Electrical Energy to the people of Odisha. Similarly every State of India constituted State Electricity Boards. Development took place in Generation, Transmission and Distribution. In 1971 Rural Electrification and Lift Irrigation point energisation was taken up in a massive way all over the State to provide light to villages and water to the paddy fields. Load demands got increased by opening of load promotion cells in OSEB. Towards 1990 it was noticed that the Electricity Boards all over the country were gradually sickening the vast system of network with huge work force could not be managed properly leading to the Transmission and Dis tribution losses to an alarming level of as high as 50 to 60%. There was huge gap between supply and demand of electricity. OSEB depended on Govt to meet its expenditure. Not only Govt of Orissa but Govt of India was also concerned to see the deplorable condition of various State Electricity Boards in the country. The Electricity Boards which were considered to be profit earning because of its monopoly business started sinking. At this time Government could visualize the gravity of the situation and wanted to make the electricity sector free from Government control and self sustaining organization. Many technical and commercial studies were made in-house and by engaging foreign consultants. It was revealed that Mismanagement of Board, outside interference Union activities, lack of accountability, theft of Electricity, non availability of equipment and non performing to the various standards accelerated the sickening further. GoO and OSEB agreed to for reform program in power sector. On 3.1 1997 Odisha Electricity Reform Act 1995 was enacted which resulted in unbundling of OSEB. For managing Hydro power Odisha Hydro power Corporation (OHPC) was created. The Talcher Thermal Power Station was sold to NTPC. For managing Transmission business, Grid Corporation of Orissa was formed For Managing Distribution system, 4 DISTCOMs were

DISTRIBUTION PLANNING A STEP TOWARDS LOSS REDUCTION ODISHA REFERENCE

Er. B.M.Das B.Sc(Hons), B.Sc Engg. Elec UCE, M.E(Hons) IIT Roorkee, MIE, MIWRS, Chief Eng. Elec (Retd)GoO

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es ta b l i s h ed under p r i vate CESCO,NESCO,SOUTHCO,WESCO.

m a n a ge m e n t .-

To make reform moving it requires fund. World Bank and other lending agencies came forward. A total project of 997million$ (Rs. 4200cr) was approved with World Bank loan of 350million$ The World Bank and DfID were actively involved in power sector reform. DfID provided technical assistance and World Bank provided fund of 350 million$ through IBRD Following target fixed for distribution loss reduction 33kv lines 33/11kv s/s 11kv Lines 11/0.4kvs/s LT lines Total : 4% : 0.75% : 2.5% : 1.0% : 3.0% : 11.25 %

These losses apply to the total energy input to the Distribution system against actual technical losses of 23% which annually costs Rs234 cr in 1995-96. The aggregated losses was 46.0% Transmission losses : 3.0%, Commercial losses : 20% Distribution losses : 23%,

Reform study made detail planning to reduce losses in distribution system which will be discussed in the workshop

ISLANDING DETECTION IN MICROGRID

Distributed Generations (DGs) in the distribution network is expected to play an increasingly important role in the electric power system infrastructure and market. As more DG systems become part of the power grid, there is an increased safety hazard for personnel and an increased risk of damage to the power system. Despite the favourable aspects grid-connected DGs can provide to the distribution system, a critical demanding concern is islanding detection and prevention. Dr. Subhransu Ranjan Samantaray Assistant Professor IIT, Bhbaneswar Islanding operation is a condition that occurs when a part of a network is disconnected from the remainder of power system but remains energized by DG units interconnected to the distribution system, which normally comprises multiple DGs with diverse technologies. Failure to trip islanded DG can lead to a number of problems for these resources and the connected loads, which includes power quality, safety and operations problems. Therefore, the current industry practice is to disconnect all DR's

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(Distributed Resources) immediately after the occurrence of islands. The disconnection is normally performed by a special protection scheme called islanding detection relays which can be implemented using different techniques. However, during the design process of islanding detection scheme, the detection of islanding conditions according to international standards, must be also considered. Islanding detection techniques may be classified as passive or active. Passive techniques use information available at the DG end to determine whether the DG system is isolated from the grid. The advantage of passive techniques is that the implementation does not have an impact on the normal operation of the DG system. Active techniques tend to have a faster response and a smaller non-detection zone compared to passive approaches. However, it introduces an external perturbation at the output of the inverter and thus degrades the power quality (PQ). This talk will focus on some of the passive islanding detection techniques in Distributed Generations interfaced to microgrid.

