Study Guide for Exam #3 Cardiac muscle, Cardiac physiology, Blood, Vasculature, Circulation, Regulation of heartbeat, Hemodynamics: Chapter

18: Be able to define and know the function of the following: pericardium fibrous pericardium myocardium endocardium atria superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus ventricles trabeculae carneae papillary muscles pulmonary trunk aorta pulmonary circuit systemic circuit atrioventricular valves tricuspid valve mitral (bicuspid) valve chordae tendinae seminlunar valves aortic semilunar valve pulmonary semilunar valve

Understand the flow of blood through the heart with regards to the pulmonary and systemic circuits (figures 18.4e and 18.5 are good for this).

Capillary beds of body tissues (de-oxygenated blood) -> systemic veins -> venae cavae -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> capillary beds of lungs (blood is now oxygenated) -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> mitral (bicuspid) valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries -> capillary beds of body tissues

Cardiac muscle Intercalated discs Desmosomes Gap junctions Functional syncitium

Know the differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle with respect to their contractile properties (see pp. 690-691) Automaticity (autorhythmicity)

Understand the electrical events of cardiac muscle contraction Voltage-gated fast Na+ channels Slow Ca2+ channels Plateau

Understand the electrical events of heart contraction Intrinsic cardiac conduction system

Autorhythmic cells Pacemaker potentials (prepotentials) Ca2+ channels Sinoatrial node Pacemaker Sinus rhythm Atrioventricular node Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) Right and left bundle branches Purjinke fibers

Electrocardiogram (EKG) P wave QRS complex T wave P-R interval S-T interval P-Q interval

Cardiac cycle Systole Diastole Ventricular filling Ventricular systole Isovolumetric contraction phase Ventricular ejection phase

Isovolumetric relaxation Dicrotic notch Quiescent period Cardiac output (dont worry about the equation for cardiac output) Stroke volume (dont worry about the equation for stroke volume (SV)) Cardiac reserve End diastolic volume (EDV) End systolic volume (ESV) Preload Venous return Contractility Afterload

Understand the Autonomic Nervous system regulation (sympathetic and parasympathetic) on heart contraction (pg. 702) Vagal tone

Chapter 18:

Understand the functions of blood Distribution Regulation Protection Understand the components of blood Plasma Know the constituents of plasma and their relative abundance (see Table 17.1)

Formed elements Erythrocytes (red blood cells (RBCs)) Know characteristics of erythrocytes Anucleate Hemoglobin Globin Heme Oxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) Red bone marrow Understand the order of hematopoiesis (see Fig. 17.5) Hemocytoblast Proerythroblast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Reticuloblast Erythrocyte and function Leukocytes (white blood cells (WBCs)) know the relative abundance (see Fig. 17.9 and Table 17.2) Granulocytes Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Agranulocytes

Lymphocyte Monocyte Platelets Hemostasis Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Serotonin Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) Thromboxane A2 Prostacyclin Coagulation (blood clotting) Clotting factors (procoagulants) Anticoagulants

Chapter 19

Understand the function and anatomy of the following Arteries Veins Lumen Tunica intima Tunica media Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Tunica externa Capillaries

Continuous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries Sinusoidal capillaries

Understand the following: Blood flow Blood pressure Resistance Blood viscosity Total blood vessel length Blood vessel diameter Arterial blood pressure Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure Pulse pressure Mean arterial pressure (MAP) Neural controls Vasomotor center Cardiovascular center Vasomotor fibers Vasomotor tone Baroreceptors (see Fig. 19.8) Carotid sinus reflex Aortic reflex Chemoreceptors Hormonal controls

Know the site of action and the blood pressure result (increase or decrease) for each of the following hormones (see Table 19.2) Epinephrine Norepinephrine Angiotensin Antidiuretic hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide Aldosterone Cortisol Renal regulation Direct renal mechanism Indirect renal mechanism (rennin-angiotensin mechanism) Rennin Angiotensin Aldosterone

Chapter 22: 1. Be able to define and understand the following: Pulmonary ventilation External respiration Transport of respiratory gases Internal respiration Respiratory zone Conducting zone Nose (Know the functions of the nose) Paranasal sinuses (know the functions of these) Pharynx (know the function of the pharynx and its three components below) Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx (know the functions of the larynx) Trachea (know the functions of the trachea and all of its components below) Mucosa Submucosa Adventitia C-shaped rings

Trachealis muscle Conducting zone structures (know the components of conducting zone structures and the passage of air from the trachea to the lung) Right and left main (primary bronchi) Lobar (secondary) bronchi Segmental (tertiary) bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles **Understand the structural changes that occur as the conducting tubes become smaller** Respiratory zone structures (know the components of respiratory zone structures and the passage of air from conducting zone structures to the place of gas exchange) Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Type I cells Respiratory membrane Type II cells Alveolar pores Alveolar macrophages Pulmonary ventilation Inspiration Expiration Atmospheric pressure Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure **Understand the forces that pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and cause lung collapse** Transpulmonary pressure Boyles law **Understand the sequence of events in inspiration and expiration (Fig. 22.13 is especially good for this also see pp 847-849)** Airway resistance Alveolar surface tension Surfactant Lung compliance Respiratory volumes (know the definitions and average values for each of the volumes below for adult males and females) Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Respiratory capacities (know the definitions and average values for each of the capacities below for adult males and females) Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity Vital capacity Total lung capacity

Daltons law Henrys law **Know the approximate percentages and partial pressures exhibited by the atmospheric pressures in the atmosphere and alveoli. Also, understand how the gas composition of the alveoli is different from the atmosphere** **Understand how the partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 are involved in gas exchange** Ventilation Perfusion **Understand how ventilation-perfusion coupling works in gas exchange** Hemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin Deoxyhemoglobin Fully saturated Partially saturated Affinity Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve Bohr effect **Understand how factors such as temperature and blood pH affect hemoglobin saturation** **Understand the methods of carbon dioxide transport** Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ions Carbonic anhydrase Chloride shift Haldane effect Alkaline reserve Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system Control of respiration Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Phrenic nerves Intercostals nerves Eupnea Pontine respiratory group **Understand how certain factors influence breathing rate and depth** Chemical factors chemorecepters central chemoreceptors peripheral chemoreceptors Influence of CO2 pressure Hypercapnia Hyperventilation Hypcapnia Apnea Influence of O2 pressure Aortic bodies Carotid bodies Hyoxic drive Influence of arterial pressure