BLD 450 Term Quizzes

1/16/2012 8:28:00 AM

Term Quiz 1 Parasite: a eukaryotic live organism living in or on, and having some metabolic dependence on another organism known as a host. Definitive host: the parasite reaches sexual maturity and where the adult form resides Intermediate host: (vector) one in which the immature or larval host resides, or in which the parasite undergoes asexual reproduction Endemic: areas with no sanitation; denoting an area in which a particular disease is regularly found Hermaphroditic: both male and female sex organs or characteristics Pseudopods: cytoplasmic protrusions Flagella: slender threadlike structure, whip like appendage that enables swimming Cilia: short, numerous thread-like extensions Trophozites: (trophs) motile, actively feeding and multiplying form of Protozoans (most commonly found in watery fecal samples) Cysts: dormant Protozoans, non-feeding stage that is more resistant to damage (predominate in formed or solid fecal samples) Chromatin: material of which the chromosomes of organisms are composed; protein, RNA, and DNA Karyosome: small mass of chromatin, usually near center of nucleus of some protozoans Chromatoid bodies: in cysts; rod-like structures or RNA with pointed or rounded ends Commensal: association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit or harm Miracidium: free-swimming ciliated larval stage in which a parasitic fluke passes from the egg to its first host, typically a snail Oncosphere: tapeworm embryo with six hooks; earliest differentiated form of cyclophyllidean Protozoans o Sarcomastigophora: phylum of single-celled protozoans Sarcodina: subphylum - amebae that propel with pseudopods

Mastigophora: subphylum flagellates (propel with flagella) o Ciliophora: phylum ciliates that propel with short, numerous thread-like extensions o Apicomplexa: phylum of protozoans with complex life cycle o Microspora: phylum tiny intracellular parasites Helminths (worms) o Aschelminthes: phylum, nematodes = roundworms o Platyhelminthes: phylum flatworms (most are hermaphroditic)

Term Quiz 2 Repeats o Cilia: short, numerous thread-like extensions o Commensal: association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit or harm o Chromatin: material of which the chromosomes of organisms are composed; protein, RNA, and DNA o Cysts: dormant Protozoans, non-feeding stage that is more resistant to damage (predominate in formed or solid fecal o o o o samples) Flagella: slender threadlike structure, whip like appendage that enables swimming Karyosome: small mass of chromatin, usually near center of nucleus of some protozoans Pseudopods: cytoplasmic protrusions Trophozites: (trophs) motile, actively feeding and multiplying form of Protozoans (most commonly found in watery fecal samples)

New o Pathogen: progressive motility; organism that can cause disease o Excystation: the cyst in the lower ileum transforms back into a trophozite o Binary Fission: a trophozoite replicates this way; produces two cells

o Vacuole: prominent glycogen vacuole in cyst form of Iodamoeba butschlii; o Free-living: living independently, not as a parasite or attached to a substrate; 2 free-living protozoan pathogens o Primary Amebic MeningoEncephalitis: caused by free-living protozoan pathogen Naegleria fowleri; rapid CNS infection o Nuchal Rigidity: stiff neck; early symptom progresses to signs of frank meningitis o Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis: caused by free-living protozoan pathogen Acanthamoeba sp.; chronic CNS infection o Amebic Keratitis: skin ulcers, often seen in contact lens wearers; caused by free-living protozoan pathogen Acanthamoeba sp. o Acanthopodia: characteristic spiny projections on the trophozite form of Acanthamoeba sp. o Axoneme: the central strand of a cilium or flagellum. It is composed of an array of microtubules, typically in nine pairs around two single central ones. o Axostyle: sheet of microtubules; arises from the base of flagellum; occur in the oxymonads and parabasalids o Costa: in flagellates, a rib-like body; the chromatoid basal rod supporting the base of an undulating membrane o Cytopyge: In Balantidium and some other ciliates, the permanent opening in the ectoplasm through which the residue of digestion of food materials is discharged (anal opening). In other organisms, the wastes may be discharged through a number of points in the body surface o Cytostome: In some protozoa, especially flagellates and ciliates, the cavity that opens by way of the peristome (the lips) to allow solid food particles to enter (the mouth). In some species, a food vacuole may form directly behind the cytostome or it may open into a cytopharynx (esophagus-like structure) and the food vacuole is formed at the base of the cytopharynx