BRIDGING EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE FUTURE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

There has been much discussion recently on what distribution systems would look like in the future. The discussion includes Distribution Generation, Smart Grid, Energy Storage and others. To mitigate the energy need and incorporate green technology distributed generation is targeted with high penetration level. This intermittent generation facility has inherent problems to existing systems such as protection, stability, voltage quality etc. The wind energy systems have reactive power requirement and their operation is different from conventional thermal or hydel plants. Solar plants provide intermittent real power. To mitigate such issues new technologies are required with communication, storage facility and alternative technologies. The islanding of such a system during critical condition requires intelligent assessment and management where new technologies like phasor measurement units (PMUs) will be resourceful. Voltage sag problem is critical to automobile, silicon and majority of large industries dealing with drive systems. Power electronics circuits running the drive systems are sensitive to voltage changes and

Prof. A.K. Pradhan IIT, Kharagpur

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lead to halt the system at times. Innovative technology is required to address power quality issues in the system. Energy storage facility is another important aspect to address shortage of energy in future power system which requires huge investment. A Smart Grid technology which is expected to deliver solution to various issues of distribution system should provide new abilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. From implementation perspective, a Smart Grid will likely to incorporate new technologies such as advanced metering, automation, communication and distributed storage. The presentation will discuss the potential impact of distributed generation on the system and technology which is coming up to mitigate different challenges. It will highlight emerging technologies for future distribution system.

DISTRIBUTED GENERATIONS & HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS

Why Distributed Generations? Electric utility restructuring Public environmental policy Expanding power demand Small distributed generators are in great need to satisfy on-site customer energy needs. Prof. (Dr.) P. K. Hota Principal, College of Engineering & Technology Bhubaneswar Major improvements have been achieved through decades of intensive research Obvious advantages Small-modular units Economic Operational Environmental Performance DERs (Distributed Energy Resources) Micro-turbines Fuel Cells Both of them are promising as they can operate on multiple fuels with low emissions 20

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High efficiency High reliability Fuel Cell Produces power electrochemically by passing a hydrogen rich gas over an anode and air over a cathode & introducing an electrolyte in between to enable exchange of ions The effectiveness is strongly dependent upon the electrolyte to create the chemical reactivity needed for ion transport Hybrid Fuel-Cell Power System Fuel Cell Applications: Shortcomings: It can not store energy The response is slower Output voltage fluctuates with load variations Difficult to cold-start Components of hybrid FC Power System Fuel Cell Isolated Unidirectional Converter (UDC) BDC Inverter Battery Grid Connected PV System The PV array consists of no. of individual photo-voltaic cells that are connected in a series and parallel array to obtain a unit with a suitable power rating. The DC O/P current of PV array IPV is converted into AC and injected into the grid through inverter. The relation between VPV & IPV is highly non-linear & dependent on the solar irradiance incident on the PV array. Wind Energy Conversion System Turbine rotor A gear box A generator A power electronic system A transformer for grid connection Fundamentals of Hybrid Generation System Stand-alone hybrid generating systems are usually used to 21 1) DG Power System 2) Electric Vehicle

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supply isolated area or locations interconnected to a weak grid. They combine several generation modules, typically assimilating different renewable energy sources. The application of these hybrid topologies reduces the probability of energy supply shortage. With the incorporation of energy storage, it allows to eliminate the back ground diesel generator which is commonly required in generation system based on a single renewable energy source. Many electric generation hybrid system (EGHS) frequently combine solar & wind energy sources taking advantage of their complementary nature with a lead-acid battery bank to overcome periods of scarce generations.

A NEW GENERATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS

Distribution Sector which has all along been the weakest link in Power-supply chain has now taken a turn for better. At one point of time the investment in generation, transmission, and distribution used to be in the ratio 70:20:10. Now transmission and distribution get a budget share of over 50%. The power industry's focus is shifting to 'reliable and quality power' in 'adequate quantity and quality' that will be able to sustain economic growth in the country. Without a strong distribution infrastructure it will not be possible. Reliable power system requires reliable equipments. With the introduction of IT in a big way in distribution, a host of computer and communication related equipments have arrived in the scene. To achieve better control of voltage, power factor, harmonics, power electronics, specially voltage source inverter based equipments like the DSTATCOM, DVR and Active filter have been introduced in the market. In future the distribution company has also to deal with renewable energy sources, micro grids, micro turbines, fuel cells, SMPS, battery storage devices etc. The new generation of equipments, specially dealing with data, communication and control need a much better power supply themselves to function properly. In fact a lot of ground work is required to improve present day 22

Prof. A.K.TRIPATHY Director Research SIT, Bhubaneswar Former DG, CPRI, Bangalore

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distribution system to ensure proper functioning of new generation equipments. The author also stresses the need for better safety, use of fire reta rd a n t ca b l es , b e tte r p ro t e c t i o n , c y b e r s afet y, d ata preservation etc. He also brings in the need for better training of personnel and a good maintenance culture.

