THE UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA OSE 5203

Geometrical Optics and Image Science

FALL Semester 2010

James E. Harvey, Instructor

Course Description
(OSE 5203: Geometrical Optics and Image Science)
COURSE DESCRIPTION: Foundations of geometrical optics, geometrical theory of image formation, basic optical devices, radiometry and photometry, diffraction effects in optical systems, optical systems layout, aberration theory, optical manufacturing and testing, image evaluation, optical systems design. TEXT(s):
Geometrical Optics and Optical Design Mouroulis and Macdonald Oxford University Press Modern Optical Engineering Warren J. Smith McGraw Hill Handbook of Lens Design Malacara and Malacara Marcel Dekker, Inc. Optics Eugene Hecht Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Elements of Modern Optical Design Donald C. OShea Wiley Series of Pure and Applied Optics Optical Engineering Fundamentals Bruce H. Walker McGraw-Hill

PREREQUISITE:

Undergraduate degree in Science or Engineering or equivalent experience (Consent of Instructor).

James E. Harvey, Room A113, CREOL Building (407) 823-6818 harvey@creol.ucf.edu 4:30 - 6:30 pm MWF
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INSTRUCTOR:

OFFICE HOURS:

Detailed Course Syllabus

(OSE 5203: Geometrical Optics and Image Science)
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Course Description, Course Outline, Text and Reference Material, Expectations, Grading Policy. 1.2 Definition of Optics and Light, Hierarchy of Optical Theories, Optical Engineering Philosophy. 1.3 Description of Geometrical Optics, Historical Development of Optics.

2.0 Foundations of Geometrical Optics

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Concepts of Geometrical Optics, the Shadow, Fermat's Principle, Rectilinear Propagation, Law of Reflection, Snell's Law. Huygens Wavefront Construction, Malus Theorem, Critical Angle, Total Internal Reflection, Aspheric Surfaces. Optical Materials, Refractive Index, Dispersion, Chromatic Aberration, Optical Glass, Measurement of Refractive Index. Plane Mirrors and Prisms, Constant Deviation Prisms, Non-dispersing Prisms, Erecting Prisms, Tunnel Diagrams. Plane Parallel Plate, Deviation Angle from a Prism, Thin Prisms (Optical wedge), Variable Power (Risley) Prisms. The Direct Vision Prism and the Achromatic Prism, the Achromatic Wedge. Gaussian Image Formation, Cardinal Points, Graphical Ray Tracing, Newtons Lens Eq., Gauss Lens Eq. Transverse and Longitudinal magnification, the Thin Lens Law, the Helmholtz Invariant, Angular magnification. Paraxial Ray Tracing, the Thick Lens, the Lensmakers Eq., Lens Shape Factor, and the Magnification Factor. Stops and Pupils (Vignetting), Marginal and Chief Rays (the Lagrange Invariant), Field Stops, Field-of-View. Numerical Aperture, Focal Ratio or F#, Front and Rear Effective F#, Diffraction-limited Resolution. Real Ray Trace Procedure, Geometrical Aberrations, Ray Intercept Plots, Spot Diagrams, rms spot size.

3.0 Geometrical Theory of Image Formation

4.0 Radiometry and Flux Transfer in Imaging Systems

4.1 Radiometric Terminology and Nomenclature, The Inverse Square Law. 4.2 Radiant Power Transfer, Lambert's Cosine Law, The Brightness Theorem (Optical Throughput or Etendue). 4.3 Radiometry of Images, Cosine-fourth Illumination Fall-off, Radiometer Design and Detector Optics.

5.0 Diffraction Effects in Optical Systems

5.1 Historical Background, Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Integral, Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction, Examples. 5.2 Edge Diffraction and the Spot of Arago, Babinets Principle, Effects of Obscurations and Arrays. 5.3 Image Quality Criteria, What do we mean by Diffraction-limited, Diffracted Radiance, Diffraction Gratings.

6.0 Basic Optical Devices and Instruments

6.1 The Simple Magnifier, Projector, Compound Microscope, The Camera, Telescopes, The Eye 6.2 Afocal Systems, Field Lenses and Relay Systems, Radiometer and Detector Optics, 6.3 Non imaging systems, Adaptive Optics, Synthetic Aperture / Lenslet Arrays, Fiber Optics.

