KONSEP DASAR TEORI EKONOMI

MATERI 1 Widha K Ningdyah, ST., MT

SEJARAH ILMU EKONOMI

Sebelum Adam Smith

Periode Adam Smith

Masa Modern

HISTORY OF ECONOMICS
ECONOMICS
<< Ancient Greek Oikonomia : Management of a household or estate Oikos : Household Nomos : Law
ARISTOTLE, XENOPHAN, CHANAKYA, QIN SHI HUANG, THOMAS AQUINAS, IBN KHALDUN (14th 17th centuries)
Adam Smith

ADAM SMITH (1776) >> "an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
KEYNES (1936) >> The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
John Maynard Keynes (right)

 Economics is the study of how individuals

and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided. The key word in this definition is choose. Economics is a behavioral, or social, science. In large measure, it is the study of how people make choices. The choices that people make, when added up, translate into societal choices. (Case, et al. 2010)

FAKTOR PENGGERAK KEGIATAN EKONOMI Kebutuhan Ekonomi

sifatnya tidak terbatas

Kelangkaan (Scarcity)
ketersediaannya terbatas

Pilihan (Alternatif)/ Opportunity cost

penggunaan sumberdaya untuk tujuan tertentu

Konsep Ekonomi
dibedakan antara kebutuhan (need) dan Keinginan (want)

WHY STUDY ECONOMICS?

TO LEARN A WAY OF THINKING

Opportunity Cost
The best alternative that we forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or a decision.

Marginalism
The process of analyzing the additional or incremental costs or benefits arising from a choice or decision.

Efficient MarketsNo Free Lunch

A market in which profit opportunities are eliminated almost instantaneously.

TO UNDERSTAND SOCIETY The study of economics is an essential part of the study of society.

TO UNDERSTAND GLOBAL AFFAIRS

An understanding of economics is essential to an understanding of global affairs.

TO BE AN INFORMED CITIZEN

To be an informed citizen requires a basic understanding of economics

RUANG LINGKUP EKONOMI

MICROECONOMICS
The branch of economics that examines the functioning of individual industries and the behavior of individual decision-making unitsthat is, firms and households.

MACROECONOMICS
The branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of aggregatesincome, employment, output, and so onon a national scale.

METODE EKONOMI

POSITIVE ECONOMICS
Memahami perilaku, tanpa menilai

NORMATIVE ECONOMICS
Memahami perilaku, dengan menilai (baik atau buruk, atau dapat diperbaiki)

POSITIVE ECONOMICS

Simply compile data that describe facts and economics phenomenon

Statement about economics causalrelationship

MODEL

Model is a formal statement of

a theory Variable is a measure that can change from time to time or from observation to observation

OCKHAMS RAZOR The principle that irrelevant detail should be cut away.

CETERIS PARIBUS
Or ALL ELSE EQUAL A device used to analyze the relationship between two variables while the values of other variables are held unchanged.

PERHATIAN!!

The Post Hoc Fallacy

post hoc, ergo propter hoc (or after this, therefore because of this) fallacy

The Fallacy of Composition

The erroneous belief that what is true for a part is necessarily true for the whole.

Empirical economics
involves the collection and use of data to test economic theories. In principle, the best model is the one that yields the most accurate predictions.

ECONOMIC POLICY

criteria are used most often Efficiency Equity Growth stability.

Efficiency
An efficient economy is one that produces what people want at the least possible cost.

Equity
fairness implies a more equal distribution of income and wealth

Growth
Economic growth is an increase in the total output of an economy

Stability
A condition in which national output is growing steadily, with low inflation and full employment of resources.

BAHAN BACAAN
Case, K., Fair, R., & Oster, Sharon M. (2010). Principles of

Economics, 10th Editions, Prentice Hall Business Publishing Eunike, Agustina. 2012. Power Point Mata Kuliah Pengantar Ekonomika, PSTI-UB. Rosydi, Suherman. 1996. Pengantar Teori Ekonomi. Raja Grafindo Persyada, Jakarta.