Rizal as Revolutionary When reading John Nerys column on Rizal, reminded me that, for all that is known about

Rizal, so much remains obscured. Part of the retelling of Philippine history from a certain framework has been the fallacy of Rizal as only a reformist, not a revolutionary. Truth be told, he was a revolutionary. He just did not believe in the Revolution of 1896. Jose Rizal as a revolutionary is obvious when re-reading his personal letters to other Filipinos and to Blumentritt. He states, fairly straight forward in fact, that the Propaganda was finished, and that action in the Philippines was the next step. In this he broke away from other Propagandists. If our countrymen hope in us here in Europe, they are certainly mistakenThe help we can give them is our lives in our country. Had I not been unwilling to shorten the lives of my parents, I would not have left the Philippines no matter what happened. Those five months I stayed were a life of example, a book even better than the Noli me Tangere. The field of battle is the Philippines; there is where we should be foundThere we will help each other, there we will suffer united and perhaps even triumph. - Jose Rizal to Del Pilar, 1888/1889 So, from whence came this idea of Rizal not being a revolutionary? Obviously from a purposeful misreading of the Manifesto from his trial. The point that is rarely nuanced is, being against Bonifacios premature revolution (and premature it was) is not the same as being against a revolution. Even in the same trial comes this insight from the Spanish Advocate General: limits himself to condemning the present rebellious movement as premature and because he considers its success impossible in this timeFor Rizal it is a question of opportunity, not of principles or objectives Guerrero, First Filipino, pg 422-426 As Father Schumacher would point out, this is a fairly simplistic view of Jose Rizals ideas, but correct in spirit. For he truly never wavered from his conviction that the Filipinos must be free. Though, he always maintained that it was the Filipinos must work for it, and not only through force of arms or feats of strength. Father Schumacher summed it up succinctly:

But, consistent with his views from the Noli onward, he maintained to the end that the revolutionary goal was to create a nation of Filipinos conscious of their human and national dignity and ready to sacrifice themselves to defend itHe did not live to see that day. But he had pointed the way for his countrymen to follow, not just with his books, but with his life and with his death. The Making of a Nation, pg 101 I would hazard that, with only a few shining examples, we have not lived to see that vision either. Or at least not on a daily, consistent basis. We too often glorify the manner of his death, seeing his life has a series of events leading to that seminal event, without ruminating on the meaning and manner in which he lived. There was an insatiable quality to Jose Rizal. He pursued learning and education to its fullest extent. He delved into what it meant and what it was to be Filipino. He pushed and prodded and agitated for reforms, and when that failed, he returned home, ready for revolution at its proper place and time. Rizal was not a man swept up in the tides and currents of events, like others were. He was a catalyst for them. That was driven by his nationalism, his patriotism and his love for Filipinas. A few days ago Anding Roces wrote that a birth is given meaning by the life that is lead. Rizals birth is one of the most meaningful in our history, he made it so. It is his life, not his death, that we should consider. It was the ethics and morals, the certitude and the passion, with which he lived that are worthy of emulation. In this, we can make sure that his birth, over a century later, continues to be meaningful. Wouldnt that be revolutionary? Jos Rizal: reformist or revolutionary? Part one: Rural Philippines prior to the voyage to Spain On a subject like the national hero, Dr Jos Rizal, there is so much to say... and so little that is new. So let me introduce you to two new things. First is a new author, Dr Hlne Goujat, Universit dAngers, French, who spent 12 years studying all the writings of Rizal in their original Spanish and wrote her doctoral thesis on the evolution of Rizals thoughts from non-violent reformism to outright revolution. In titling her book Reform or Revolution, she deliberately refuses to accept this either or dilemma. She holds that Rizal was both a reformist and a revolutionary. More than that, he evolved over the years from reformism to revolution,

otherwise his execution by the Spanish firing squad has no meaning, and it is a brutal punishment for a non-crime. And second, in a sequel to this article, let us see again that fabulous musical drama, Isang Panaginip na Fili, a drama produced by Dulaang UP, and so popular, even with standing room at the matinee performance last November 2010, 200 spectators could not enter for lack of space and to respect the fire regulations. The full title of the new book is Rforme ou Rvolution: le projet national de Jos Rizal (1861 to 1896) pour les Philippines, published in Paris and available so far only in French. Basing her premises on solid documentation in the original Spanish, author Goujat is saying that Rizal was guilty of a crime, he was an insurrecto, he was a rebel, and he was the filibusterero he writes about in the Fili. She even says a better translation of the title El Filibusterismo, would be The Revolutionary. For it is the culmination of his beliefs. His travels to Europe, in particular to Spain and France, were instrumental in honing those beliefs towards revolution. If you lived in the equivalent of a manor house in rural, rice growing Calamba at the turn of the century, as Rizal did, you would probably not be too enthused to take the long and tiresome boat trip to Europe, to visit Spain or France or Germany. On the other hand, if that rural tranquil life were upset and challenged by the masters of the land, the Spanish Friars, one might be tempted to seek the reasons why, even if search this led to distant lands to find the answers to the questions of domination by the church, excessive tithes on land and produce, and despite the deep and fervent love of the peasants for the catholic religiona growing tension and animosity towards the robed clerics who ruled rural Philippines. Almost like a sociologist and historian, recording and documenting the social facts of life in rural Philippines, Rizal recounts in both his Noli Me Tangere and his El Filibusterismo, this very region, the Calamba of the last years before his studies abroad. In the first pages of the Filibusterismo, we encounter Cabesang Tales, a talented rural worker who squatted on some vacant land and built a small farm. Challenged by the friar administrators as to the ownership of the land, and unable to produce any legal documents, he paid the rental of the property to the friars, 20 pesos at that time. With his first earnings, he had hoped to send his daughter, Juli, to school in Manila and was anxious to see her wearing pretty dresses like the other collegialas Manileas. But every year, the rents increased. Rizal, in his exquisite literary style enhanced by Leon Guerreros translation, recounts:

