Chapter 7: Piping System

CHAPTER 7 PIPING SYSTEM

I.

REACTOR TO RECEIVING TANK The determination of the pipe diameter will be based on the vapors that come from

the main reactor to the receiver. The density of the hydrocarbon vapors is 1.2 g/L and steam is 0.804 g/L (www.wikipedia.com). The transfer of the products from the main reactor to the receiver tank is pressure driven and it is assumed to be in turbulent flow.

1 Main Reactor Valve

Receiving Tank

Figure 7.1. Main Reactor to Receiving Tank Piping System

Table 7.1 Vapors Steam Total

Properties of Vapors and Steam m (kg) p(g/L) X 415.9122 1.2 0.6246 250.00 0.804 0.3754 665.9122

X (g/L) 0.7495 0.3018 1.0513

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Chapter 7: Piping System

 

It should take 18 minutes to draw off all the gases and vapors inside the reactor then,   

For a turbulent flow (NRe > 4,000), Di 0.0254 m 

[7.1]

 

According to Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook, the available pipe standard that will fit to the calculated optimum inside diameter is a 12 in nominal Sched 80 having pipe dimensions of   

 

the volumetric flow rate will become,  [7.2]

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Chapter 7: Piping System

and the fluid velocity is,

[7.3]  

It is assumed that the viscosity of the gas is 0.01cP then the Reynolds number using is,      [7.4] 

Table 7.2

Summation of Pipe Length from the Main Reactor to the Receiving Tank Type Number L/D in Ft m R due to Entrance 2.8435 0.23696 0.0722 Valve 1 5 56.87 4.7392 1.4445 Pipe 1 36.00 3.00 0.9144 Pipe 2 36.00 3.00 0.9144 L 131.7135 10.97616 3.3455

To find the velocity of the gas inside the receiving tank, 

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[7.5]

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Chapter 7: Piping System

Which is equal to [7.6]

where D2 is the diameter of the receiving tank calculated in chapter 6 and v2 is the velocity inside the receiving tank then, with diameter of the receiving tank equal to 0.7393 m.    

The volumetric flow inside the tank is    [7.7]

The Reynolds number in the receiver tank is using equation [7.4].    

 

Therefore the flow from the main reactor to the receiver tank is turbulent. The assumed turbulent flow in the beginning of the calculation is verified.

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Chapter 7: Piping System

II.

RECEIVING TANK TO CONDENSER

3 Receiving Tank

Condenser

Figure 7.2 Receiving Tank to Condenser Piping System

Due to the lowering of temperatures, it is assumed that the condensable vapors and steam are condensed inside the tubes. Table 7.3 Properties of Water and Condensable Gases m (kg) X (kg/m3) X (kg/m3) water 250 0.4201 1000 420.0843 condensables 345.1186 0.5799 760.488 441.0189 Total 595.1186 861.1032

To maintain the velocity from the reactor to the receiving tank, the pipe from the receiving tank to the condenser must be smaller compared to the pipe from the reactor to the receiving tank. It is assumed to have a pipe diameter of 6 in (0.1524 m). Rearranging equation [7.1], volumetric flow-rate inside the pipe is,

 From Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook the nominal pipe size diameter that will fit to the assumed diameter is Di = 6.065 in.

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Chapter 7: Piping System

Given that the tubes inside the condenser has an inside diameter of Di = 0.019 m, the volumetric flow-rate and the velocity can be calculated using the equation,    [7.8]

This equation holds true for pipe diameter, Di < 0.0254 m, with

Solving for volumetric flow-rate inside the tubes using the equation [7.1]    

The cross-sectional area of the tube is,    [7.9] 

The fluid velocity inside the condenser tubes using equation [7.3], 

 

The above calculated velocity is observed to be big because there is a sudden contraction of the tube, but actually this value will decrease as the temperature is decreasing in the condenser, until the velocity of the liquid becomes small in the discharge of the condenser. A tube length of 3.66 meters is assumed to be sufficed for the diesel vapor to condense.

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Chapter 7: Piping System

Table 7.4 Properties of the Condenser Tube Pipe Diameter tube Length Fluid Velocity Volumetric Flow rate 0.019 in 12 ft 0.7124 m/s 0.2794 m3/s

III.

CONDENSER TO DISC SEPARATOR CENTRIFUGE

Condenser

Centrifuge

Figure 7.3. Condenser to Centrifuge Piping System

To find the volumetric flow rate of the condensate using equation [7.1]. The pipe diameter of the discharge of the condenser to the centrifuge is assumed to be 3 in (0.0762 m) to maintain turbulence.   

 

Based on the standard dimensions from Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook, the appropriate size of the pipe that fits to the calculated diameter is 3 in nominal pipe Sched 40 whose inside diameter is 3.068 in (0.0779 m).
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Chapter 7: Piping System

 

  

  

Table 7.5 Summation of Pipe Length from Condenser to Centrifuge Type Number L/D in ft M 90 Elbow 1 30 92.04 7.67 2.3378 Pipe 5 36 3 0.9144 Pipe 6 60 5 1.524 L 188.04 15.67 4.7762

IV.

