A STUDY ON FIANCIAL STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS AT BMTC BANGALORE.

INTRODUCTION

MEANING OF FINANCE:In simple words, Arrangement of funds is called finance. All organizations need finance for operating its different activities. So, we can say finance is just like blood for survival the business in changing economic environment. Fund, money, saving, cash, reserves and assets are the basics of finance. Finance word is very deep and in modern age, this word is also known Business Finance. To create equilibrium in business finance, we used different tools like financial analysis, financial planning, ratio analysis, cash flow analysis, fund flow analysis and working capital management analysis.

DEFINITIONS:That business activity which is concerned with the acquision and conservation of capital funds in meeting the financial needs of the business enterprise. -Wheeler Business finance can be broadly defined as the activity concerned with the planning rising,controlling and administering the funds in the business. -Guthmann and Doughall

Historical Background of Finance:-

If we unlock its historical background, we find many facts that finance and financial activities are inter-connected. Main aim of finance to get high margin on loan, in beginning Banks started the transactions of depositing money at very low rate of interest and then banks sell this money to the person who needs money immediately at high rate of interest. Slowly, these banks developed both capital and money markets.
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Now,other professional companies and organizations have started finance business. If we take the example of Dubai financial market, it has traded shares more than $380 bn in last year.

INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC MEANING:We know business is mainly concerned with the financial activities. In order to ascertain the financial status of the business every enterprise prepares certain statements, known as financial statements. Financial statements are mainly prepared for decision making purposes. But the information as is provided in the financial statements is not adequately helpful in drawing a meaningful conclusion. Thus, an effective analysis and interpretation of financial statements is required.

Financial Statements Analysis - An Introduction Analysis of Financial Statements

Analysis means establishing a meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial statements with each other in such a way that a conclusion is drawn. By financial statements we mean two statements : (i) Profit and loss Account or Income Statement (ii) Balance Sheet or Position Statement These are prepared at the end of a given period of time. They are the indicators of profitability and financial soundness of the business concern. The term financial analysis is also known as analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It refers to the establishing meaningful relationship between various items of the two financial statements
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i.e. Income statement and position statement. It determines financial strength and weaknesses of the firm. Analysis of financial statements is an attempt to assess the efficiency and performance of an enterprise. Thus, the analysis and interpretation of financial statements is very essential to measure the efficiency, profitability, financial soundness and future prospects of the business units. Financial analysis serves the following purposes :

Measuring the profitability

The main objective of a business is to earn a satisfactory return on the funds invested in it. Financial analysis helps in ascertaining whether adequate profits are being earned on the capital invested in the business or not. It also helps in knowing the capacity to pay the interest and dividend. Indicating the trend of Achievements Financial statements of the previous years can be compared and the trend regarding various expenses, purchases, sales, gross profits and net profit etc. can be ascertained. Value of assets and liabilities can be compared and the future prospects of the business can be envisaged. Assessing the growth potential of the business The trend and other analysis of the business provides sufficient information indicating the growth potential of the business. Comparative position in relation to other firms The purpose of financial statements analysis is to help the management to make a comparative study of the profitability of various firm. engaged in similar businesses. Such comparison also helps the management to study the position of their firm in respect of sales, expenses, profitability and utilising capital, etc.

Assess overall financial strength

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The purpose of financial analysis is to assess the financial strength of the business. Analysis also helps in taking decisions, whether funds required for the purchase of new machines and equipments are provided from internal sources of the business or not if yes, how much? And also to assess how much funds have been received from external sources.

Assess solvency of the firm The different tools of an analysis tell us whether the firm has sufficient funds to meet its short term and long term liabilities or not.

PARTIES INTERESTED
Analysis of financial statements has become very significant due to widespread interest of various parties in the financial results of a business unit. The various parties interested in the analysis of financial statements are :

(i) Investors : Shareholders or proprietors of the business are interested in the well being of the business. They like to know the earning capacity of the business and its prospects of future growth.

(ii) Management : The management is interested in the financial position and performance of the enterprise as a whole and of its various divisions. It helps them in preparing budgets and assessing the performance of various departmental heads.

(iii) Trade unions : They are interested in financial statements for negotiating the wages or salaries or bonus agreement with the management.

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(iv) Lenders : Lenders to the business like debenture holders, suppliers of loans and lease are interested to know short term as well as long term solvency position of the entity.