Reform and revolution When the annual rent reached two hundred pesos, Cabesang Tales was not satisfied with sighing and scratching his head, he grumbled and protested, to which the friar administrator replied that if Tales could not pay, then another could have the use of the lands, there were many eager applications. Cabesang Tales thought the friar was joking, but the friar was in earnest, he even singled out one of his servants to take over. The unfortunate Tales blanched, there was a buzzing in his ears, and he saw red. The images of his wife and daughter rose before him, pale, gaunt, the death rattle of the fever in their throat. He saw the thick forest turned to open field, the furrows watered with the sweat of his body, he saw himself, poor Tales, ploughing in the noonday sun, tearing his feet on rocks and roots, while this friar rode his coach, followed like a slave by his chosen successor. . . . Cabesang Tales rebelled, refused to pay a single penny and still seeing red, and declared that he would only yield his fields to the first man that watered them with his own blood.1 Water the fields with his blood? Was not that a revolutionary statement? This was exactly the situation before Rizal departed for Europe, it was already a revolutionary situation! Several of his own tenants had their lands seized by the friars, Rizal sought to protect them through the courts but to no avail. The courts were afraid to adjudicate in favor of a peasant against a friar. And how could it be that the friars own land and charge rents, when they all take a vow of poverty? How can courts be blinded and bought with money or exchange of favors? How can our country be so dominated by the friars, while the native indio priests are always assigned to the poorest and most remote parishes? The garroting of the Filipino priests, Gomez, Burgos and Zamora, in 1872, just 11 years previously, still rang in his ears like a gnawing echo from the past. The injustice of this execution and the total inability of the colonial government to find valid cause for their indictment, urged Rizal to dedicate his, El Filibusterismo to the three martyr priests, as he himself writes, the victims of the evil I undertake to combat.2 Hence, Goujat concludes, Rizals visits to Europe, were not only so he could pursue the studies refused him at The Universidad de Santo Tomas, not only to seek safety from the guardia civil who eyed him suspiciously as an effective writer and fomenter of trouble. He made these voyages to Europe because he had a mission, to learn more about law, politics, the origins of the social conditions in the Philippines, and how through peaceful means he could bring about change. A simple note in the Escritos de Rizal3 tells us: Rizal, though young, was already determined to study and to work for the liberation of his country; which explains the suddenness of his departure for Europe, apparently to continue his studies, though it was more in order to work for his country, which one can deduct from the insinuations and allusions in his own letters, those of his brother and of his very close friends. The alternative was to stay in the Philippines where his future, recounts Rafael Palma, would more likely to simply vegetate, to befriend the friar and the guardia civil, learn to get along with them, obey them, but what about the people? He had to leave, he had to travel.4 The major accomplishments of his voyage were the writing and publication of his two social novels, of which the first, Noli Me Tangere was started in 1884 and published in 1887 in Berlin, Germany. The Noli recounts on a national level the events of the microcosm of Calamba: false accusations by the friars of heresy and non-belief, the power of the church to excommunicate and disallow burial in Christian cemeteries, the meddling of the church protected by the guardia civil, in family concerns, land rentals, court trials, and all social life in general. The Noli was thus a social comment on the hypocrisies of the church and the relentless, ruthless dominance of Spain over every aspect of life. But as such the Noli did not espouse violence. It was sufficient to ignite the fire of rebellion, to motivate the first rebel soldiers, but in itself, the book did not urge or justify revolutionary action. Whereas Rizal had thought to gain spiritual and intellectual momentum in Spain, he found that this land of the peninsulares, was falling into decline, it had lost almost all its colonies in Latin America, its naval fleet was defeated. He did find solace and comfort in his contacts with students, philosophers and the freemasons. But this further embittered him against the friar domination back home, giving him reason for his beliefs. In contrast to Spain, he felt close vibrations with France, a country that had come out of its own revolution in 1789 and had solidified its thinking in the freedom of the human person, civil and political rights, he read French authors voraciously. At the same time, he began the writing of the Fili, still stung deep inside by the oppression and events in Calamba close to his last departure. He needed to say more, all that the Noli did not say, but he was restrained by his prior inclination to peaceful means and reformism. "How then did Rizal evolve from reform to revolution?", asks Hlne Goujat. An insight to the response can be gained from the musical drama, Ang Panaginip na Fili. It is unfortunate that many students are still reared on the dated Agoncillo-Constantino histories of the 1960s, that are ideologically slanted to give preferential option for the revolutionary hero of the masses, Andres Bonifacio, against the reformist and burgis Jose Rizal. Schoolchildren are often made to choose, who should rightfully be our national hero? Rizal or Bonifacio? Why cant they be taught that both Rizal and Bonifacio are national heroes? There should be no conflict between them if only because Bonifacio himself looked up to Rizal and even consulted him, through an emissary sent to Dapitan, before he hatched the revolution. Renato Constantino, in his landmark 1968 essay Veneration Without Understanding, argued that Rizal was against the revolution. Constantino based this view on a document Rizal issued in December 1896, asking the Katipuneros to lay down their arms and condemning the violence that was planned without his knowledge and consent. Constantino also argued that Rizal was an American-sponsored hero, citing without any documentary proof, an alleged Philippine Commission meeting when the American colonial government chose Rizal as the foremost national hero because he was non-violent and reformist, unlike Bonifacio or Aguinaldo. What Constantino conveniently leaves out are: that Rizal was considered a hero in his lifetime; that he was honorary president of the Katipunan; that his picture was displayed during Katipunan meetings; and that his name was one of the passwords of the Katipunan. Then, of course, the annual commemoration of Rizals death each year in Dec. 30, was started by Emilio Aguinaldos short-lived First Philippine Republic in 1898 (before the American colonial period) and continues to our day. Then, the December 1896 Manifesto, used against Rizal both by the Spanish who condemned him to death for inspiring the revolution, and the pro-Bonifacio groups in our day, is not read in full. Rizal was not against the revolution but felt, rightly so, that it was premature. Rizal is branded a mere reformist because they have not read his letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt from Geneva on June 19, 1887, his 26th birthday, that reads: I assure you that I have no desire to take part in conspiracies which seem to me very premature and risky. But if the government drives us to the brink, that is to say, when no other hope remains but seek our destruction in war, when the Filipinos would prefer to die rather than endure their misery any longer, then I will also become a partisan of violent means. The choice of