7.0 Optical Systems Layout

7.1 The Skew Ray and the y-y Diagram, Object-space Image-space relationships, the Conjugate Line. 7.2 Object and Stop Shifts, Design Techniques: Graphical Methods, Analytical Methods, 7.3 Clear Aperture and Vignetting, Examples of Optical Design with the Delano y-y Diagram

8.0 Introduction to Aberration Theory

8.1 The Wavefront Aberration Function, Relationship of Ray Aberrations to Wavefront Aberrations 8.2 The Seidel Aberrations, The Effect of Lens Shape and Stop Position, Symmetrical Principle 8.3 Structural Aberration Coefficients, Comparison of 3rd-order Aberration Theory with Real Ray Trace Data.

9.0 Image Evaluation/Analysis

9.1 Linear Systems Approach to Image Formation (OTF/MTF, PSF), Other Image Quality Criteria 9.2 Effect of Diffraction, Aberrations, and other Error Sources on the Spatial Frequency Response. 9.3 Optical Performance Predictions, Detector Effects, Post-detection Image Processing

10.0 Preview of Advanced Topics

10.1 Optical Fabrication, Optical Testing and Metrology, Surface Scatter Phenomena 10.2 Computer-optimized Optical Systems Design (demonstration )

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Course Instructor
James E. Harvey Associate Professor of Optics and Electrical Engineering (9/90 - Present) University of Central Florida School of Optics/CREOL, Room A113 Telephone: (407) 823-6818 E-mail: harvey@creol.ucf.edu Educational Background Kansas Wesleyan University Wayne State University The University of Arizona The University of Arizona A. B. Degree M. S. Degree M. S. Degree Ph. D. Degree Physics Physics Optical Sciences Optical Sciences 1964 1966 1975 1976

Industrial Experience Ford Motor Co. Scientific Research Staff, 1966-1972 (Holography, Automatic Glass Inspection) Optical Sciences Center, 1972-1976 (Opt. Prop. of IR Materials, Aberrations of Diff. Wave Fields, Surface Scatter Phenomena) United Technologies, 1976-1978 (Adaptive Optics, Real-time Wavefront Sensing) Univ. of Dayton Research Institute, 1978-1981 (Interferogram Analysis, HEL Optical Component Evaluation) United Technologies of NM, 1981-1982 (HEL Beam Sampling, HEL Diagnostics) Rockwell International, 1982-1983 (Diffraction Grating Analysis and Evaluation, Phased Telescope Array Technology) Perkin-Elmer Corp., 1983-1989 (NASA Astronomy Programs; SOT, AXAF, AIST, FUSE, GOES, HST) Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, Inc., 1989-1990 (Manager, Optical Design and Analysis) Academic Experience University of New Mexico, Adjunct Professor, 1981-1983 (Geometrical Optics, Optical Testing) University of Connecticut, Adjunct Professor, 1985-1989 (Physical Optics) Perkin-Elmer Corp., Career Development Program (Fourier Optical, Physical Optics) SPIE Short Courses (Applications of Scalar Diffraction Theory, Fourier Optics, Astronomical Optics, X-ray Imaging Systems) University of Central Florida, Associate Professor, 1990- Present (Geometrical Optics, Fourier Optics, Applied Optics Laboratory Optical Systems Design, Interference and Diffraction)

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Grading Policy *
Your final grade for this course will be based upon:
Classroom Participation: Quizes: Homework: Midterm Exam # 1: Midterm Exam # 2: Final Exam: 25% 25% 35% 100%
Homework should be done neatly and legibly, and is due at the beginning of the period on the assigned day. At least one week notice will be provided for the midterm exams.

15%

The instructor reserves the right to change or modify this policy without prior notice or recourse by the student.

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Academic Ethics
Cheating and plagiarism are serious breaches of the UCF Code of Honor as described in the UCF Golden Rule and the UCF Creed, and will not be tolerated in this course.

Definitions
Cheating: Any unauthorized assistance on exams. You are not only allowed, but encouraged to work, study, and even solve homework assignments together. Plagiarism: Appropriating the work of others and claiming, implicitly or explicitly, intentionally or unintentionally, that it is your own. With increased use if the internet, digital plagiarism is becoming more of a problem on campuses everywhere. You are encouraged to use the internet; however, electronic copying and pasting of material directly into reports and papers is blatant plagiarism. Always reference internet sources of information. Providing a fellow student with homework solutions in which he did not participate is also forbidden. If there is any question concerning acceptable practice in this course, dont hesitate to ask the instructor.
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Cell Phones

Please make sure your cell phone is turned off during class.

If a cell phone rings in this class, turn it off promptly. Do not answer it.