(v) Suppliers and trade creditors : The suppliers and other creditors are interested to know about the solvency of the business i.e. the ability of the company to meet the debts as and when they fall due.

(vi) Tax authorities : Tax authorities are interested in financial statements for determining the tax liability.

(vii) Researchers : They are interested in financial statements in undertaking research work in business affairs and practices.

(viii) Employees : They are interested to know the growth of profit. As a result of which they can demand better remuneration and congenial working environment.

(ix) Government and their agencies : Government and their agencies need financial information to regulate the activities of the enterprises/industries and determine taxation policy. They suggest measures to formulate policies and and regulations.

(x) Stock exchange : The stock exchange members take interest in financial statements for the purpose of analysis because they provide useful financial information about companies. Thus, we find that different parties have interest in financial statements for different reasons.

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TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS

Financial statements give complete information about assets, liabilities, equity, reserves, expenses and profit and loss of an enterprise. They are not readily understandable to interested parties like creditors, shareholders, investors etc. Thus, various techniques are employed for analyzing and interpreting the financial statements. Techniques of analysis of financial statements are mainly classified into three categories :

(i) Cross-sectional analysis It is also known as inter firm comparison. This analysis helps in analyzing financial characteristics of an enterprise with financial characteristics of another similar enterprise in that accounting period. For example, if company A has earned 15% profit on capital invested. This does not say whether it is adequate or not. If we analyze further and find that a similar company has earned 16% during the same period, then only we can make a conclusion that company B is better. Thus, it turns into a meaningful analysis.

(ii) Time series analysis It is also called as intra-firm comparison. According to this method, the relationship between different items of financial statement is established, comparisons are made and results obtained. The basis of comparison may be : Comparison of the financial statements of different years of the same business unit. Comparison of financial statement of a particular year of different business units.

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(iii) Cross-sectional cum time series analysis This analysis is intended to compare the financial characteristics of two or more enterprises for a defined accounting period. It is possible to extend such a comparison over the year. This approach is most effective in analyzing of financial statements. The analysis and interpretation of financial statements is used to determine the financial position. A number of tools or methods or devices are used to study the relationship between financial statements. However, the following are the important tools which are commonly used for analyzing and interpreting financial statements . Comparative financial statements Common size statements Trend analysis Ratio analysis Funds flow analysis Cash flow analysis

Comparative financial statements In brief, comparative study of financial statements is the comparison of the financial statements of the business with the previous years financial statements. It enables identification of weak points and applying corrective measures. Practically, two financial statements (balance sheet and income statement) are prepared in comparative form for analysis purposes.

1. Comparative Balance Sheet The comparative balance sheet shows the different assets and liabilities of the firm on different dates to make comparison of balances from one date to another. The comparative balance sheet has two columns for the data of original balance sheets. A third column is used to show change
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(increase/decrease) in figures. The fourth column may be added for giving percentages of increase or decrease. While interpreting comparative Balance sheet the interpreter is expected to study the following aspects :

(i) Current financial position and Liquidity position (ii) Long-term financial position (iii) Profitability of the concern

(i) For studying current financial position or liquidity position of a concern one should examine the working capital in both the years. Working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities.

(ii) For studying the long-term financial position of the concern, one should examine the changes in fixed assets, long-term liabilities and capital.

(iii) The next aspect to be studied in a comparative balance sheet is the profitability of the concern. The study of increase or decrease in profit will help the interpreter to observe whether the profitability has improved or not. After studying various assets and liabilities, an opinion should be formed about the financial position of the concern.

Comparative Income statement The income statement provides the results of the operations of a business. This statement traditionally is known as trading and profit and loss A/c. Important components of income statement are net sales, cost of goods sold, selling expenses, office expenses etc. The figures of the above components are matched with their corresponding figures of previous years individually and changes are noted.
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The comparative income statement gives an idea of the progress of a business over a period of time. The changes in money value and percentage can be determined to analyze the profitability of the business. Like comparative balance sheet, income statement also has four columns. The first two columns are shown figures of various items for two years. Third and fourth columns are used to show increase or decrease in figures in absolute amount and percentages respectively. The analysis and interpretation of income statement will involve the following : The increase or decrease in sales should be compared with the increase or decrease in cost of goods sold. To study the operating profits The increase or decrease in net profit is calculated that will give an idea about the overall profitability of the concern.