DISTRIBUTION LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEM

Energy demand, a basic need of mankind is increasing at the rate of 8.8% per annum and is linked with GDP, growth, unfortunately a large part of energy is going waste as system losses. Distribution losses refer to the losses occurring during the process of delivering electrical energy from 11kv feeders to the specific location like residential areas or commercial units. Energy loss is defined as difference between energy generation in power house and billed on the basis of reconsumption by the consumer connected to that particular power system. The losses are of as follows a) Technical Losses:-These are due to energy dissipation in the conductors and equipments used for transmission & distribution of power. b) Administrative Losses:-Theses are caused by lack of administration, financial constraints pilferage, theft, defective meters & error in meter reading & estimating unmetered supply of energy. Present status of loss: Present loss level: 38% Targeted loss level: 15% Rupee value of 1% loss: Rs 60 Cr/year for Odisha Rupee value of 1% loss: Rs 20 Cr/year for CESU REMEDIAL MEASURES a. Technical Measure:Re-conductoring, Bifurcation of feeders, Installation of shunt capacitors, Adding of new grid system & area planning, extensive energy loss Education Programme, 23

Er. B.C Jena Chairman, CESU

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Conversion of L.T. line into 11KV line and providing additional transformers, Balancing transformers Adequate preventive & conditioning maintenance Avoiding low frequency and low voltage LT overhead line replacement by AB cable b. Administrative Measures:Metering (equipment, reading & billing), Realistic tariff, surveillance/checking of energy meters, mass media campaign, initiative to honest employee, integrity of staff political reason, uneven & ineffective laws Less budget grant to offices Fixing accountability of executives

OPEN ACCESS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

CERC/State regulatory declaration: Power of all 1 MW and above is having open access system. The consumers have option to choose any generation and any licensee for stable/favorable tariff. Prevailing scenario: We have many distribution companies across the country supplying power to consumers at different tariff as per their level of efficiency and other parameters. Mr. Alekh Chandra Mallick Ex-Director, Gridco A particular consumer residing in an area, may suffer if the discom of that area levies very high tariff. The consumers now have the option to get supplies from any discom with favorable tariff through OPEN ACCESS system. Open Access is nondiscriminatory, by use of transmission line & distribution system. Enabling position: Statutory, legal regulation, technical, commercial, operational compliance,reforms and electricity act 2003. Charges payble: Tra n s m i s s i o n c h a rges , t ra n s m i s s i o n l o s s es , s u rc h a rges , additional surcharge, scheduling surcharges, Unscheduled interchange charges. Nodal agency (intra state/inter state): CTU/NLDC/RLDC, STU/SLDC, DISCOM 24

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Procedure: The nodal agency may grant open access and if required, system strengthening may be carried out at a cost to be borne by the applicant.

STANDARD PERFORMANCE OF DISCOM AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY BY ENERGY AUDIT

Quality of Power: The following standard has to maintain by DISCOM Voltage Level Range (Voltage) Tolerance (Voltage) Cumulative Total Voltage Harmonic distortion (THDV) 8% 3% Mr. Bibhu Charan Swain Sr. Consultant Power Tech. Consultant

Low Medium High Extra High

0 - 440 441 - 660 661 - 33000 >33000

6% 6% + 6% - 9% + 10% - 12.5%

OERC : Orissa Electricity Regulatory Commission is the authority to co-ordinate Government and DISCOMs on regulatory aspect. Standard of performance of DISCOM: DISCOM is accountable to OERC a. Performance of Electric Supply b. Compliance of Consumers Feedback/Complain c. Compensation to Consumer (if any) A. Registration of complain : To be recorded by DISCOM as follows - Section No. - Name of complaint - Details of complain - Date and time of complaint B. Failure of Distribution Transformer Replacement 24 hours in Town 48 hours in rural area 25

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Period of scheduled outages : - Notice by 24 hours in advance - Period : < 12 hours C. Line Breakdowns Normal B/D Restoration Town Rural Area Town Rural Area : < 12 hours : < 24 hours : < 24 hours : < 48 hours Town Rural Area : < 6 hour : < 24 hours Normal Fuse - Off