If you answer it, I will collect it and return it to after the class is over.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0

Geometrical Optics and Image Science

Optics: The study of Light. Light: A Form of Electromagnetic Radiation. Optical Engineering: The Generation, Manipulation, and/or Detection of Light for Specific Applications. Illumination Imaging Sensing Applications Communications Etc.
1.1

The Nature of Light

The previous definition of light as merely a form of electromagnetic radiation is perhaps over-simplified. Until about the middle of the 17th century, it was generally believed that light consisted of a stream of corpuscles. These corpuscles were emitted by light sources, such as the sun or a candle flame, and traveled outward from the source in straight lines. By the middle of the 17th century, while most workers in the field of optics accepted the corpuscular theory of light, the idea had begun to develop that light might be a wave motion of some sort. Christian Huygens, in 1670, showed that the laws of reflection and refraction could be explained on the basis of a wave theory and that such a theory furnished a simple explanation of the recently discovered phenomenon of double refraction. In the early 1800s, the wave nature of light was experimentally verified and several optical phenomena had been discovered which could not be explained by the corpuscular theory. In the mid 1800s James Clerk Maxwell brilliantly summarized electromagnetic theory, showing that visible light is merely one form of electromagnetic radiation. However, in the early 1900s, classical electromagnetic theory failed to explain the phenomenon of photoelectric emission, and the concept of optical quanti (i.e.; photons or light particles) was introduced Plank and Einstein. A vestige of the wave theory was retained, in that a photon was still considered to have a frequency, and the energy of a photon was proportional to its frequency. The photoelectric effect and the Compton effect seemed to demand a return to the corpuscular theory of light. Today light is considered to have a duel nature, sometimes exhibiting a wave nature, while other times exhibiting a particle nature. What is light really? There is no simple answer. However, a consistent and unambiguous theoretical explanation of all optical phenomena is 1.2 furnished jointly by Maxwells electromagnetic theory and quantum theory.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum spans over 20 orders of magnitude, from radio waves to cosmic rays. The optical portion of that spectrum includes not just visible light (0.4m < < 0.7m) but the infrared and the ultraviolet radiation as well.

1.3

Hierarchy of Optical Theories and Engineering Philosophy

The following Optical Theories are Listed in Order of Increasing Mathematical Rigor and Completeness:

Geometrical Optics
Rigor

Scalar Wave Theory Electromagnetic Theory Quantum Theory of Optics

Usefulness

However, for the practicing Optical Systems Engineer, this same list is frequently in order of decreasing usefulness! The effective (most productive) optical systems engineer will always use the simplest theory adequate for the job at hand! The difficulty is knowing when a given theory is not adequate and a more rigorous theory is necessary. The ability to have this insight is the mark of a really good optical engineer. Geometrical optics will be used almost exclusively throughout this course!
1.4

Geometrical Optics
O. N. Stavroudis
Geometrical optics can be described as seventeenth and eighteenth century physics camouflaged behind nineteenth and twentieth century mathematics. The process of designing an optical system depends almost exclusively on ray tracing, and the assumptions on which ray tracing is based are purely geometrical. Rays can be visualized as narrow beams of light passing through the system. However if we try to isolate a single ray, diffraction rears its ugly head and our purpose is defeated. A ray therefore exists only as a geometrical abstraction and has no observable physical counterpart. Nevertheless, whether we approve of it or not, geometrical optics maintains a unique position in modern technology. It remains the only convenient means by which the gross properties of an optical system can be described in terms of its design parameters.

Born and Wolf

The branch of optics which is characterized by the neglect of the wavelength, i.e. that corresponding to the limiting case o 0, is known as geometrical optics since in this approximation the optical laws may be formulated in the language of geometry. The energy may then be regarded as being transported along certain curves called light rays. A model of a pencil of rays may be obtained by allowing the light from a source of negligible extension to pass through a very small opening in an opaque screen. The light which reaches the space behind the screen will fill a region the boundary (the edge of the pencil) of which will, at first sight, appear to be sharp. A more careful examination will reveal, however, that the light intensity near the boundary varies rapidly but continuously from darkness to lightness with a oscillatory behavior (diffraction fringes). This width of the region in which this rapid variation takes place is only of the order of magnitude of a wavelength. This physical optics phenomenon of diffraction is entirely due to the finiteness of the wavelength. Born and Wolf then proceed to formulate the appropriate laws of optics by considering the implications of Maxwell's equations when o 0.