peace or destruction is in the hands of Spain, because it is a clear fact, known to all, that we are patient, excessively patient and peaceful, mild, unfeeling, etc. But everything ends in this life, there is nothing eternal in the world and that refers also to our patience. Alas, we do not know the issue or situation that gave rise to Rizals words. But these words are significant if only to show that Rizal was not averse to revolution or violence if necessary. We also have to realize that when some historians and teachers of history created a gap between reform and revolution, between the campaign for reforms and assimilation in Spain and the outbreak of the Philippine revolution, they fail to see that Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and others saw reform and assimilation only as a first step to eventual separation from Spain, the independence of Filipinas. Reform was a means to freedom not the destination. Polarizing our youth and developing a Rizal vs. Bonifacio mindset resulted in two contrasting positions of reform/revolution convenient for classroom debate, when the real lesson should have been convergence. These positions are clearly seen, iconographically, with Rizal/Bonifacio, such that when students play out the characters in the Noli Me Tangere representing positions of reform/revolution, Ibarra always looks like Rizal in monuments, with the black coat, book and quill; while Elias looks like Bonifacio in statues, wearing a white camisa de chino and red kundiman pants, and carrying a bolo and a flag. Rizal and Bonifacio did not meet till 1892, during the foundation of the Liga Filipina in Tondo. Rizal could not have thought of Bonifacio when he published the Noli in 1887. Thus, if we are to understand Rizal correctly (and even astrologically because Rizal is a Gemini), when Ibarra and Elias discuss their positions on reform and revolution, this is not Rizal and Bonifacio arguing. Rather, both Ibarra and Elias are Rizal. In the Noli we see Rizal thinking aloud, arguing with himself. We presume Rizal chose reform over revolution in 1887, by killing off Elias rather than Ibarra. To make up for this twist in the Noli, we have Simoun in El Filibusterismo (1891). Simoun incited violence and the persecution of his people to move them to revolt. He failednot because Rizal was against the revolution, but because he reflected on the anger and bitterness in his heart following the agrarian dispute in Calamba, and realized that one must start with a good intention to succeed. A poisoned tree cannot produce good fruit. Rizal demanded a pure heart. Purity of intention is the challenge because it is so hard to find both in Rizals time and ours.

EXECUTION December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was just 35 yrs old. Spanish Army troops are ready to shoot the executioners (Squad of Filipino Soldiers ) if they fail to obey the orders Spanish Army Surgeon General requested to take his pulse: It was normal. Rizal writes his letter of farewell: first one to his "second brother ' Ferdinand Blumentritt. He gave his sister, Trinidad, an old petroleum lamp and whispered to her in English that there is something inside the lamp. ("Ultimo Adios", Last Farewell) details about this walk; how Rizal told the priest accompanying him of his earlier strolls in that place; how the military doctor admired the normal pulse rate of Rizal shortly before his execution; how Rizal requested that he be shot in the chest, which was denied him; how he forgave all those involved in his execution. Annotation of Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Isles) Antonio Morga Spanish lawyer and a high-ranking colonial official in the Philippines, New Spain and Peru Historian Education and Service to the Philippines In 1593 he was sent to Manila as lieutenant governor of the Philippines 1625 = de Morga was investigated for corruption but on September 18, 1627 he was cleared and his offices were restored to him. 1636 = Died as the president of the Audiencia of Quito Shortly before his death in 1636 = de Morga was relieved of his duties. He was fined 2.000 gold ducats for "having lewd relationships with much publicity and with many women". In 1609, he published the work for which he is now remembered Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Isles). = based partly on documentary research, partly on keen observation, and partly on Morga's personal involvement and knowledge. The history was published in two volumes, both in 1609 by Casa de Geronymo Balli, in Mexico City. Morga's official position allowed him access to many government documents.

Rizal in Paris 1890 = Anotated Sucesos de las islas Filipinas in the British Museum Printed by: Garnier Freres Dedicated his work to the FILIPINOS For two years he annotate the work of Morga During that time Mariano Ponce asked him to edit the news paper of reforms for the Philippine but Rizal refused Ponces request Errors commended by Blumentritt Rizal commits the error of many historian in appraising the events of the past in the light of present standards Rizals attacks on the church were unfair and unjustified because the abuses of the friars should not be construed to mean that Catholicism is bad Rizal said Sucesos de las islas filipinas was the best of the many histories of the Philippines written by early spanish writers If the book (Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas) succeeds to awaken your consciousness of our past, already effaced from your memory, and to rectify what has been falsified and slandered, then I have not worked in vain, and with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shall be able to study the future. This book proved that filipinos were civilized before the advent of the Spain. They had clothes, government rules, laws, writing, literature, religion, arts, science, and commerce with the neighboring Asian nations. THE TRIAL OF DR. JOSE RIZAL defense counsel, Lt. Taviel de Andrade = Cuartel de Espaa bldg. in the morning of December 26, 1896 during a Court Martial hearing. Rizals Last Homecoming Rizal on his way to Spain was arrested in the boat and held incomunicado in his cabin until it docked in Barcelona, Spain on October 3, 1896. After being held prisoner in Barcelona, Rizal was ordered by General Eulogio Despujol that he would be shipped back to Manila via the transport ship Colon. He was imprisoned in Monjuich until October 6 when he was taken aboard M/V Colon and shipped back to Manila. On board the vessel, Rizal was told that the Madrid newspapers were full of stories about the revolution in the Philippines and were blaming him for it.