o Hyaline Knob: having a glassy, translucent appearance produced by the degeneration of epithelial or connective tissues o Median Body: protein in Giardia lamblia; immobilizes the microtubules between cell divisions o Sucking Disc: tapeworms; an animals sucker, especially one on the end of each tube foot of an echinoderm (marine invertebrate of the phylum Echinodermata, such as a starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber) o Undulating Membrane: a vibratile cytoplasmic membrane; a lateral expansion of the plasma membrane in some flagellates; a row of laterally fused long cilia associated in many ciliates with the oral structures o Central Body: zone of cytoplasm devoid of organelles except centrioles; located near nucleus o Chromatoidal Bar: a bar, rod, or splinter-shaped body in the cytoplasm of an ameba that stains darkly and resembles chromatin o Glycogen Mass: a vacuole, usually in a cyst, in which glycogen (carb storage stuff) is accumulated until needed in the development process. Such vacuoles usually form early in the development of an amebic cyst and are usually present in cysts of Iodamoeba butschlii o Ameboflagellate: protozoan that changes from amebic form to a flagellated form; Naegleria fowleri o Cribriform Plate: denoting an anatomical structure that is pierced by numerous small holes, in particular the plate of the ethmoid bone through which the olfactory nerves pass o Dysentery: infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces o Intrathecal: occurring within or administered into the spinal theca

BLD 450 Term Quizzes

1/16/2012 8:28:00 AM

Term Quiz 3 Lecture 6 Amastigote: cell without visible flagella/cilia; found in the Trypanosomatidae family (Leishmania and Trypanosoma) Hemoflagellate: flagellates protozoans that parasitize blood and tissues Kinetoplast: in Trypanosomes, dense granule of DNA within mitochondria Leishmaniasis: diseases caused by Leishmania sp.; diagnostic form is intracellular amastigote within macrophages; Kala Azar, Oriental Sore, Espundia Sandfly: the vector for all Leishmania sp. is a tiny phlebotomine insect (blood-sucking) Cutaneous: type of Leishmaniasis; old and new world (tropic & mexicana, resp.); least pathogenic Leishmaniasis; chronic disease with dry, raised, ulcerated lesions at bite site on skin; Oriental Sore Mucocutaneous: type of Leishmaniasis; Leishmania braziliensis; invasive (long-term); amastigote spread from original bite site to invade mucous membranes and erode soft tissue of face and palate; Espundia Visceral: type of Leishmaniasis; Leishmania donovani; most pathogenic; infected macrophages in skin/mucous membranes spread to visceral organs especially spleen, liver, and bone marrow where amastigotes replicate in great numbers; Kala Azar Chagoma: a painful red lesion develops when lymph drainage is blocked and takes 2-3 months to heal; Chagas Disease; T. cruzi Chancre: painful ulcer may erupt on skin from T. brucei gambiense Kissing bug: Triatomid bug; Reduviid bug; vector for Trypanosoma cruzi & Trypanosoma rangeli; big hard shelled bug that bites around mouth of sleeper, defecates near bite, then gets scratched into bite wound Somnolence: excessive sleepiness; African sleeping sickness due to Trypanosoma brucei; meningoencephalitis stage before death Reduviid bug: Triatomid bug; kissing bug; vector for Trypanosoma cruzi & Trypanosoma rangeli; big hard shelled bug that bites around

mouth of sleeper, defecates near bite, then gets scratched into bite wound Tsetse fly: vector for Trypansoma brucei spp. Found in the saliva Anergic: immune system is unable to mount a normal immune respone against a specific antigen Montenegro skin test: Leishmaniasis; Zoonosis: any infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans Aphasia: impairment of language ability Cardiomegaly: medical condition where the heart is enlarged Congenital transmission: lecture 6? - Trypanosomasis; transfer of pathogens from mother to fetus via placenta, child born infected Dyspnea: shortness of breath Edema: abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath skin or in body cavity that produces swelling Erythema: redness of the skin caused by hyperemia of capillaries in lower layers of skin Febrile: fever, rise in body temperature; seizure seen in children Glomerulonephritis: type of kidney disease in which the part of the

kidney that helps filter waste and fluids from the blood is damaged Histiocyte: cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (retic); immune system tissue macrophage or dendritic cell Lymphadenopathy: Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes Myalgia: muscle pain Myocarditis: inflammation of the heart muscle Parasitemia: sepsis of parasites in the blood Pruritis: itching Term Quiz 4 Lecture 7 Microgamete: male sex cells during sexual reproduction Macrogamete: female sex cells during sexual reproduction Oocyst: diagnostic form of coccidian found in stool samples Sarcocyst: cysts in muscle from consuming uncooked beef or pork; Sarcocystis sp. Sporocyst: oocysts contain 1-2 each Sporozoite: each sporocyst contains 2-4 each

