ME4253 BIOMATERIALS ENGINEERING OVERVIEW

Prof SH Teoh
Department of Mechanical Engineering 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576 Tel: 65164605, email:mpetsh@nus.edu.sg

ME4253 BIOMATERIALS ENGINEERING

The goal of course is to educate students in how to apply fundamental materials science and engineering principles to solve challenging problems in medical related fields especially in implant and medical devices. It aims to provide broad base curriculum and expose students to a new dimension in health care engineering and life science topics. Students gain an appreciation of multidisciplinary approach to problem solving. Topics include metals/alloys, polymers, ceramics and composites use in implants, host-tissue response to implant surfaces, materials selection, relationship between structure- composition-manufacturing process, mechanical testing and evaluation of implants and numerous case studies ranging from heart valves to tissue engineering of bones. A series of invited lectures from clinicians compliments the breadth covered in this course and brings to life real applications.

COURSE OUT - LINE & REQUIREMENTS Lectures = 26 hrs; Tutorials = 12 hr; Cont Assm (20-50%) - Prob Base Learning Final Exam (50-80%) = 2 hr 1. Introduction: Requirements of biomaterials, Classification of
biomaterials, Mechanical properties of biomaterials, Effects of processing on properties of biomaterials (Effect of post processing and grain size, Effect of molding conditions and irradiation on polymeric wear), Effect of composite lamination (2 hrs) Biological Materials: Structure of proteins, collagen, elastic proteins, polysaccharides, chitin and chitosan, structure properties relationships (2 hrs) Metallic Implant Materials: Some common examples and properties of metals used as implants: stainless steel, titanium and titanium alloy, cobalt chrome alloys. Problem of corrosion, corrosion behavior and the importance of passive films for tissue adhesion, wear, fatigue, stress shielding, stress-corrosion cracking. Host tissue reaction with metals. (4 hrs) Polymeric Implant Materials: Some common examples and properties of polymers used as implants: PE, PMMA, Silicon Rubber, Polyester, Acetals, Biodegradable Polymers. (Classification according to thermosets, thermoplastics and elastomers). Viscoelastic behavior: Tg, creep-recovery, stress relaxation, strain-rate sensitivity. Host tissue reaction: importance of molecular structure, hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface properties, migration of additives (processing aids), aging and environmental stress 3 cracking. (4 hrs)

2. 3.

4.

5. Ceramics Implant Materials: Definition of bioceramics. Common

types of bioceramics (inert and bioactive types) and their properties (importance of wear resistance and low fracture toughness). Host tissue reactions: importance of interfacial tissue reaction (e.g. ceramic/bone tissue reaction). (4 hrs)

6. Composite Implant Materials: Mechanics of improvement of

properties by incorporating different elements. Composites theory of fiber reinforcement (short and long fibers, fibers pull out). Polymers filled with osteogenic fillers (e.g hydroxyapatite). Textile composites. Host tissue reactions. (2 hrs)

7. Testing of Biomaterials: In-vitro testing. Mechanical test: wear, fatigue,

tensile, corrosion studies and fracture toughness. Effect of physiological fluid on the properties of biomaterials. In-vivo testing (animals). Ex-vivo testing. Contact allergy to biomaterials. Standards. (2 hrs)

8. Advanced Biomaterials: Tissue engineering principles,

nanotechnology, control drug release, hydrogels, surface modification, regulatory issues and advance medical manufacturing processes. (2 hrs) References 1. SH Teoh (Ed), Engineering Materials for Biomedical Applications, Biomaterials Engineering and Processing Series, World Scientific, 2004. 2. JB Park and RS Lakes (Eds), Biomaterials- An Introduction, 2nd Edition, Plenum Press, New York, 1992 3. BD Ratner, AS Hoffman, FJ Schoen, JE Lemons (Eds.), Biomaterials Sci: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Elsevier Sci., NY, 1996. 4 4. RS Greco, Implantation Biology : The Host Response and Biomedical Devices, CRC Press, London, 1994.

Example of Problem Base Learning

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) using artificial materials is a widely used treatment for osteoarthritis and similar disabling conditions. The causes of such disabilities often involve the bearing surfaces where the normally smooth layers of articular cartilage which form the load bearing surfaces become worn, causing distortion to the shape of the joints. Pain usually results from the sliding together of the two rough bony surfaces. Total hip arthroplasty has been used with recognized success. In most elderly patients, the hip arthroplasty has made a great improvement in terms of their quality of life. However, wear-induced osteolysis especially from the wear debri continues to be a significant problem. Sometimes the stem fatigue fracture and the femoral head also can fail. Alumina ceramic ball after 6yr
After Wagner 1998

How would you solve these problems ?

Complete wear of the UHMWPE after 20 yr

After Teoh, 2000

Wroblewski, 1998

12 yr Wroblewski, 1998 5

PLEASE LOOK IVLE FOR LECTURE NOTES Module: ME4253 Biomaterials Engineering

STENT DEVICES
Sometimes near miracles can spring from simplest innovations. A device called a Stents, aimed at keeping clogged arteries open, is a single wire shaped to create a filigreed metal tube smaller than a paper clip. It is inserted into arteries during angioplasty, in which a ballon is threaded into a clogged artery and inflated to force the artery open. Stents reduce reclogging of treated arteries by 30% to 50% or more, and newer stents may be even better. A San Carlos (Calif) company called Isostent is actually irradiating the filigreed metal tubes, which seems to improve their ability to resist reclogging.

1. Coronary Stent Bioengineering

Medical Imaging

Biomechanic/Biofluid

Biomaterials

Heart Valves Replacement

Deceased Heart Valve

Heart valve surgery

Bioprosthetic Heart Valve 10 Mechanical Heart Valve

2. Heart Valves - Current Problems

1. Flow dynamics Turbulent flow regimes, high shear rates, cell haemolysis, thromboembolism, backflow, regurgitation, irregular flow dynamics. 2. Mechanical and/or chemical properties 3. Biological Incompatibility Fracture, wear, cavitation, calcification Immune rejection, pathogen transfer

Various forms of cavitation on an obstacle in a liquid flow. Ref: GL Chahine: Scaling of mechanical heart valves, J Heart Valves, Vol 5, No 2, 1996: 207-215

Explanted Mech HV 17 Yrs

Interferogram (deformation fields - blue) of a calcified (white and yellow) porcine bioprostheic heart valve. Ref: M Diewick et al: Quality control of bioprosthetic heart valves by means of holographic interferometry J Hear Valve Dis, Vol 5, No 4, 1996:441-447

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Ref: Schoen et al: Pathological considerations in replacement cardiac valves, CVP, 1992:29-32

3. Prosthetics in the 21 st Century MYOELECTRIC INTELLIGENT PROSTHESES

ENERGY STORING FOOT CAD/CAM

Amputation & rehabilitation

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Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering is defined as an interdisciplinary field that applies principles of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, and improve the function of damaged tissues and organs.
Langer R., Vacanti J.P., Tissue engineering, Science, 260, pp.920-926, 1993.

A human ear grown on the back of a mouse.

Source: BBC Online Network, November 1998
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