Major B/D

D. New connection/Additional Load I. For 230/440 V supplies On prescribed format the consumer has to apply with deposition of inspection charge. DISCOM is to send 3 clear days notice to applicant for purpose of electrical inspection of the premises. Estimate charges for : - Providing electric connection with anciliaries and security deposit are to be intimated within one week after above inspection. Electric connection is to be provided on provision of standard supply. Similar process of enhancement of load. II. For HT & EHT supply Feasibility: DISCOM is to respond within 21 days of application Provision: Estimated charge and time required for new connection : within 60 days after ensuring feasibility of supply E. Complaints about meters General Defect Inspection : - After receipt of complaint, DISCOM is to inspect and check the correctness : < 7 days Compliance < 30 days (b) Burnt out meter Replace meter : < 30 days (not attributed to consumer) 26

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< 15 days (attributed to consumer and recovery of cost within 7 days of detection) ENERGY AUDIT : - Verification, monitoring and analysis of use at energy - Submission of technical report containing recommendation for improving energy efficiency - Cost benefit analysis - Action plan for connection of energy AREAS OF ENERGY AUDIT : I. Demand side management Contract demand : Agreement with supply authority should be made on logical ground, so that demand of the month should be just below the agreement value. Otherwise, more demand will draw penalty as well as very less demand has to pay unnecessary higher demand charge. II. Power Factor Improvement : Commercially, supplier impose penalty/rebate depending upon p.f. of load consumption, by the consumer. Load consumption : P.F. < 0.9 : Penalty Load consumption : P.F. > 0.9 : Rebate Measures are to be taken by consumer to maintain P.F. more than 0.9 III.Reactive Load Management : Suitable active power compensation units (capacitor and auxiliary units) are to be installed in consumer premises. Auto 'ON' type banks can take care of varying nature of loads in office and non office hours suitably switching ON required capacitor capacity to get the desired P.F. IV. Transformer and Motor Loading Survey : Equipments are to be operated as per their rated capacity. Very low or high load are equally harmful for m/c as well as unnecessary core loss. V. Reduction of Lighting Load (Lighting Audit & Lux Survey) : Higher rated fluorescent tube lights with particular Lux level can be replaced by lower rated compact fluorescent lamp with same Lux level. Hence power consumption will be less with same light intensity. Audit of main plant Equipments (Example : Operations of compressors in a plant) Economical operation can be done by installing PLC based 27

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control system, all compressors will be utilized their optimum capacity and thus reducing their operating period. The sequencers also perform time showing functions and automatically levels running hours among multiple compressors. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ODISHA i. State Government and OERC have major roll to play to bring energy efficiency practices. ii. Energy Audit is mandatory for all HT consumers having contract demand above 110 KVA. iii.Submission of Annual Energy Audit and specific energy consumption report should be submitted to SDA. iv. Joint verification of financial Audit Report and Energy Audit Report of all HT consumers will discourage power theft and AT & C losses of DISCOM will be reduced. v. Energy efficiency can avoid present power deficit scenario and load regulation can be avoided.

CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATING RENEWABLE ENERGY INTO THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Prof. Seema Behera Silicon Institute of Technology

All around the world, there is increasing use of renewable energy sources and more efficient use of energy. These are motivated by a will to reduce green-house gases (GHG) emissions and the increase of fuel prices that drives up the prices of energy. Behind the will to reduce GHG large number of countries have ratified the Kyoto protocol which has, in turn, been transposed into national laws and energy policies. At the same time the role of electricity as an energy carrier is increasing and the construction of new transmission lines and large central power plants is becoming more and more difficult. Energy policies are promoting energy efficiency, distributed generation (DG) and renewable energy resources (RES), increasing production from DG and especially variable output (only partly controllable) types of DG like wind power, solar, small hydro and CHP. Energy supply will pass through a technological change from a so far generationdominated, security-and reserve-thinking centralized grid to a demand-oriented, economically-ecologically-optimized decentralized grid with many distributed generators, especially using renewable energy sources.