COOLING TOWER TO CONDENSER

Condenser 7 8 Pump 9 Cooling Tower

Figure 7.4 Cooling Tower to Condenser Piping System

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Chapter 7: Piping System

Cooling water requirement is 15,479.6392 kg/hr with density equal to To solve for the volumetric flow rate use equation [7.2].         

Assuming turbulent flow, use the equation [7.1] to get the optimal inside diameter of the pipe,   

Based on pipe standards on Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook, 3 in nominal pipe schedule 40 is appropriate.     

To solve for the velocity use equation [7.4],

 

The friction loss due to expansion is, with A1/A2 approaches zero since A2 >>> A1 [7.10]

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Chapter 7: Piping System

  Solving for the velocity use equation [7.6],

Friction loss due to contraction,  With =1 for turbulent flow and 0.5 for laminar flow 

 [7.11]

Skin friction: Solve for Reynold s number first using equation [7.4] to know the value of the friction fanning factor, f.

The flow is turbulent and assumed that it flows on a smooth pipe. From the Moody Chart , fouling factor, f is 0.0058 for the Reynolds Number or 70,211.2700.

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Chapter 7: Piping System



[7.12]   

To find the friction loss due to fittings  [7.13]  

90o elbow

The total friction loss in the pipe, [7.14]      ,

To find the shaft work of the pump, Bernoulli s equation is used where

[7.15]

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Chapter 7: Piping System

 

The efficiency of a centrifugal pump is, n= .80 then the work of the pump done is, [7.16] rearranging the equation above,    

The power consumed by the pump,

[7.17]

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Chapter 7: Piping System

V.

MAKE UP WATER TO COOLING TOWER

Make Up Water Tank

10 Cooling Tower

11

Figure 7.5. Make-Up Water Tank to Cooling Tower Piping System

Calculating the Volumetric flow-rate based on the mass flow-rate intended for make-up water using equation [7.2], 

  

  

Assuming smooth pipe is used, the optimum pipe diameter using equation [7.1] is ,

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Chapter 7: Piping System

 

 

The standard pipe to be used is a 1 in nominal pipe schedule 40 having an inside diameter of, from Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook,     

The fluid velocity of make-up water inside the pipe is, using equation [7.3]

 

 

  

Table 7.6

Summation of Pipe Length from Make-Up Water to Cooling Tower Type Number L/D In ft 90 Elbow 1 30 31.47 2.6225 Pipe 10 60 5 Pipe 11 48 4 L 139.47 11.6225

m 0.7993 1.524 1.2192 3.5425

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Chapter 7: Piping System

VI.

WATER TANK TO REACTOR

Figure 7.6 Storage Tank to Main Reactor Piping System

The desired time to drain out 250 kgs of water to be fed to the reactor is 10 minutes,      [7.18]

The volumetric flow rate is using equation [7.2],    

The optimum diameter of the pipe is, using equation [7.1],

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Chapter 7: Piping System

 

  

 

The available pipe standard having a nominal pipe diameter of 1.25 and schedule 40, from Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook, assuming smooth pipe is use with,    Solving for Area using equation [7.9],   

 

The fluid velocity of water inside the pipe using equation [7.3] is     

VII.

WATER RESERVOIR TO WATER TANK (PROCESS) Based on the given parameters and the calculations above, the friction losses on the

pipeline from the reservoir prior to entry in the water storage tank (process) can be solved. The velocity to be used can be solved using equation [7.3] is,    

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Chapter 7: Piping System

 

 

For the friction loss due to expansion use equation [7.10],

 

 

For the friction loss due to contraction use equation [7.11]. 

Assume that the velocity of the water out of the storage tank is equal to the water velocity in of the storage tank,   Skin Friction: Solving for the Reynold s number first,





Since the solved Reynolds number is laminar, the friction fanning factor is 16/ NRe. 


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Chapter 7: Piping System

Friction loss due to fittings: One 45 elbow and one globe valve are used. The friction loss due fittings can be solved using equation [7.13]

The summation of friction losses can be solved using equation [7.14]        

To find the shaft work of the pump use equation [7.15], 

 

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Chapter 7: Piping System

The efficiency of a centrifugal pump is, n= .80 then the work can be determined using equation [7.16]. 

    

The power consumed by the pump can be also known using equation [7.17].  

VIII.

SLAKED LIME TO MAIN REACTOR

Slaked Lime

14

15

Main Reactor

Figure 7.7. Slaked Lime to Main Reactor Piping System

The slaked lime tank should drain out 58.5101 kg within 10 minutes The mass flow-rate,    

 

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Chapter 7: Piping System

Given the density of the slake lime to be, [7.2] is,  

. The Volumetric flow-rate using equation

 

Assuming turbulent flow and using a smooth pipe, the optimal inside diameter is, using equation [7.1]
  

 

The pipe standard dimensions available is a 3 in nominal pipe schedule 10S. It s inside diameter is, from Perry s Chemical Engineering Handbook,   The fluid velocity of the slaked lime inside the pipe is     

Table 7.7

Summation of Pipe Length from Slaked Lime Tank to Main Reactor Type Number L/D in Ft 90 Elbow 1 30 14.79 1.2325 Pipe 14 36 3 Pipe 15 60 5 L 110.79 9.2325

m 0.3757 .9114 1.524 2.8111

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