While on board, officers confiscated the diary of Rizal, returned after 19 days. He was imprisoned until they reached the Red Sea. In Singapore, he was placed in handcuffs. They were taking extreme measures of possible rescue and escape. Probably, there was a valid reason for the authorities to exercise extreme measures because friends of Rizal in Singapore and Europe attempted to rescue him. Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto Lopez sent telegrams to an English lawyer, Hugh Fort, to rescue him from the Spanish Streamer when it arrives in Singapore using the legal strategy. The use of Writ of Habeas Corpus, alleging Jose Rizal was illegally detained but Chief Justice Lionel Cox denied it, on the ground that it was beyond the jurisdiction of the civil courts for it was a warship of foreign power and that would be against the International Law. The M/V Colon which was loaded with more Spanish soldiers arrived Manila on Nov 3. Rizal was then quietly transferred to Fort Santiago. Rizal was accused of conspiracy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. The Spanish authorities fished for evidences against Rizal. They investigated many Filipino patriots like Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Domingo Franco and others. They were tortured, their hands screwed. The Investigation Rizal was investigated on November 20 before Judge Advocate, Colonel Francisco Olive. It was a grueling five day investigation. Rizal was informed of the charges against him but he was never permitted to confront those who testified against him. The preliminary investigation began a few days later, with Colonel Francisco Olive acting as the Judge Advocate. Two kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal, namely documentary and testimonial. Documentary evidence included letters which allegedly implicate Rizal in the Propaganda movement, several transcripts of speech wherein his name was used by the Katipunan, as well as several of his poems which were highly nationalistic in nature. Testimonial evidence, on the other hand, consisted of the oral testimonies of Rizal's various acquaintances. Evidences Some 15 documentary evidences were presented which were:

1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing Rizals connection with the Filipino reform campaign in Spain. 2. A letter of Rizal to his family, Madrid, August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are good for they will encourage the people to hate tyranny. 3. A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, Madrid, January 7, 1889; implicating Rizal in the Propaganda campaign in Spain. 4. A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila (Sept 12, 1891) which contained the lines: She is the slave oppressed Groaning in the tyrants grips; Lucky shall he be Who can give her liberty! 5. A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person, Barcelona, September 18, 1891, describing Rizal as the man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression. 6. A Masonic document , dated Manila, February 9, 1982, honoring Rizal for his patriotic services. 7. A letter signed Dimasalang (Rizals pseudonym) to Tenluz (Juan Zuluetas pseudonym), Hongkong, May 24, 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish authorities. 8. A letter of Dimasalang to an unidentified committee Hongkong, June 1, 1892, soliciting the aid of the committee in the "patriotic work . 9. An anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the Hongkong Telegraph, censuring the banishment of Rizal to Dapitan. 10. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, Manila, September 3, 1892, saying that the Filipino people look up to him (Rizal) as their savior. 11. A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, Manila, 17, 1893, informing an unidentified correspondent of the arrest and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador. 12. A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A. tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid, June 1, 1893 recommending the establishment of a special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of the Filipino people. 13. Transcript of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in a reunion of the Katipunan on July 23, 1893, in which the following cry was uttered Long Live the Philippines! Long Live Liberty! Long Live Doctor Rizal! Unity ! 14. Transcript of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion, where in the Katipuneros shouted: "Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal!! Death to the oppressor nation!

15. A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A Talisay, in which the author makes the Dapitan schoolboys sing that they know how to fight for their rights. Recommendations After the preliminary investigation, the Judge Advocate General, Don Nicolas de la Pea, submitted the following recommendations: (1) the accused be immediately brought to trial; (2) he should be kept in prison; (3) an order of attachment be issued against his property as an indemnity; and (4) he should be defended in court by an army officer. Such army officer who acted as his defense counsel was Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade, chosen by Rizal himself. Accused On December 8, Rizal was given a list of 100 first and second lieutenants from which he would select his defense lawyer. Rizal chose the officer Don Luis Taviel de Andrade, it was a familiar name for Rizal. On December 11, the information of charges was formally read to Rizal inside his prison cell. He was accused of being the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the founder of societies, wrote periodicals and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion". Rizal raised no objections to these charges; however, he pleaded not guilty to the crime of rebellion. The Manifesto On December 15, Rizal wrote a manifesto in his prison cell at Fort Santiago appealing to his people to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and industry. General de la Pea, however, recommended to the newly installed Governor General, Camilo de Polavieja, that the manifesto be suppressed. Thus, it was never issued to the people. The Trial The trial of Rizal commenced on December 26, 1896 at the Cuartel de Espaa. Although Rizal was a civilian, he was tried by a military court composed of alien military officers. The Military Court which conducted the trial on Rizal, the accused who was tried by court martial composed of seven (7) members. They were Lt. Col. Jose Tagores Arjona president, Captain Ricardo Muoz Arias, Capt. Manuel Reguera, Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio, Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nuez, Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano, and Capt.