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The integration of increased renewable energy capacity in electricity distribution systems could be held back by the limitations of the centralized power generation systems in accommodating distributed generation and by the full electricity market liberalization. The technical and regulatory frameworks of centralized power generation systems appear to be inadequate to provide support and incentives to distributed energy generation. While market liberalization increases opportunities for small and medium sized renewable energy generators, it also exposes them to competitive market risks, thereby reducing the attractiveness of renewable energy generation. The various domains of challenges include: Policy and regulatory issues Financial issues Technical issues Policy and regulatory issues includes Consistent Rules at National and State Levels ,Clear Rules of Ownership and Control of Alternative Energy Facilities. The integration of distributed generation in distribution networks presents costs and benefits to the network, which needs to be properly valued in order to facilitate the growth of distributed generation. The current regulatory frameworks often fail to recognize, allocate and evaluate most of these costs and benefits. The values (costs and benefits) of distributed generation can be categorized into capital and operational values. Capital values relate to generation and distribution facilities and these include the following: distribution capacity cost deferral, connection costs, metering costs, reserve capacity costs and avoidance of over capacity. Operational values include reduction losses, voltage support, reactive power support and balancing power. The energy production from these renewable sources is not dispatchable [cannot be controlled on demand], intermittent [exhibits large fluctuations], and uncertain [random or not known in advance]. High renewable energy penetrations in electricity industries may increase uncertainties during abnormal electricity industry operating conditions. It would be valuable to have mathematical models that could adequately predict industry behaviour with high renewable energy penetration. Intermittent distributed generation (renewable energy technologies) pose a different technical challenge. Various technical issues that needs to be addressed are unintentional islanding, synchronisation, back feed, power quality, frequency and voltage levels, voltage ride through capability for wind generation ect. Intermittent generation from renewable energy can be mitigated 29

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and flexibility can be achieved through energy storage. With energy storage, scheduling of energy dispatch would also become possible for intermittent renewable energy generation. Predictability of output is very important in balancing actual and forecasts generation. Another area where there is a need for research, development and demonstration is on the improvement of predictive capabilities, such as the development of better weather forecasting techniques and software. With these technologies the variability of forecasts and actual outputs could be significantly reduced. Continued research on renewable energy technology cost reductions and efficiency improvements remain important. Technical research strategies can be divided into those dealing with the issues associated with the existing centralized power systems and those related to future system design and operation. The former includes research and development of new control technologies (current fault and voltage) as well as distribution management systems while the latter includes interconnection and active network management.

APPLICATION OF GPS AND GIS FOR OCNDUCTING POWER DISTRIBUTION BUSINESS

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) : A system of earth-orbit satellites which can provide precise location on earth's surface (in latitude/longitude co-ordinates or equivalent) Survey based on GPS technology provides directly latitude and longitude of the location of asset on ground. PRINCIPLE : Mr. Shivkumar PRDC, Bangalore The technology is based on measurement of distance of the position of GPS rover / receiver on earth from a group of satellites in space known as satellite ranging. Three satellites are required to determine three dimensional positions precisely, latitude and longitude the fourth one needed to measure time of radio signal to travel from the satellite transmitter to the receiver i.e. Altitude. The positional fix at the Asset is summed and averaged for 30 seconds. METHODS OF GPS SURVEY : The GPS survey is ideal for Utility (Electrical, Telecom, Oil & 30

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Gas) mapping as it is fast and accurate. Therefore, the utilities across the world have opted for survey of 33 KV, 11 KV and LV network using GPS Technology. The GPS system was declared fully operational in April 1995. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) INTRODUCTION : The system is computer based information system used to digitally represent and analyze the geographic features, present on the earth's surface and the events that taking place it. The meaning to represent digitally is to connect analog (smooth line) into a digital form. Surveying : Data collection from various services Mapping : The way of presenting collected data Examples of Applied GIS : - Urban planning and management - Utilities management (Electrical, Telecom, Oil & Gas) - Environmental Sciences - Political Science - Civil Engineering - Business - Educational Administration - Real Estate GIS Spatial Data : Geo referencing: Converting map co-ordinates to real world ordinates corresponding to the source map's cartographic projection. Projection: The method by which the curved 3-D surface of the earth is represented by X-Y co-ordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen. Scale: The ratio of distance a map to the equivalent distance on the ground. This will ensure Accuracy (data base information matching the real world object) and Resolution (the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized). GIS Data Model Implementation : Allows the geographic features in real world locations to be digitally represented and stored in a database so that they can be abstractly presented in map (analog form and can also be worked with and manipulated to address some problem. Building a GIS System : The important tasks GIS for Power Distribution Network are : 31

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- Creation of Digital map of Network using GPS survey. - Creation of background map based on satellite, Imagery, town maps and GPS survey - Integration of Network Map and Back Ground Map. - Creation of assets Data Base by collection of attribute data of assets. - Integrating Customer data base with GIS through indexing of customers. GIS Applications in Electrical : GIS system is the basic tool required for development and deployment of applications like : - Trouble Call Management - Asset Management - Outage Management - Network planning and design - Energy Accounting and Audit - Power Supply Monitoring etc.

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