COMMON SIZE STATEMENTS AND TREND ANALYSIS The common size statements (Balance Sheet and Income Statement) are shown in analytical percentages. The figures of these statements are shown as percentages of total assets, total liabilities and total sales respectively. Take the example of Balance Sheet. The total assets are taken as 100 and different assets are expressed as a percentage of the total. Similarly, various liabilities are taken as a part of total liabilities. Common size balance sheet A statement where balance sheet items are expressed in the ratio of each asset to total assets and the ratio of each liability is expressed in the ratio of total liabilities is called common size balance sheet. Thus the common size statement may be prepared in the following way.
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The total assets or liabilities are taken as 100 The individual assets are expressed as a percentage of total assets i.e. 100 and different liabilities are calculated in relation to total liabilities. Definition of 'Trend Analysis' An aspect of technical analysis that tries to predict the future movement of a stock based on past data. Trend analysis is based on the idea that what has happened in the past gives traders an idea of what will happen in the future. Trend analysis is used to predict a trend such as a bull market so that investors can ride that trend until data suggests a trend reversal (e.g., bull market to bear market). Trend analysis is helpful because moving with trends, as opposed to against them, can lead to profits for an investor.

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INDUSTRY PROFILE HISTORY OF TRANSPORATION IN INDIA

Transportation system is an important part of the every nation's economy. As India has an area of 3,287,240 km2 and an estimated population of 1,028,737,436, so in India Transport is both necessity as well as a convenience. Today India has many sources of transportation by land, water and air. But due to low GDP of India access to these sources of transport has not been uniform. Public transport still remains the primary mode of transport for most of the population, and India's public transport systems are among the most heavily utilized in the world. In India public has their owned vehicle such as scooter, car, motorcycle etc. . The other main transportation sources in local are:

Bicycle :
Bicycle is the Indias most economical and common source of transport in local area. Even in world, India is the second largest producer of bicycles. More than 50% of India households owned bicycle.

Cycle Rickshaw :
In India, It was introduced in 1940. It is a tricycle on which two people can seat comfortably and a person pedals from the front. But now, in large cities these are banned for causing traffic congestion.

Trams :
It is the advent of the British, introduced in many cities of India. But still now it is used only in Kolkata. The national Calcutta tramways Company processes to upgrade tramway network.

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Short distance public transportation Buses : In India more than 85% of public travel in buses to move in short distances areas like one city to another. In India most of the buses are run by government owned state transport corporation. It is a cheap and convenient source of transportation. Auto Rickshaws : An auto rickshaw is a three wheeler vehicle. It has a small cabin, for the deriver in the front and a seat for passenger in the rear. It is generally used by public if there is no bus service to go at specific location in local area. Taxi : In India mostly traditional taxicabs in India are Premier Padmini or Ambassador Cars. But now cars such as Tavera, Esteem, Mahindra Logan, Toyota Innova, Tata Indigo etc. used as taxi operator. This is costly source of transportation in local area. Rail :
In present the suburban railways services are in metro cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Delhi. In Delhi, presently three metro lines are operational and more under operation. Metro system is also under construction in Hyderabad, Chennai, Ahmadabad and Mumbai.

Long distance public transportation:Railway :

In India rail services introduced in 1853. More than 18 million passengers have used railway transportation. The rail network covers 6,909 stations over a total route length of around 63,465 km. The railway department of India provides more than 1.4 million employments in India. Due to so much economical and convenient source of traveling, most of Indias

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population travel for long distance by train.

Road :
Road transportation is an economic backbone of country. India is the second largest country in the world for consisting of large road transportation system. It has road network of 3,300,000 km, in which expressways is of 200km, national highways of 66,590km, state highway of 131,899 km, major district roads of 467,763km and rural area roads of 2,650,000km.

Sea Transport :
In India, a government-owned company manages offshore and other marine transport infrastructure. It owns and operates about 35% of Indian tonnage and operates in practically all areas of shipping business servicing both national and international trades. It has a fleet of 79 ships of 27 lakh GT (48 lakh DWT) and also manages 53 research, survey and support vessels of 1.2 Lakh GT (0.6 Lakh DWT) on behalf of various government departments and other organizations. Personnel are trained at the Maritime Training Institute in Mumbai, a branch of the World Maritime University, which was set up in 1987. The Corporation also operates in Malta and Iran through joint ventures.