Fermin Perez Rodriguez. Five (5) of them are shown in the picture above. During the trial, which started at 8:00 AM on December 26, Judge Advocate Dominguez explained the case against Rizal. The Prosecuting Atty. Alcocer arose, delivered a speech summarizing the charges against Rizal. He urged the court to give the penalty of death to Rizal, the accused. The Defense The Defense Counsel, Capt. Taviel de Andrade took the floor and delivered eloquently his defense for Rizal. He ended his defense with a noble admonition to the members of the military court: "The judges cannot be vindictive; the judges can only be just." The admonition fell on deaf ears. The defense counsel through with his defense, Rizal then read his own complementary defense as follows: 1. He could not be guilty of rebellion, for he advised Dr. Pio Valenzuela in Dapitan not to rise in revolution. 2. He did not correspond with the radical, revolutionary elements. 3. The revolutionists used his name without his knowledge. If he were guilty he could have escaped in Singapore. 4. If he had a hand in the revolution, he could have escaped in a Moro vinta and would not have built a home, a hospital, and bought lands in Dapitan. 5. If he were the chief of the revolution, why was he not consulted by the revolutionists? 6. It was true he wrote the by-laws of the Liga Filipina, but this is only a civic association - not a revolutionary society. 7. The Liga Filipina did not live long, for after the first meeting he was banished to Dapitan and it died out. 8. If the Liga was reorganized nine months later, he did not know about it. 9. The Liga did not serve the purpose of the revolutionist, otherwise they would not have supplanted it with the Katipunan. 10. If it were true that there were some bitter comments in Rizals letters, it was because they were written in 1890 when his family was being persecuted, being dispossessed of houses, warehouses, lands, and others and his brother, all his brothers-in-law were deported. 11. His life in Dapitan had been exemplary as the politicomilitary commanders and missionary priests could attest. 12. It was not true that the revolution was inspired by his one speech at the house of Doroteo Ongjunco, as alleged by witnesses whom he would like to confront. His friends knew his opposition to armed rebellion. Why did the

Katipunan send an emissary to Dapitan who was unknown to him? Because those who knew him were aware that he would never sanction any violent movement. The Sentence The trial over, the military court held short deliberation and unanimously voted for the death penalty to the accused. On that same day, December 26, the court decision was submitted to the Governor General Camilo G. de Polavieja who approved and signed the decision on December 28. The Execution In the morning of December 30, at 6:30 A.M. the trumpet sounded which signaled the death march to the designated place of execution, Bagumbayan. Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit, black derby hat, beach shoes, white shirt, and black tie. His arms were tied behind from elbow to elbow. He walked behind the four guards. They walked slowly to the sound of drums. Rizal bade farewell to those who saw him on the march, to all present and to the Filipinos. A priest blessed Rizal and offered a crucifix to kiss. Rizal bowed his head and kissed it. He then requested the commander of the firing squad, that he be shot facing the firing squad. The request was denied. Rizal then turned his back to the firing squad and faced the sea. Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo felt his pulse and was amazed to find it normal. That proved Rizal was happy to die. Fire command was heard. The guns of the firing squad barked. Rizal turned his bullet-riddled body to the right and fell on the ground dead, at 7:03 A.M., the face upward facing the morning sun. Propaganda Movement Defect of Spanish Colonial Rule No stability in Philippine Government Frequent changes in the government of Spain brought also political instability in the Philippines From 1837-1897, the Philippines was ruled by 50 Spanish governor generals, each serving an average of 1 year and 3 months in office. Filipinos were not given a voice in their own government. Their previous representation in the Spanish Cortes (law making body in Spain) from 1810-1837, was not restored. Only minor government offices were opened to the Filipinos

Ventura de los Reyes the only Filipino who became part of the Spanish Cortes in 1812. Defective administration of Justice Courts were really courts of injustice. Spanish judges were ignorant and dishonest Judicial trials were slow and expensive No equality before the law Spaniards were given more rights and privilege that Filipinos Justice was for the rich and influential and not for the poor. Many Spanish officials were corrupt, abusive, and incompetent. - Filipinos were maltreated and regarded as inferior beings. Rise of Propaganda Movement The Propaganda Movement was a peaceful crusade for reforms It is not a revolutionary movement. It began in 1872, after GOMBURZAs execution, and ended in 1892, when Rizal was exiled to Dapitan. - This movement was carried on by means of pen and tongue. AIMS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the law. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain. Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes. Filipinization of the parishes Granting of individual liberties to Filipinos such as: Freedom of Speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Freedom to petition for grievances Supporters of the Propaganda Movement Ferdinand Blumentritt = Rizals best friend; professor in Ateneo de Leitmeritz, Austria Miguel Morayta = Rizals prof in Universidad Central de Madrid Manuel Ruiz Zorrilla = leader of the Republican Party of Spain Francisco Pi y Margall = former pres of the 1st Spanish Republic THE PROPAGANDISTS Marcelo H. Del Pilar (best propagandist) Lawyer-journalist from Bulacan. Born in barrio Cupang, Bulacan on August 30, 1850.

Master of both Tagalog and Spanish languages, he devoted his legal training and literary talent to fight Spanish misrule. He fled to Spain in 1888 to escape Spanish persecution at home. He became leader of the Propagandists in Spain. Assumed editorship of the La Solidaridad, after Graciano Lopez Jaena. He finished Law in UST Marciana del Pilar Marcelos wife and second cousin. Diariong Tagalog first bilingual newspaper which he established. It publish observations and criticisms on how the Spanish government in the Philippines was misruled. Plaridel, Dolores, Manapat, Piping Dilat as pen names Died in Barcelona of TB and as a poor man at the age of 46 (July 4, 1896). GREATEST WORKS Las Filipinas se Pierden the Philippines is being lost Le Redencion de Filipinas redemption of the Philippines Autocracia brutal brutal autocracy Del Pilar was much feared by the Spanish authorities because of his fiery editorials and satirical articles. JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL (The Great Malayan) A physician from Calamba, Laguna. Born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861. Prolific writer of poems, essay, history, novels, satire, and drama. Sa Aking Mga Kabata first poem, written when he was eight years old, urging love of native language. Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) written in Ateneo, dedicated to his mother. A La Juventud Filipina (To The Filipino Youth) won first prize, written at the age of 18 when he was in UST. Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) written at his death cell in Fort Santiago on the eve of his execution. Novels of Rizal Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not ) - dedicated to the Motherland - Published in Berlin, Germany in 1887. El Filibusterismo (Treason) dedicated to GOMBURZA Published in Ghent, Belgium in 1891. Makamisa 1891 unfinished