1.5

Historical Development of Optics

1200 B.C. 500 B.C. 424 B.C. 370 B.C. 360 B.C. 340 B.C. 300 B.C. 200 B.C. 50 A.D. 60 A.D. 130 A.D. 475-1200 A.D. 1260 A.D. 1300's 1300's 1500 A.D. 1589 A.D. Exodus 38:8 Greek Philosophers Aristophanes The Clouds Plato (Greek Philosopher) Platos Republic Aristotle (Student of Plato) Euclids Catoptrics Hero of Alexandria Cleomedes Romans Ptolemy of Alexandria Reference to "looking-glasses of women. Evolved several theories of the nature of light. "Burning Glass" (Positive Lens) Taught that vision is achieved by the expulsion of ocular beams from the eyes. Phenomenon of refraction mentioned. Rejected the concept of ocular beams (argued that vision was caused by particles emitted by the object entering the eye). Greek mathematician (Father of Geometry), Law of Reflection. Asserted that light traversed the shortest path. Greek Astronomer, studied refraction. Used glass and crystal spheres as "burning Glasses. May also have used magnifying glasses for detailed work. Measured angles of incidence and refraction.

The Dark Ages (Intellectual Stupor) Roger Bacon (English) Europe Alchemists Leonardo da Vinci Giovanni Battista Della Porta Lenses for Correcting Vision, Possibility of Telescope. Wide-spread use of eyeglasses. Tin and Mercury for making mirrors. Italian Artist: Described the Camera Obscura. Discussed combinations of mirrors and lenses.
1.6

Historical Development of Optics

(Continued)
1608 1608 1610 Hans Lippershey Zacharias Janssen Galileo Galilei Credited with inventing the refracting telescope. Credited with inventing the compound microscope. Built several telescopes of his own. Discovered the moons of Jupiter. Discovered Saturn's Rings. Discovered that the Sun Rotated. Discovered Total Internal Reflection. Law of Refraction for small angles Developed thin lens systems Empirically discovered Law of Refraction (one of the great moments in optics). Fermat's Principle of Least Time Observed diffraction bands within shadow boundary. Also observed diffraction effects, studied colored interference patterns caused by thin films, proposed that light is a vibratory motion of the medium (aether) propagating at a very great speed. Began his famous experiments on Dispersion. Rejected the wave theory in favor of the corpuscular theory of light because it more easily explained rectilinear propagation. Studied interference patterns generated by thin films. First Reflecting Telescope, after erroneously concluding that an achromatic refracting telescope could not be built. Greatly extended the wave theory of light
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1611

Johannes Kepler (Dioptrice)

1621 1657 1618-63 1635-1703

Willebrord Snell Pierre de Fermat Francesco Maria Grimaldi Robert Hook

1665

Isaac Newton

1668 1629-1695

Isaac Newton Christian Huygens

Historical Development of Optics

(Continued)
1676 1707-1783 1733 1758 1802 1818 1845 1849 1831-1879 1887 1900 1900 1905 1905-1929 1930 1950's 1960 Olaf Romer Loenard Euler Chester Moore Hall John Dollard Thomas Young Augustin Jean Fresnel Michael Faraday Fizeau, Foucault James Clerk Maxwell Michelson, Morley Jules Henri Poincare Max Planck Albert Einstein Determined that the speed of light was finite. Proposed that an achromatic lens could be built. A barrister who developed the achromatic lens (in secrecy) as a hobby. Discovered Halls secret, patented the achromatic lens, and reported it to the Royal Society. Demonstrated the principle of interference. Combined Huygens wavelets with principle of interference to describe the wave theory of light (debunked by Poisson, validated by Arago). Established an interrelationship between electromagnetism and light. Measured the speed of light, finding it to be less in water than in air (direct conflict to Newtons corpuscular theory of light). Brilliantly summarized Electromagnetic Theory. Refuted the possibility of relative motion between aether and earth. Stated that aether does not exist, only relative motions are measurable. Hypothisized optical "quanti. Special theory of relativity, rejected the aether hypothesis.

Heisenberg, Schrodinger Quantum mechanics was thoroughly developed, verified, and embraced (and others) by the scientific community. Wolfgang Pauli Schade, Shack, Smith Theodore H. Maiman Theoretically postulated existence of "neutrino (experimentally verified in the 1950s). Merging of Communications Theory with Optics (popularized by Bracewell, Goodman, and Gaskill). Upon groundwork laid by Townes & Schawlow, the first LASER was built.
1.8