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COMPANY PROFILE

Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) was formed, as an independent corporation with effect from 15-08-1997 after bifurcation from Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, Vide Go No. HTD/127/TRA/96 dated 7-8-1997, in which it consisted of two divisions headed by director (BTS) since 1993. Prior to that since from 1961 it was under MSRTC/KSRTC.

Cosequent upon the formation of BMTC, the organization was structured to function under at two-tier system-viz., depots and the corporate office-with a view to have closer liaison and better control besides reducing the avoidable intermediary posts without

Vision: To provide world-class transport services to the citizens of Bangalore Metropolitan Area
The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation came into existence in 1997 with the sole aim of providing public transportation to the city and sub-urban areas of Bangalore. The mission of the organization is to provide safe, reliable, clean and affordable travel to everyone. BMTC leads by example in being the only Bus Corporation within the city of Bangalore to ferry more than 4.2 million commuters. The organization comprises a fleet of over 6092 buses covering an area encompassed with a radius of 36 kilometers from the city centre. In a day BMTC operates on 583 city and 1785 sub urban routes, running 13 lakhs kilometers and making 79445 trips. BMTC has a 32000 strong labour force to carry out different aspects of BMTC bus operations. BMTC services the transport needs of the urban and sub-urban population in and around
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Bangalore. And, despite the differentiated base of the commuting population, BMTC reaches far and wide, in every nook and corner of the city making public transport an attractive travel choice for everyone. BMTC's strong hold in the area of public transportation in Bangalore is a testimony to its adoption of sound Management, HR, Quality and Environmental policies. The corporation also strives to bring about increased passenger comfort by integrating Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and Passenger Information system (PIS) in its daily operations. This helps to monitor its services better and provide quality services. Public feedback is also an important input in BMTC operations; a state of the art control centre is envisioned for the near future which will be a one point contact for addressing customer queries and feedback. sacrificing output or efficiency.

Mission: To provide safe, affordable, eco friendly efficient bus services through:

Benchmarking & improving management efficiency Enhancing its Technical & Operational efficiency Developing, testing and adopting new processes to achieve efficiency in bus services Fostering skill development and attitudinal changes among its employees Valuing public feedback as an important input in improving operations to serve the commuters better

Discharging it social responsibilities by:

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1. Connecting all villages around the City with red board buses 2. Plying services to the city core to ease congestion with black board buses 3. Running limited stop buses to save time of the commuters 4. Providing comfortable & fast moving 'Pushpak' buses 5. Chartering services to various industries, schools and colleges 6. Offering subsidized travel to the deserving sections of the society 7. Issuing passes to various segments of the society 8. Providing Eco-friendly Parisara Vahini buses 9. Running Vestibule buses to carry more passengers 10.Plying Mini buses to provide transport to remote sub urban areas 11.Upgrading Transport services by operating High End Volvo buses in the city 12.Operating Vayu Vajra services to BIAL for airport commuting 13.Providing City sight seeing Curitiba buses
14. Special services to cater to the needs of ladies, and sick people

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Operational Performance for the period from 2006-07 to 2011-12 (upto November-2011-Provisional)

Physical Performance: Parameter 2006- 2007- 2008- 2009- 201007 08 09 10 11 Depot 28 30 30 33 35 1.Schedules Added 585 -216(P) =369 4116 +210(P) =4326 794 -216(P) =578 208 4396 +210(P) =4606 3.0 9.14 585 138(P) =447 4701 +72(P) =4773 623 138(P) =485 232 4819 +72(P) =4891 2.8 10.29 603 -23(P) =580 5304 +40(P) =5344 949 -23(P) =926 294 5502 +40(P) =5542 2.8 11.13 417 -3(P) =414 5721 +37(P) =5758 1218 -3(P) =1215 664* 6056 +37(P) =6093 2.4 12.10 91 +0(P) =91 5812 +37(P) =5849 58 +0(P) =58 40** 6074 +37(P) =6111 2.5 12.55

Nov10 35 96 +0(P) =96 5817 +37(P) =5854 58 +0(P) =58 29** 6085 +37(p) =6122 2.4 12.47

Nov11 36 49 -15(P) =34

2.Schedules Operated

5861 +22 =5883 28 -15(p) 13 21 6078 +22(p) 6100 2.9 12.76

3.New Vehicles added

4.Vehicles Scrapped 5.Vehicles Held 6.%age Cancellation 7. Effective Kms. per day(Lakhs) 8.Traffic Revenue Per day (lakhs) 9.Veh.