Executed in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896 at the age of 35 years old. GRACIANO LOPEZ-JAENA (Prince of Filipino Orators.) Orator of the propaganda movement A physician from Jaro, Iloilo December 18, 1856 in Jaro Studied at the Colegio Provincial of Jaro under the care of Father Francisco Jayme who raised him. Founder and editor of the La Solidaridad Fray Butod a narrative where Jaena exposed the extreme greed, laziness, cruelty, and lust of the friars. Diego Laura assumed name of Jaena when he went back to the Philippines to solicit more aid for the Propaganda Movement. Died of Tuberculosis in Barcelona, Spain at the age of 40 (January 20, 1896) Juan Luna = The greatest Filipino painter from Badoc, Ilocos Norte Mariano Ponce A journalist and historical researcher A physician from Baliwag, Bulacan. Antonio Luna Pharmacist and essayist, A Manila born Ilocano and brother of Juan Luna. One of the greatest generals in Philippine history. Jose Ma. Panganiban = A linguist and writer from Camarines Norte. Pedro Serrano Laktaw Teacher and lexicographer from Bulacan. Wrote the first Diccionario Tagalog-Espaol Pedro A. Paterno = Lawyer and a man of letters from Manila. Jose Alejandrino = An engineer and writer from Arayat, Pampanga. La Solidaridad The well known newspaper of the propaganda. Graciano Lopez-Jaena - first editor Marcelo H. Del Pilar second editor En Filipinas founded by Eduardo de Lete in 1887; newspaper that was envisioned to serve as voice of the movement. Stopped publication due to lack of funds. Founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona on February 15, 1889. Aims: To work peacefully for reforms

To portray the sad conditions of the Philippines so that Spain might remedy them. To promote liberal ideas and progress To champion Filipino aspirations for democracy and happiness.

Contributors Mariano Ponce - Naning, Kalipulako, Tikbalang Antonio Luna -Taga-Ilog Jose Maria Panganiban - Jomapa ,JMP Jose Rizal Dimas-Alang, Laong-Laan Dominador Gomez - Ramiro Franco Freemasonry Graciano Lopez-Jaena - established the first Filipino Masonic Lodge in Barcelona known as Revolucion. Marcelo H. Del Pilar - established the Lodge Solidaridad which was recognized by the Grande Oriente Espaol Jose Rizal joined Lodge Acacia, his first Masonic Lodge. Pedro Serrano Laktaw founded the first Filipino Masonic Lodge in Manila called Lodge Nilad Associacion Hispano-Filipino Founded by Filipino Propagandists and their Spanish friends in Madrid on January 12, 1869. Officers include: Miguel Morayta President General Felipe de la Corte Vice-President Dr. Dominador Gomez - Secretary LA LIGA FILIPINA (The Philippine League) July 3, 1892 established by Rizal in a house at Ilaya St. Tondo, Manila Its constitution was written in Hongkong Ambrosio Salvador President Agustin de la Rosa Fiscal Bonifacio Arevalo Treasurer Deodato Arellano - Secretary Aims of the La Liga Filipina To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body Mutual protection in every want and necessity Defense against all violence and injustice Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, and commerce and

Study and application of reforms Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All) The Constitution was written by Rizal in Hong Kong. This Constitution provided for the creation of a Provincial Council for every province, and a Popular Council for every town. Every Filipino who loves the Philippines is qualified to be a member. 3 days after its establishment, Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol ordered the arrest and exile of Rizal in Dapitan. Andres Bonifacio exerted efforts to organize chapters in districts of Manila. Due to lack of funds and Rizals arrest, the La Liga split into two groups: Cuerpo de Compromisarios pledged to continue supporting the La Solidaridad Katipunan radicals headed by Bonifacio Some Reforms Granted by Spain Abolition of the tobacco monopoly in 1882. Creation of the office of civil governor for every regular province and making the alcalde mayor as judge of the court of first instance. Abolition of the hated tribute in 1885. Extension of the Spanish Penal Code to Philippines in 1887. Establishment of city government in Cebu, Iloilo, Jaro, Batangas, Albay, Naga and Vigan. END OF THE PROPAGANDA 1. Tragic failure of the Reforms A. La Solidaridad closed due to lack of funds B. Rizal was exiled in Dapitan C. Panganiban, Jaena, and Del Pilar died in poverty

Filipinos is satirized, and which accusations is published against the customs of the religious orders. 3. His novel El Felibusterismo was dedicated to the memory of the tree traitors, and on the title page he wrote that in view of the vices and the errors of the Spanish administration, the only salvation for the Philippines was separation from the mother country. 4. The end which he pursues in his efforts and writings is to tear the loyal Filipino breast the treasures of our holy Catholic faith. Beginning of Exile in Dapitan The streamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuits parish priest of Dapitan that stated the conditions that enable Rizal to live in Dapitan. 1. "That Rizal publicly retract/withdraw his errors concerning religion, and make statements that were clearly pro-Spanish and against revolution". 2. "That he performs the church rites and makes a general confession of his past life". 3. That henceforth he conducts himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion." Rizal did not Agree to this conditions. Consequently, he lived in the house of Captain Carcinero. Carcineros relationship with Rizal is warm and friendly. He gave good reports on his prisoner to Governor Despujol. Wins in Manila Lottery ( Sept 21, 1892) Rizal won a lottery ticket (No. 9736) which he jointly owned with the captain, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish resident of nearby town). It was worth 20 000 pesos, and his share from it was 6200. He gave 2000 to his father and 200 to his friend Basa in Hong Kong, and the rest he invested well by purchasing agricultural lands along the coast of Talisay, about one kilometer away from Dapitan. Rizal-Pastells Debate on Religion Although Rizal did not subscribe to Pastells religious interpretation of Catholic dogmas, he continued to be Catholic. He hears mass at the Catholic church of Dapitan and celebrate Christmas and religious fiestas in the Catholic way. Idyllic Life in Dapitan Describing his life in Dapitan, Rizal Wrote to Blumentritt on Dec. 19, 1893

