General Terminology Anatomical Position Stance upright with feet on floor, hands to sides with palms facing forward

rd Directions superior up inferior down anterior/ventral front posterior/dorsal back sides right and left lateral closer to the side medial closer to the center midline imaginary axis at the center deep farther from surface superficial closer to the surface proximal closer to the shoulder or hip on the limbs distal closer to the end of the limb Planes or Sections sagittal divides body into right and left coronal/frontal divides body into front and back transverse divides body into top and bottom Latin & Greek Roots super, supra, epi, hyper above, on top of inter between infra, sub, hypo below or beneath intra, endo inside cranio, cranial skull, head, cranium vascular blood vessels pectoral shoulder region pelvic hip region osseous, ossified bone tissue chondra, chondral cartilage cervical neck inguinal groin orbit, orbital eye socket of skull buccal cheek, mouth oral mouth Organ Systems integumentary skin muscular skeletal muscles

skeletal bones and joints nervous brain, spinal cord, and nerves endocrine (not integrated) endocrine glands digestive stomach, intestines, and plumbing cardio circulatory heart and blood vessels lymphatic circulatory lymph nodes and lymph vessels respiratory lungs and air passages urinary kidneys and bladder reproductive male and female reproductive junk

Histology tissue group of similar cells along with non cellular material (matrix) o epithelium lining and covering tissue (all hollow structures are lined with epithelium) o muscular makes up muscles and produces force and movement and surrounds hollow organs o nervous sends signals that are both chemical and impulses (brain and nerves) o connective everything else including bone, cartilage, and actual connecting tissues Epithelium layers o 1 simple o multiple stratified cells shapes o squamous flat o cuboidal block shaped o columnar tall and narrow major epithelium types o simple squamous single layer of flat cells o stratified squamous several layers with the top layer flat o simple cuboidal tubes o simple columnar tall and narrow cells o pseudostratified layer of tall and narrow cells that looks like several layers that all actually attach at the bottom of the connective tissue Connective connective tissue proper actually connect structures and fill in space, lots of matrix with many fiber o loose (areolar) scattered arrangement of fibers and liquid matrix that is not very strong o dense irregular in 3D it forms a mesh with no direction that is tough in many directions o dense regular connective tissue with parallel fibers that are straight supporting connective tissue stiff or rigid framework

o cartilage stiff but flexible that comes from the arrangement of the protein fibers, has no blood vessels hyaline (glassy) protect joints as a smooth surface that slides elastic more flexible and rubbery fibrous not stretchy but shock absorbent for joints o bone hardest tissue in body with a matrix full of calcium crystals, active living tissue, rich in blood supply structure dense and spongy and arranged around blood vessels activity cells in lacunae have microscopic canals connected to blood vessels and cells are metabolically active and constantly modifying the bone fluid connective tissue blood, red and white cells, matrix is liquid (plasma)

Muscular skeletal most common, moves body parts, attached to bones, control consciously, cells are long and dont branch, striated cardiac cells branch, intercalated disks are where cells meet, not under conscious control smooth not striated, cylindrical and pointy at ends, short, surround hollow organs not conscious control Nervous neurons main signaling cells, coordinate body functions o cells cell body with dendrites and axon neurological cells support cells, anchor and support neurons, provide nutrients to neurons, provide maintenance Bone Types long hollow central cavity, much longer than wide, roughly cylindrical short approximately same length and width flat roof bones of skull, shoulder blade, and ribs irregular variety of complex shapes o pneumatized (type of irregular) have air spaces sesamoid reinforcement of tendons at stress points Bone Markings process any bump or projection on a bone crest prominent ridge line low ridge foramen hole tubercle any small rounded process tuberosity large, roughened, bulging, irregular process where a muscle attaches fossa dent or depression head round, smooth, large knob at the end of long bones that make up part of a joint

Terminology diaphysis long cylindrical region of long bone epiphysis knobs one the end of a long bone epiphyseal plate region between diaphysis and epiphysis (plate is cartilage and disc is bone) articular cartilage cartilage on the end of a joint of a long bone periosteum dense connective tissue that lines the bone medullary cavity hollow, marrow-filled center of a long bone spongy bone fills the inside of a bone compact bone outer part of the bone Development and Growth endochondral (cartilaginous) most common 1. cartilage model cartilage structure forms in the embryo 2. primary ossification bone cells form bone tissue in the center of the diaphysis and medullary cavity forms 3. secondary ossification bone cells move into epiphysis and form bone 4. growth grows in length at the epiphyseal plate and the diameter of the bone grows from cells of the periosteum 5. maturation bone replaces the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate membranous 1. thick connective tissue membrane 2. spongy bone forms in the middle of the thick tissue 3. compact bone forms above and below the spongy bone 4. maturation connective tissue becomes the periosteum Articulations articulations joints synovial (diarthrosis) freely moving and lined with synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid which lubes up the joint o ball-and-socket ball shaped knob in hole that has the most movement that allows bending in 2 directions and rotation o condyloid oval knob in elongated socket that bends in 2 directions without rotation o hinge hinge movement which is bending in 1 direction o gliding approximately 2 flat surfaces that slide in 2 directions across each other fibrous joints with limited movement with bones that interlock Movement at Articulations angles o flexion reducing the angle between parts o extension increasing the angle between parts movement o adduction moving a body part toward the midline o abduction moving a body part away from the midline