200.13 218.99 248.63 277.34 339.78

340.14

386.52

231.7

227.2

227.9

225.6

222.1

221.6

224.7
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Utilisation (Kms.) 10.Fleet Utilisation (%age) 11.K.M.P.L (HSD) 12.No.of Breakdowns 13.Rate of Breakdowns/ 10,000 Kms. 14.No. of Accidents 15.Rate of Accidents/ Lakh Kms. 16.Staff Position

94.0

93.6

94.5

93.7

92.3

92.0

93.2

4.55 2813 0.09

4.45 2952 0.08

4.37 2761 0.07

4.11 2204 0.05

4.01 1865 0.04

4.01 1191 0.04

3.98 1541 0.05

446 0.14

578 0.15

637 0.15

565 0.12

556 0.11

383 0.12

370 0.11

20582

25542

27648

30996

32953

32544

32885

(P) Private. Vehicles * Including 180 Amanath vehicles & 139 Vehicles transferred to NWKRTC ** Including 10 vehicles transferred to NWKRTC & 8 Volvo Vehicles transferred to KSRTC. .

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Management: The amended RTC Act 1982 provides for the management of the corporation by Board of Directors. The board of the Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation as on 31st march 2009 consisted of 12 official Directors. The government of Karnataka appoints the official Directors representing the state government.

Administrative Setup: The corporation is functioning with two-tier system of administration with corporate office & depots. There were 30 Depots & two central workshops under its jurisdiction as on 31-03-2009.

Growth during 2008-09: BMTC is catering to the transport services in city & suburban areas of Bangalore in a radius of about 40.4 kms & the area of operation is expanded from 3527 sq. kms to 5130 sq. kms in view of greater Bangalore. The operation have improved during the year by adding 580 schedules. The fleet strength was increased from 4891 to 5542, 977 vehicles ( 949 new vehicles & 28 private vehicles taken over by BMTC ) were added, 23 private hired vehicles were curtailed & 294 aged vehicles were scrapped from fleet during the year.

AWARDS CONFERRED ON BMTC:The corporation has been conferred with the following awards during the year 20082009. Transport minister trophy for the state road transport undertakings with lowest accident rate for the year 2005-06 (winner-urban category) Transport Minister trophy for the state road transport undertakings with lowest accident rate for the year 2006-07 ( winner-urban category)
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Winner of minimum operational cost award for 2006-07 by ASRTU.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR EFFECTIVE TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES: Information on BMTC website www.bmtcinfo.com Bus route information and query on website. Payment of salary to employees through electronic clearance system. Online vehicles tracking and monitoring system using GPS-GIS technology on
500 vehicles.

Online registration of complaints for 12 hours in a day through call center

facilities for commuters through outsourced agencies.

Issue of passenger tickets through electronic ticket vending machines in 1489

buses on pilot buses.

Electronic LED based destination board in buses on pilot basis. Online passenger information systems in Volvo buses.
EMPLOYEE WELFARE SCHEMES: Hosa Belaku scheme- scheme of providing financial assistance to employees suffering from major illness and chronic diseases. Uniform has been issued to administrative staff to maintain dress code. Peer group initiative. Entering into MOU with selected list of 39 hospitals for medical treatment for employees and their dependants. Voluntary Retirement scheme and welfare fund (VRS & WF) for distressed employees. Janatha group insurance scheme for accidental benefits to the employees, for Rs 1.00 lakh for loss of life.
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BMTC BOARD OF DIRECTORS

SL. NO.

NAME

DESIGNATION

1.

Sri. R. Ashok Honble Transport Miniter, Govt. of Karnataka.

Chairman

2.

Sri. Syed Zameer pasha, IAS Managing director, BMTC.

Official director

Sri D. Venkateswara Rao, IAS 3. Principal secretary to Govt. Public sector enterprises, M.S.Building, Bangalore Official director

4.