"I shall tell you how we lived here. I have three housesone square, another hexagonal, and the third octagonal. All these houses are made of bamboo, wood, and nipa. I live in the square house, together with my mother, my sister, Trinidad, and my nephew. In the octagonal house live some young boys who are my pupils. The hexagonal house is my barn where I keep my chickens. From my house, I hear the murmur of a clear brook which comes from the high rocks. I see the seashore where I keep two boats, which are called barotos here. I have many fruit trees, such as mangoes, lanzones, guyabanos, baluno, nangka, etc. I have rabbits, dogs, cats, and other animals. I rise early in the morning-at five-visit my plants, feed the chickens, awaken my people, and prepare our breakfast. At halfpast seven, we eat our breakfast, which consists of tea, bread, cheese, sweets, and other things. After breakfast, I treat the poor patients who come to my house. Then I dress and go to Dapitan in my baroto. I am busy the whole morning, attending to my patients in town. At noon, I return home to Talisay for lunch. Then, from 2:00 to 4:00 p.m., I am busy as a teacher. I teach the young boys. I spend the rest of the afternoon in farming. My pupils help me in watering the plants, pruning the fruits, and planting many kinds of trees. We stop at 6:00 p.m. for the Angelus. I spend the night reading and writing." As Physician in Dapitan Rizal practiced medicine in Dapitan. He had many patients, but most of them were poor so that he even gave them free medicine. In August 1893 his mother and sister (Maria) arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for one year and a half. He operated his mothers right eye. The operation was successful but Dona Teodora ignored her sons instructions by removing the bandages from her eyes, thereby causing the wound to be infected. Water System for Dapitan Rizal held the title of expert surveyor (perito agrimensor), which he obtained from Ateneo. He supplemented his training as a surveyor by reading engineering books. In Dapitan, he applied his knowledge in engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean water to the townspeople. Without any aid from the government, he succeeded in giving good water system to Dapitan. Community Projects for Dapitan When Rizal arrived in Dapitan, he decided to improve it, to the best of his God-given talents, and to awaken the civic

RIZALS EXILE IN DAPITAN 1892-1896 ARBITRARY DEPORTATION TO DAPITAN Governor General Despujol issued a decree deporting Rizal in one of the island in the south for the following reasons: 1. Rizal had published books and articles abroad which showed disloyalty to Spain and which were frankly antiCatholic and imprudently anti-friar. 2. A few hours after his arrival in Manila there was found in one of the packages- a bundle of handbills entitled Pobres Frailes in which the patient and humble generosity of the

consciousness of its people. He wrote to Fr. Pastells: I want to do all I can do for this town. The P500 which an English patient paid him was used by him to equip the town with its lighting system which consists of coconut oil lamps placed in dark streets of Dapitan. Electric lighting was unknown then in the Philippines not until 1894 when Manila saw the first electric lights. The beautification and remodeling of the town plaza with the help of Father Sanchez enhances the beauty as jokingly remarked that it could "rival the best in Europe". In front of the church, Rizal and Fr. Sanchez made a huge relief map of Mindanao out of earth, stones, and grass. This map still adorns the town plaza of Dapitan.

Rizal as a teacher Rizal knew the importance of education. While he was in dapitan, he had the opportunity to make and try his ideas concerned with education. He only accepted selected boy kids who come from very prominent families. He had 16 students whom he did not ask any payment from. He taught his boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics, industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. Rizal as a Farmer Rizal introduced modern methods of agriculture which he had observed in Europe and America. He encourages the farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern agricultural methods. He imported agricultural machinery from the United States. Rizal and Josephine Bracken In the silent house of the night after the days hard work, Rizal was often sad. He missed his family and relatives, his good friends in foreign lands, the exhilarating life in the cities of Europe and his happy days in Calamba. The death of Leonora Rivera on August 28, 1893 left a poignant void in his heart. He needed somebody to cheer him up in his lonely exile. In God's own time, Josephine Bracken an Irish girl of 18, "slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light gayety came to Dapitan. Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other at first sight. After a whirlwind romance of one month, they agree to marry but for Fr. Obach, priest of Dapitan, refused to marry them without the permission of the Bishop of Cebu.

When Mr. Taufer heard of their projected marriage, he flared up in violent rage trying to commit suicide but Rizal prevented him from killing himself. To avoid tragedy, Josephine went away with Taufer to Manila. The blind man went away uncured because his ailment was venereal in nature, hence, incurable. Mr. Taufer returned alone in Hong Kong and Josephine stayed in Manila with Rizal's family. Later she returned to Dapitan and since no priest would marry them, they held hands together and married themselves before the eyes of God. They lived as man and wife. Rizal and Josephine lived happily in Dapitan and for him Dapitan was a heaven of bliss. In the early part of 1896 Rizal and Josephine was expecting a baby but unfortunately she prematurely gave birth to an eight month old baby boy who lived only for three hours. The lost son was named "Francisco" in honor of Don Francisco (the hero's father) and was buried in Dapitan.