rotation turning around the long axis

Parts of the Skin epidermis outer layer dermis inner layer (subcutaneous layer or hypodermis) loose connective tissue from the skin on down Epidermis stratified squamous epithelium outer layers of the cell are dead while the deep cells grow and push out and fill with keratin and wear away, water proof keratin waxy protein for water proofing the cells melanin dark pigment that makes skin dark and protects the tissue below the skin from UV rays Dermis dermis most of the thickness of the skin that is made of dense irregular connective tissue that gives the skin its strength fibers full of collagen and elastin fibers that make it tough and flexible blood supply rick supply of blood from lots of capillaries that provide nutrients to the epidermis sensation many nerve endings are located here that make it a sense organ Subcutaneous Tissue hypodermis connects the skin to below adipose tissue fat cells hold it, where the fat is on the body there will be a lot of adipose tissue Hair follicle tube containing the hair that is made from modified epidermis shaft where the cells are dead on the hair root where the cells are alive on the hair root sheath walls of the tube of epidermis/follicle in the dermis hair papilla bump of dermis in the bulb that contains the capillaries for the blood for the hair arrector pili muscle that causes the hair to sprout up bulb swelling at the base that is alive and growing growth there is cell division at the bulb that causes the cells to push up the follicle and then fill with keratin (which gives the color) and then further up the cells die color amount of melanin determines the color o white no melanin and air spaces o gray mix of white and regular color distribution 98% of the body is covered by hair and the palms, soles, and parts of the genitals are not covered by hair

Glands

eccrine sweat glands that secrete a secretion that is mostly water with some ions and metabolic waste that cools the body by evaporation of sweat sebaceous oil glands that empty in to hair follicles to keep the skin soft and flexible

Nails nails made of modified epidermis growth growing and dividing at the root which is deep under the skin with modified epidermis around it and as cells push up they fill with keratin and die matrix (root) where growth occurs eponychium point where the skin meets the top of the nail lunula whitish area at the base of the nail body bisible part of the nail nail bed part of the nail that is below the body and alive and connects the body to the finger Functions of the Skin 1. water proofing 2. UV protection 3. pathogen protection 4. touch sensing 5. mechanical properties (no tearing) 6. temperature regulation Lower Extremities hip, thigh, leg, and foot make up half of the appendicular skeleton (skeleton of appendages) Pelvic Girdle 2 hip bones and the sacrum hip bones coxal bones innominate bones ilium flat top ischium back Eventually fuse into 1 hip bone pubis front Coxal Bones iliac crest upper ridge iliac spines points on front and back acetabulum hip socket iliac fossa smooth depression that is the big part of the hip iliac tuberosity roughened area on the hip Ilium 4 ilium spines, iliac crest, iliac fossa, auricular surface, tuberosity, sciatic notches Ischium

ischia tuberosity, ischial spine, ischial ramus

Pubis superior pubic ramus, inferior pubic ramus, pubic symphasis, obturator foramen Pelvis Femur greater false, not complete lesser true pelvis, completely surrounded by bone inlet opening faces forward outlet opening faces back femur bone of the thigh head top knob fovea notch on the head neck connection between the head and the shaft that is at an angle trochanters processes where the muscles connect to the bone o greater large knob on the neck o lesser small knob on the neck patellar surface front surface at the bottom where the knee cap is popiteal surface back surface at the bottom of the bone condyles o lateral and medial bumps that are at the bottom of the bone where the joint is o epicondyles bumps above the condyles intercondylar notch fossa/depression at the bottom of the femur

Muscles skeletal all are voluntary movements lever systems rods, pivots, forces, and loads how it works produce movement and force by pulling so reversing an action is done by another muscle that works as an antagonistic pair origin non moving attachment end of the muscle that is usually more proximal or medial insertion the moving attachment end of the muscle that is usually more distal or lateral action the description of how the muscles affect the body part or joint pairing o synergistic muscles with same action o antagonistic muscles with opposite action Muscles of Pelvic Region iliopsoas group deep anterior gluteus group posterior, lateral, superficial

lateral rotator group small and deep adductor (medial) group more medial thigh

Iliopsoas Group iliacus o origin iliac fossa o insertion lesser trochanter o action flexes hip psoas major o origin transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae o insertion lesser trochanter o action flexes hip and lower back Gluteus Group maximus o origin superior ilium and sacrum o insertion posterior femur and iliotibial tract o action powerful hip extension tensor fasciae latae o origin anterior superior ilial o insertion iliotibial tract o action medial hip rotation, knee extension, and locking the knee medius o origin iliac crest o insertion greater trochanter of the femur o action abduction of the thigh minimus o origin outer surface of the ilium o insertion greater trochanter of the femur o action abduction of the thigh Lateral Rotator Group piriformis, obturator internus and exturnus, gemelleus superior and inferior, and quadratic femoris o origin ischium o insertion greater trochanter o action rotates the thigh and hip laterally Adductors magnus o origin pubis o insertion femur o action can flex the thigh and extend the thigh longus and brevis o origin pubis o insertion femur

o action rotate thigh medially pectineus o origin pubis o insertion back of femur o action adductor of the thigh gracillis o origin pubis o insertion medial tibia o action adducts and medially rotates the thigh