Schizont: asexual reproduction within epithelial cells produces these Sporoblast: precursor to a sporocyst found in an immature oocyst Zygote: micro and macro gametes unite to form this, matures to oocyts Schizogony: asexual reproduction Sporogony: schizonts undergo sexual reproduction Merozoite: found in schizonts Lecture 8 Tachyzoite: toxoplasmosis; early in infection, these may be seen as intracellular parasites in Giemsa stained impression smears or sections of heart, lung, lymph node and CNS biopsy tissue Benign tertian malaria: 48 hour cycle of malaria paroxysm due to Plasmodium vivax Blackwater fever: sudden intravascular hemolysis, massive outpouring of hemoglobin results in hemoglbinuria; Plasmodium falciparum Hemoglobinuria: dark brown to black urine Quartan malaria: 72 hour cycle of malaria paroxysm due to Plasmodium malariae Malignant tertian malaria: 36-48 hour cycle of malaria paroxysm due to Plasmodium falciparum Texas cattle fever: caused by Babesiosis Pneumocystosis: fungal infection of the lungs Toxoplasmosis: parasite infection due to Toxoplasma gondii Erythocytic cycle: mature schizont undergoes schizogony forming multiple merozoites Exoerythrocytic cycle: malarial sporozoites make their way to liver and asexual division begins; outside of RBC, lasts 5-16 days Encephalomyelitis: clinical feature of toxoplasmosis; inflammation of brain Malignant jaundice: seen in dogs due to Babesiosis Malarial paroxysm: caused by liberation of the parasite from the RBCs releases toxic debris; shaking, fever, and chills; length of cycles vary per Plasmodium sp.

Malarial pigment: remaining byproducts of hemoglobin metabolism combine to form this; circulating merozoites invade RBCs, begin to grow as ring form (trophozoites), and feed on hemoglobin Schffners dots: brick red small round granules in RBC; diagnostic of Plasmodium vivax Dunno Bradyzoite: toxoplasmosis; feeding stage; non-moving, slowgrowing form; clusters enclosed by an irregular crescent-shaped wall Gametogenesis: cell division of diploid cells and differentiation to form mature gametes Ookinete: infectious stage; fertilized zygote capable of moving; forms oocyst in mosquito epithelial cells Ischemia: restriction of blood supply to tissue due to problems with blood vessels Rigor: a chill with shivering as the onset of high fever Recrudescence: reappearance of a disease after it has been latent Maurers dots: faint, comma-shaped red dots are seen on RBC surface in Plasmodium falciparum Ziemanns dots: stippling in RBC due to Plasmodium malariae

BLD 450 Term Quizzes

1/16/2012 8:28:00 AM

Term Quiz 5 Lecture 9 Buccal Cavity: mouth opening Buccal Capsules: primitive mouth/teeth Decorticated: eggs without the mammillated surface Embryonated: mature egg form that is ingested Filariform larva: third stage larva of hookworm; migrate to intestine Gravid: egg-bearing, ready to reporduce Helminth: worm Larva: immature form that undergoes metamorphosis Nematode: roundworms Parthenogenic: self-fertilizing Rhabditiform larva: free-living non-infection stage Lecture 10 Calabar swelling: localized painful and itchy swellings on extremities about the size of a golf ball that last 1-3 days due to allergic reaction to worm poop in tissue; Loa loa Copepod: water flea, tiny crustacean; vector for Dracunouliasis Filaria: singular noun; long slender nematodes that as adults are parasites in the blood or tissues of mammals and as larvae usually develop in biting insects Microfilariae: released by adult nematodes in large quantities Onchocercoma: worms migrate through subcutaneous tissues, settle, become encapsulated in fibrous tumor-like nodules; Onchocerca volvulus Sheathed: diagnostic criteria for microfilariae identification; sheathed have tail-tip nuclei; extra outer covering, like pillow case Sub-periodic: W. bancrofti; collect blood between noon and 8pm; cycle when microfilariae released into blood Knotts technique: concentration technique to identify microfilariae Skin Snip: onchocerciasis is microfilariae in skin snips; biopsy Bancroftian filariasis: Elephantiasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti Brugian filariasis: Elephantiasis caused by Brugia malayi Dirofilariasis: dog heartworm; coin lesions; Dirofilaria immitis Dracunouliasis: Guinea Worm caused by Dracunculus medinensis

Elephantiasis: Caused by adult worm and the inflammatory response to it blocking lymphatic drainage leading to enormous swelling with thickening and wrinkling of skin; 2 species Loasis: African Eye Worm caused by Loa loa Mansoneliasis: caused by tiny midge; 3 species Onchocerciasis: River Blindness caused by Onchocerca volvulus Trichinosis: Trichinella spiralis; disease caused by encystment of larvae in skeletal muscle Streptocerciasis: caused by Mansonella streptocerca; adult worms live in dermis just below skin

Unknown Amicrofilaremic: being infected with filariae but not have microfilariae show up in the blood picture Lymphadenitis: inflammation of lymph node Lymphangitis: inflammation of lymphatic channel