Sa Aking Mga Kababata Written in 1869, when Rizal was 8 years old First poem of Rizal An early nationalist sentiment Conspiracies that it was actually written by Gabriel Beato Francisco or Herminigildo Cruz. (A Poem that has no title) = 1869 Por La Educacin Recibe Lustre La Patria (Education Gives Luster to the Motherland) Stressed about the importance of education Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration) Written in 1874 when he was 14 yrs old then First poem while in Ateneo Dedicated for her mothers birthday Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) Written in 1876 when he was 15 yrs. Old Dedicated on his memory about in Calamba Poems written as inspired by Father Sanchez (1875) 1. Felicitacion (Felicitation) 2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to Magellans Fleet) 3. Y Es Espaol: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He is Spanish: Elcano, the First to Circumnavigate the World) 4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo) Poems written as inspired by Father Sanchez (1876) 1. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education) 2. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light) 3. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prision de Boadbil (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boadbil) 4. La Entrada Triunful de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada) Poems written as inspired by Father Sanchez (1877) 1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) 2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune) 3. Un Dialogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students)

Adios, DAPITAN On July 31, 1896, Rizal's four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end. At midnight of that date, he embarked on board the steamer Espaa. He was accompanied by Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica (Narcisa's daughter), his three nephews, and six pupils. Almost all Dapitan folks were at the shore to bid him goodbye. Many wept especially the other pupils who were poor to accompany their beloved teacher to Manila. As farewell music, the town brass band strangely played the dolorous Funeral March of Chapin. As the steamer pushed out into the sea, Rizal gazed for the last time on Dapitan waving in farewell salute to its kind and hospitable folks and with a crying heart filled with tears of nostalgic memories. When he could no longer see the dim shoreline, he sadly went to his cabin and wrote in his diary: "I have been in that district 4 years, 13 days, and a few hours". "I have always loved my poor country, and I am sure that I shall love her until death, if by chance men are unjust to me; and I shall enjoy the happy life, contented in the thought that all I have suffered, my past, my present and my future, my life, my loves, my pleasures, I have sacrificed all of these for love of her. Happen what may, I shall die blessing her and desiring the dawn of her redemption." WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL POEMS

Religious Poems of Rizal Al Nio Jesus (To the Child Jesus) Written in 1875 when he was 14 years old Devotion to his faith A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) An Undated poem A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) Written in 1879 through a literary contest Describes the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, let their genius fly swifter, and descend in art and science El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods) Written in 1880 through another literary contest Based on Greek classics Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) A Zarzuela staged by Ateneans on December 8, 1880 Wrote in request by the President of the Academy of Spanish Literature A Filipinas (1880) For the album of the Society of Sculptors Urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma Declaimed by Manuel Fernandez on Dec. 8, 1879 in honor of Ateneos Patroness Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon Written in 1881 An expression of affection to Father Pablo Ramon the Ateneo Rector Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses) Written in 1882 after arrival in Madrid Poem requested by Circulo Hispano-Filipino Declaimed during New Years eve in 1882 A pour out the cry of his agonizing heart A Las Flores de Heidleberg (To the Flowers of Heidleberg) A poem requested for Lipas commemoration for the towns elevation to a villa in 1888 Dedicated to the industrious folks of Lipa Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor) Written April 22, 1886 when Rizal was fascinated by the flowers along Neckar River reminded him of Calamba. A Mi (To My Muse) A background of mental anguish in Brussels in 1890 He was worried by family disasters Mi Retiro (My Retreat) A poem requested by his mother after regaining her eyesight

Talks about the his serene life in Dapitan El Canto Del Viajero (The Song of the Traveler) Written when Rizal knew that he will be released. Published in El Renacimiento on December 29, 1903. Kundiman Written in Manila on Sept. 12, 1891 The negligence of leaders causing people to suffer Reproach and the recuperation of the rights of the race Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) Written in 1896 before the execution of Rizal A tribute on his loneliness and sorrow and farewell to his beloved family and countrymen It was said that the title Mi Ultimo Adios was given by Mariano Ponce. He had written another letter before his death was found in his shoe but because the text could not be read it remains a mystery. ESSAYS La Indolencia de los Filipinos (The Indolence of the Filipino) Published in La Solidaridad in 1890 Explained the alleged idleness of the Filipinos during the Spanish colonization We must confess that indolence does actually and positively exist there; only that, instead of holding it to be the cause of the backwardness and trouble, we regard it as the effect of the trouble and backwardness... Causes of indolence Hot climate Spaniards Galleon trade Forced labor Lack of security Crooked education system Spanish labor Gambling Crooked religion Tax rates Solution: Education and Liberty Filipinas dentro de cien aos (The Philippines, A Century Hence) Written in September 30, 1889 in Madrid Published in Manila in 1912 Forecast the future of the country within a hundred years Analyze the past: 1. Spanish military policies 2. Deterioration of Filipino indigenous culture 3. Passivity and submissiveness to the Spanish colonizers

Will the Philippine islands continue to be a Spanish colony, and if so, what kind of colony? Will they become a province of Spain? With or without autonomy? And to reach this stage, what kind of sacrifices will have to be made? Will they be separated from the mother country to live independently, to fall into the hands of other nations, or to ally themselves with neighboring powers? the Philippines will remain Spanish if they enter upon the life of law and civilization, if the rights of their inhabitants are respected, if the other rights due them are granted, if the liberal policy of the government is carried out without trickery or meanness, without subterfuges or false interpretations. if their population be not assimilated to the Spanish nation, if the dominators do not enter into the spirit of their inhabitants, if equitable laws and free and liberal reforms do not make each forget that they belong to different races, or if both peoples be not amalgamated to constitute one mass, socially and politically, homogenous, some day, the Philippines will fatally and infallibly declare themselves independent. The Filipinos realized that the oppression must be stopped! The batteries are gradually charged and if the presence of the government does not provide an outlet for the currents that are accumulating, some day the spark will be generated Vision came true in 1898- American colonization Perhaps the great American Republic, whose interests lie in the Pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of Africa, may dream some day of foreign possession. Philippine Independence in 1946 History does not record in its annals any lasting domination by one people over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs, of opposite and divergent ideas, one of the two had to yield and succumb.