Sri siddaiah, IAS Commissioner, BDA, Bangalore

Official director

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Sri M.K. Shankerlingegowda, 5. IAS Secretary to Govt, Transport Department, M.S. Building, Bangalore Official director

6.

Sri. Anilkumar Jha,IAS Secretary to Govt. Finance(expenditure), Bangalore.

Official director

Sri. P. S Sandhu I.P.S., Director ( S, V & E ), 7. BMTC, Bangalore.

Official director

Sri. G.M Hayath, IPS Director ( P & E ) 8. KSRTC, Bangalore.

Official director

9.

Sri. Padam kumar Garg, IPS Director ( Project ), BMTC, Bangalore.

Official director

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10.

Sri. Gaurav Gupta, IAS Managing Director, KSRTC, Gulbarga.

Official director

11. Ssri. Shankar Patil, KAS (Sr.Scale) Managing Director, NEKRTC, Gulbarga. Official director

12.

Sri. A.S. Patil, KAS (Senior Scale) Managing director, NWKRTC, Hubli.

Official director

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A research design is a logical and systematic plan prepared for directing an research study. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It provides a systematic plan of procedure for the research to follow.

1.Introduction: It is a well known fact that one cannot arrive at the definite conclusion about the financial health of an enterprise simply studying and scanning of the absolute figures contained in the conventional form of financial statements namely revenue statement and balance sheet.

2. Title of the project:

A STUDY ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS AT BMTC BANGALORE.

3. Statement of the problem:

The BMTC has been in truth, emerged as an important segment of transport industry. BMTC has occupied a momentous role in the economy in the terms of meeting the requirements of the people related to transport industry. The profitability position of the BMTC is adversely impacted.

4. Scope of the study:

The study is conducted in BMTC central office, Bangalore. It is confined only to the finance and accounts department of BMTC and further study has been restricted to financial analysis through the financial ratios.

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5. Literature review:
The dissertation report titled A STUDY ON FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS AT BMTC, BANGALORE. Is authentic and original work has not been submitted to Bangalore university or any other university before.

6. Objectives of the study:

1. To examine the overall financial performance of the selected unit. 2. To predict the financial health and viability of the unit in the years to come with an objective to improve its operational efficiency and effectiveness, productivity and profitability. 3. To understand the current approaches and methods of analyzing financial statements. 4. To study the financial analysis. 5. To make overall financial performance of the BMTC. 6. To impact the practical knowledge on methods. 7. To offer recommendations.

7. Sources of data:PRIMARY DATA:Primary data is a data collected through gathering the information from different department managers and officers of the company to get information about the company and its activities. Having face to face discussion with the company officials. By taking guidance from company guide and staff members.

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SECONDARY DATA:
Secondary data are those types of data, which have already been collected by some other persons for their purpose and published secondary data are usually in the shape of finished statements. Collection of secondary data have the advantages of being less expensive and time consuming . for the present report following used. Broachers Previous year balance sheets Website Annual reports

8. Limitations of the study:

All the possible care has been taken to collect the information and make the study as authentic as possible. However it is subject to certain limitation. They are as under. The time constraint limited the scope of the study.

Based on limited information it is not possible to arrive at a proper

conclusion.

AISHWARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH, BANGALORE.

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A STUDY ON FIANCIAL STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS AT BMTC BANGALORE.

CHAPTERISATION

Chapter:-1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter:-2

INDUSTRY PROFILE

Chapter:-3

COMPANY PROFILE

Chapter:-4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Chapter:-5

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Chapter:-6

FINDINGS,SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

ANNEXURE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AISHWARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH, BANGALORE.

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A STUDY ON FIANCIAL STATEMENT AND ANALYSIS AT BMTC BANGALORE.

DATA ANALYISI AND INTERPRETATION

MEANING OF DATA ANALYSIS The analysis of data is the most skilled task in the research process. It calls for the researchers own judgment and skill. Analysis means a critical examination of the assembled and grouped data for studying the characteristics of the object under study and for determining the patterns of relationships among the variables relating to it.

MEANING OF INTERPRETATION The interpretation of data is a very difficult task and requires a high degree of skill, care, judgment and objectively. The drawing of validly authentic inferences from the scientifically analysed data and presenting these inferences unbiasly, is known as interpretation of data.

AISHWARYA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES AND RESEARCH, BANGALORE.

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